parisa ghorbani sepehr

The Hajj not only provides a way to get closer to God, but also offers social, educational, economic and political benefits to pilgrims. Hajj cultural diplomacy has the potential to be effective in creating world and regional peace and security. History has shown that whenever cultural contexts are strengthened, the contexts of resentment and enmity between people diminish, and war and bloodshed succeed, and peace is restored. Unifying diplomacy that brings peace and security is accompanied by rationality and reason, and it is the Hajj ritual that provides the ground for unity and solidarity and avoids strife and division. Therefore, Hajj is a political and social worship that includes a set of divine laws and commands to achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter; And the rituals included in this divine religion are a unifying and peace-creating mixture that if we pay attention to the true philosophy of Hajj rituals and perform its deeds correctly, Muslims can achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter and a single Islamic nation but also above that society. Form an Islamic world. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The results of the research show that Hajj rituals are an exercise for establishing logical communication and dialogue between Islamic religions; and the correct use of this great Islamic position can bring the Islamic religions closer.

Cyber space cannot be fully understood without understanding the role of space. Cyber ​​space is a complex, decentralized and dynamic space with many components and diverse features. Therefore, the field of cyberspace geography is relatively new and much more variable than other environments. But what initially seemed like the Internet was supposed to end geography; But this was not the case and the cyber space was used as a complement to the geographical space. Therefore, in the current era, each of the geographical sciences seeks to understand the dimensions of cyber space, among which political geography is a science that discusses and examines the concepts of cyber space. Based on this, the current research is based on the method of content analysis and the use of library data in order to answer the question, what is the conceptualization and scope of the political geography of cyber space? The findings show that cyberspace and related technologies are one of the most important sources of power in the third millennium. Therefore, cyberspace is considered one of the geopolitical power generating components for countries; So that today powerful countries influence other countries by using the capacities of cyber space. On this basis, the political geography of cyberspace is formed from human action with a political dimension on cyberspace. Therefore, political geographers can study the cyberspace and present plans to the statesmen to organize this space in line with [its better management].

The most important purpose of this research is to identify the key factors affecting the hydropolitical relations of political-spatial units in the Gavakhuni catchment area.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The nature of the data is mixed, and the data collection method is library, field, and survey. In this research, after reviewing the authentic documents and texts, the factors affecting the hydropolitical relations of the political-spatial units of the Gavkhoni watershed were identified, and Micmac software was used to determine the key factors. In the following, the researchers provided the provided solutions in the form of a questionnaire to the research experts to check the correctness of the provided solutions and rank them with the FBMW model.

 This research has successfully identified 43 factors that significantly influence the hydropolitical relations of political-spatial units in the Gavakhuni catchment basin. These factors, categorized as determining, two-dimensional, influential, and independent, have been further narrowed down to nine key influencing factors. 

With the view of the separation of provincial management of water resources and arbitrary harvesting in different parts of the basin, transfer of water out of the basin, and regional and provincial conflicts, it seems that with the establishment of integrated management in the basin, based on the system approach and the basic cooperation relations in the basin, we can move towards improving the water situation in the Gaukhoni catchment basin.

The innovation of this research is identifying key factors affecting the hydropolitical relations of political-spatial units of the Gavakhuni watershed using the opinions of academic and executive experts.

Due to its location in low latitudes, Iran is among the countries that has not been spared from the security consequences of climate change. The present study seeks to answer two questions: 1) What are the security consequences of climate change on Iran and which components have the greatest impact on Iran? 2) Which of the pillars of good governance as a solution has the greatest impact on reducing the effects of climate change on Iran? 
In this study, the study population is elites and experts familiar with the subject of the study, 100 of whom were selected for snowball sampling and a researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were evaluated using SPSS and MINITAB software. The results of the studies according to the obtained P-value which is equal to 0.000 and is less than 0.05 alpha, indicate the difference between the natural and human consequences of climate change in Iran. The results of the Tukey test indicate that the natural consequences of climate change with an average of 4.0584 are in group A and the human consequences with an average of 3.4460 are in group B. Also, the results of Friedman test on the effect of good governance in controlling and reducing the security consequences of climate change in Iran show that accountability with an average of 5.79 in the first place, rule of law with an average of 5.62 in the second place. and accountability of officials with an average rating of 5.32 are in third place.

A B S T R A C T
Urban tourism is one of the most dynamic and essential components of the current development of cities, which is effective in branding at (local, national, and international) levels. Therefore, the issue of the current research is, what are the drivers that are effective on the future state of tourism geopolitics of Tehran metropolis, and what is the relationship between these variables in terms of influence and effectiveness? This research method is quantitative-qualitative (mixed), and the future studies approach has been used in its analysis. The research findings show that in the first stage, 30 factors were identified with the Delphi method. What can be understood from the state of dispersion of variables affecting the geopolitical state of tourism in the Tehran metropolis is the system's unstable state; most of the variables are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plane. Therefore, four categories can be identified (influential, two-dimensional, influential, and independent factors). The results of the research showed that five variables have been identified as the most influential factors in the tourism geopolitics of the Tehran metropolis, including in terms of direct and indirect influence matrix; it can be said that the H1 index (private sector investments) is ranked first in direct and indirect influence. Index A5 (hotels, malls, and large commercial centers) is ranked second in terms of direct and indirect influence. Index H8 (holding festivals, exhibitions, conferences, and seminars) is ranked third in terms of direct and indirect influence. The C4 index (economic centrality) is ranked fourth in terms of direct and indirect influence. Index A4 (Urban Metro) is ranked fifth in terms of direct and indirect influence.
Extended Abstract
Today, in the 21st century, tourism has become one of the most critical functions of cities, and this function is so vital that it provides the basis for cities to obtain much economic capital and, in the next step, to establish themselves as an important city among other ones to propose. Also, this function has become important in such a way that it has provided the ground for the competition of cities to accept more tourists, which we can call the geopolitics of urban tourism which cities have become so essential and are seeking to increase their functions, especially the function of tourism as a global city to compete with other cities at (local, national, regional and global) levels. The current research employs a future studies approach to identify the geopolitical factors driving urban tourism in Tehran; this will help select key drivers for planning the future of tourism.
 
This article is a mixed type of research (quantitative-qualitative). Therefore, in order to answer the research question, its indicators have been extracted with the help of a multi-stage interview with eight experts and an elite panel and refined based on structural analysis.  Drawing the future is based on these indicators. Thus, the Delphi method has been used to screen these indicators. Structural analysis of this question has been done with the help of Mic Mac software to refine indicators and variables in the direction of forecasting, and the presented future is also exploratory in terms of typology. Finally, by identifying and extracting relevant components and selecting panel members based on expertise, the components that did not get the necessary points were removed from the questionnaire, and the final questionnaire was designed in the form of (number zero; no effect), (number one; low impact), (number two; medium impact), (number three; high impact), were provided to the respondents to rate each component.
 
As a place with the most natural and human tourist attractions, Tehran city spends the most urban expenses on building tourist places to attract tourists and earn more foreign currency. Thus, improving the quality of urban life in Tehran is affected by various factors that exist in Tehran. Therefore, in this context, the development of tourism in Tehran is considered as a source of changing economic, social and environmental characteristics, which has the potential to be effective in improving the quality of urban life. In any case, Tehran, following the example of European cities in building entertainment environments, has the first rank in the country, as these entertainment environments are available in all parts of Tehran. Many of these environments in Tehran are well known in the country, attracting many tourists from different cities. Nevertheless, it can be said that the entertainment industry (urban tourism) is one of the geopolitical components of Tehran metropolis, which provides the ground for the development of Tehran compared to other cities. The existing findings show that, due to the transition process, tourism in Tehran will become a geopolitical issue on a national and transnational scale, and it is necessary to identify the driving forces affecting its importance.
 
The present research was conducted to identify the drivers influencing the tourism geopolitics of Tehran metropolis. Scientific and logical tools are necessary in order to identify and determine the key effective drivers on the geopolitics of tourism in Tehran metropolis with a future studies approach like other approaches, based on the results obtained from the structural analysis in the Mic Mac software, 30 factors such as key variables were selected for the hydropolitical relations of the Zayandeh-Rood watershed. These drivers, in order of priority, include private sector investments H1, hotels, malls, and large commercial centers A5, holding festivals, exhibitions, conferences and seminars H8, economic centrality C4, urban subway A4, financial resources A3, large sports complexes and cultural centers A10, urban symbols (both Azadi and Milad Tower) A6, holding sports events H7, central and focal location C1, political-administrative centrality C3, information-media centrality A1, production and industrial centrality C2, historical monuments and museums C6, technology and technology centrality A2, creation of large recreational structures (including nature bridge, cable car, ski lift, and amusement parks) A9, style administrative issues in tourism sectors H4, security and social welfare H5, strengthening medical and health tourism H2, places of pilgrimage (including courts and imamzadehs) C7, service and relief infrastructure capacity A8, Universities and the development of university-related disciplines H3, access to freeways and urban passages A7, judicial centrality C5, artists (including actors, singers, and musicians) H6, favorable climate N1, forest parks and urban spaces greenery N3, natural landscapes (mountains and green meadows) N5, the extent and quality of space N2, plant and animal species N4 were obtained as the most influential variables in the future of tourism geopolitics of Tehran metropolis.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The Coveid Epidemic 19 is a purely urban crisis that occurred in a world of widespread urbanization. Therefore, all urban areas of the world, including the city of Tehran, are facing this crisis.

The present research is based on the type of research, applied and mixed research method (quantitative-qualitative). SPSS 26 and Minitab software were used to analyze the findings.

In the present study, the challenges of the Covid 19 epidemic were addressed in two sections. In order to study the challenges of the world's cities in the face of Covid 19, the sources published in 2020 were used, which in total nine major challenges (economic, socio-cultural, political, service, technological and digital, managerial, health, Environmental and physical-spatial) were identified.

The results of one-sample t-test to examine the status of challenges in Tehran in the face of Covid 19, show that the occurrence of crisis has an impact on the creation and intensification of these challenges, so that the P-value obtained for The whole challenge, and in general (0.000), is. The results of Friedman test to evaluate the priority of the impact of the Covid 19 crisis on the challenges show that the obtained P-value is less than 0.05 and 0.000 and shows the different impact of the Covid 19 crisis on the challenges of Tehran.

The psychology of political leaders is one of the branches of political psychology. Therefore, studying in this area and recognizing the personality of policy makers is important. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the character of political leaders and their geopolitical goals in the political future of the world. The present study is a "theoretical foundation" research. Also, in accordance with the qualitative strategy, descriptive-analytical research method has been used to conduct the research. the Indicate that Gandhi, the political leader of India, has a director who has a character and has a geopolitical impact on the rest of the world. These influences include Indian independence in Britain, the American black civil rights movement and the South African anti-colonial movement, which, until the contemporary period, remains the same for the world. While Hitler has a combination of two characters, he has been thrown into an agitated and reformist dilemma, and based on this, Hitler believes in the vital space of Ratzel, which, in the belief, has also led to geopolitical changes, such as the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the anti-communist treaty. Understanding the psychological characteristics of the personality of political leaders of countries has a great service in predicting (political foresight) their present and future behavior and will probably prevent unfortunate events at the national and global levels. Accordingly, the link between political psychology and its important branch of personality psychology can be of great help to geopolitical knowledge in predicting the future of the world on a very large scale.

Border areas due to their proximity to foreign countries and the geographical and political conditions prevailing in them, have their own characteristics that are considered an integral part of these conditions, which have a direct impact on the development of these areas. Therefore, if these features are not taken into account, it will have a negative impact on the development process and security of border areas and will act as a threat to development. But if this is taken into account and used in the development planning, and planning process of those areas, they will have positive effects and turn from a threat to an opportunity. Some of these characteristics are: distance from the center, geographical isolation, instability of settlement and constant movement of population, illegal border exchanges, cultural, ethnic and religious differences with the interior of the country, and external threats. Accordingly, the crises and insecurities in the southeast of the country cause great human and financial damage to the body of the province, military, law enforcement and security forces, government agencies and the people. High sensitivities of the province due to the geographical location and natural, human and political-cultural, security and military structures and several years of crisis history, the need for comprehensive knowledge of the province and detailed scientific research to discover the causes and factors of insecurity and find appropriate strategies for establishing security and taking advantage of regional opportunities are essential. This can only be achieved through regional studies. Therefore, human hazards in the southeastern region of the country have provided the fragility of this region and the instability of these areas. First, there are serious obstacles to the planning of this area, which should be recognized. Afterward, presenting programs with a visionary perspective sought can control and reduce it and pave the way for development and security in the southeast of the country. Therefore, the main question of the present study is which human hazards have the greatest impact on the management of the border areas of southeastern Iran.

The research method in this article is a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The library method has been used to collect the required information. In the library section, descriptive information is collected from books, articles, reports, and statistical yearbooks. These studies have been conducted to identify effective human hazards as well as theoretical foundations of research. Then the appropriate criteria were identified according to the purpose of the research. Also, field method and interviews with experts and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. Sampling method in this research is snowball sampling method. In addition, the sample size in this study includes 70 elites and specialists familiar with human hazards in the southeast of the country. In order to analyze the data obtained from the collected questionnaires, qualitative analyzes as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods have been used. Thus, SPSS26 statistical software was used to describe the answers given to the general questions of the research questionnaire and Friedman test was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.

The most effective human hazards in the planning of Sistan and Baluchestan province can be summarized as follows: Poverty: Sistan-Baluchestan province is far from any advantage and employment due to its distance from the center and being in the blind spot of the country, and also due to lack of mismanagement of officials, and lack of use of potentials in this province. Unemployment is high in the province, which is why Sistani citizens have joined terrorist groups or smuggled goods. Based on this, it can be said that poverty is one of the most important factors that affect the planning of this area. Therefore, the development of this area with a landscape perspective should be written in such a way that in the shortest time, the economic situation of the residents of this area grows and attracts their satisfaction. Foreign nationals: Slums around large cities and begging are the consequences of the presence of Afghan and Pakistani immigrants in the geographical area of ​​Sistan and Baluchestan. It should also be noted that the economy of the province is in the hands of Afghans and Sunnis in some areas. The uncontrolled growth of the population with a political perspective and its imbued with religious beliefs, has made the population of the province the youngest population in terms of age among the provinces of the country, which along with economic poverty, numerous security, political, educational and training problems and so on, have finally changed the population balance in favor of the Sunnis. They have changed and, in the future, will create a lot of social unrest that with new planning programs should be prevented that foreigners cannot easily make the space fragile.Migration: The most important problem of the people of Sistan and Baluchestan that leads to migration is water shortage, unemployment, and ecological changes in the region, which in turn leads to migration and the fragile geographical space of Sistan and Baluchestan. Hence, the issue of migration from Sistan and Baluchestan occurred due to drought conditions and problems caused by the Taliban, the diversion of the river and the dryness of Hamoon Wetland. Therefore, in order to prevent the migration of population from this area to other parts of the country, we need to establish sustainable development and security in this area, in the meantime, we need to establish good relations with neighboring countries to prevent water from dams in the river. The border guards have made us stop and bring the flow of life back to this area.Terrorism: The existence of terrorism and terrorist operations in the southeast of the country (Sistan-Baluchestan), has provided the ground for insecurity and is a serious obstacle to the organization of this area. Therefore, it is necessary for Iran to cooperate with neighboring countries in the field of eradication of terrorism, otherwise, despite the great human dangers in this region, it is possible that in the future the people of this region will become members of terrorist groups and against the regime act in such a way that in this case the government requires them to think of special measures.Lack of ignition: Sistan and Baluchestan, bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan, can provide many opportunities for the region, but it also poses threats, including smuggling of goods, drugs, and jobs. This is due to the lack of employment, which harms the economy of the country and this region, and also leads to insecurity in this region. Therefore, economic plans should be written with an economic perspective only in this area in order to bring development to this area so that this risk can be controlled in this area and provide a stable ground for this area.

The results show that the existence of human hazards is a serious obstacle to the implementation of beauty programs in this area that needs to be followed by national and local managers to control these hazards in the first step and then reduce them. Therefore, among the research items, "Lack of employment; "Smuggling of goods and drugs" is in the first place with 3.75 points, "poverty" is in the second place with 3.65 points. Among the items, "immigration" is in the third place with a score of 2.86, the presence of foreigners is in the fourth place with a score of 2.40, and terrorism is in the fifth place with a score of 2.33. On this basis, despite these risks, the elites can provide appropriate strategies to provide the basis for sustainable development in this area. Therefore, recognizing these risks and considering them in planning programs is the first step that needs to be considered in the planning document of this area in order to manage the human risks formed in this area.

In the world, the Middle East undoubtedly has the most hydropolitical issues, because one of the most important sources of water supply in this arid region is the permanent international rivers. Therefore, in this region, relations between countries on access to water resources are significantly related to economic and political relations. On this basis, Iran is one of the constituent and important countries of the Middle East region, which has common border rivers with its neighbors in four geographical locations. Nearly 22% (1918 km) of the country's common border 26 They form small and large rivers. (The total borders of the country are about 8755 km, of which 2700 km are sea and 4137 km are land). The largest river border is related to Aras river with a length of 475 km and the smallest river border is related to Diraj river with a length of only 2.5 km and is part of the common border between Iran and Iraq. The only navigable border river of Iran is Arvand River with a length of 86 km with Iraq. These rivers, especially the rivers entering the country, have created tensions today, which are expected to turn into raisins and wars in the not-too-distant future, and relations between existing countries. It will disturb the region, in which case it will have many security consequences for the geographical space of the country. Thus, the resulting trends, especially the environmental crisis formed by water scarcity in the border areas, will leave many security-disciplinary consequences, the results of which are especially important to know with a futuristic view to design strategies. Accordingly, the question that arises in the present study is how Iran can resolve the challenge of its border rivers and what are the security-disciplinary consequences of the challenge of Iran's border rivers?

Qualitative research includes a set of material-interpretive practices that make the world visible. Therefore, in accordance with the qualitative strategy, the "descriptive-analytical" research method has been used to conduct the research. It is worth mentioning that the present research is applied in terms of purpose. In this regard, in this research, in addition to illustrating what exists in the field of hydrodiplomacy and its performance in border river issues, it is also explained and explained its concept. In this article, library information, websites and first-hand sources have been used to collect and record it. The scope of this article is the border rivers of Iran, which with a systemic approach and based on hydrodiplomacy, seeks to provide scenarios and solutions to solve the water crisis of border rivers and reduce water challenges to facilitate NAJA missions.

About 22% of the common border of Iran is made up of 26 small and large rivers. Hence, the issue of water from a geopolitical perspective has not yet been considered in decision-making by Iranian decision-makers. Although today the issue of water crisis is one of the topics that has been discussed and there is not a day that is not discussed about various issues and aspects, its effects and consequences of wetland drying and improper consumption and management strategies inside, with However, the role of water from a regional and international perspective at the level of macro-diplomacy decisions has been small or overshadowed by other issues, including political and security considerations, has been of lower importance. From an international perspective, Iran is located in a region where the issue of water is of paramount importance along with the issue of energy. Only by looking at the hydropolitical conditions of the region (as a section of the geopolitical system) at the scale of neighboring countries, it can be seen that Iran is important not only in terms of political geography; But also the political conditions related to water and water interactions in the region have made Iran have unique characteristics from this perspective. Failure to pay attention to it can lead to irreparable damage. For example, despite past good cooperation between neighboring countries in the northwest of the country in the exploitation of the common Aras River, which originates from Turkey and is shared jointly between Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia, due to the complexity Our political relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia and the activities of Turkey in the source, the existing stability can be shaken and the scope of this instability may extend to Iran as well. Thus, although the degree of dependence of water with foreign origin is between 7 to 8%, and this rate is not significant in the national dimension, but it is very important and sensitive in the regional dimension. For example, the dependence coefficient of Sistan to Helmand is almost 100%, Moghan region near Aras river is close to 80% and Sarakhs region is close to 90%. This dependence across political borders has led to the role of border waters in political relations between Iran and its neighbors. Because one of the main indicators of vulnerability to water shortage in a country is the degree of dependence on inflows across borders. Thus, the placement of water in the field of national security issues comes close to reality when a country is heavily dependent on rivers or streams that originate outside its territorial space to provide the water it needs. In the meantime, the historical and geohistorical records governing international rivers, as well as numerous agreements and many conflicts, have led to the hydropolitical formation of Iran's international rivers. Accordingly, in Iran, the main border rivers that are the cause of regional conflicts at different levels are: (Helmand, Harirod, Aras and Arvand River), of which the two rivers Helmand and Harirod, the most important rivers The entrances are in the east of the country, where part of the Iran-Afghanistan border is located on those two rivers.

Hydro-diplomacy has a great impact, especially in the integrated management of border waters, which in the current situation as a new tool with the help of the foreign policy apparatus to solve water crises and challenges, the results of which are "cooperation, convergence." "Interaction is the development of world water-based peace and humanism." Accordingly, a futuristic outline in order to create the desired conditions requires a review of our attitudes to water issues as an important issue, and with a realistic systemic approach, we can use hydrodiplomacy and negotiation management. With neighboring countries, the country achieved desirable and worthy results in the next decade. Because a futuristic systemic approach puts the medium and long-term perspective on its agenda, and by depicting scenarios using the institutional capacities of hydrodiplomacy to acquire and exploit water resources in neighboring countries, می‌آید. Therefore, in the present era, it is not a secret that Iran is in the midst of a water crisis in the current situation, and in the same way, it is heading towards the trans-crisis, which can be used by using the capacity of hydro-diplomacy to realize the country's water rights. Took effective steps for peaceful coexistence, and on the other hand, controlled and managed the predicted water-based tensions and conflicts, and then proceeded to peacefully allocate appropriate border waters. Therefore, in order to solve the country's water crisis, Iranian policymakers and politicians must put a future-oriented approach based on hydro-diplomacy on their agenda so that they can achieve the desired conditions in terms of access and supply of water resources in the next decade.

Cities, as centers of communication and global transportation, are the main centers of domestic and international migration, transportation, communications and economic activities. Therefore, today, with the development of cities and the diversity and complexity of different sets of systems, it is necessary to pay attention to modern technologies to identify and analyze these issues. In the case of urban issues, especially the development of sustainable urban security, GIS can monitor the growth and development of the urban environment, identify trends and directions of growth, feasibility and routing of transportation networks, location of various urban applications, zoning design and preparation Comprehensive, detailed and fluid designs provide good performance. Therefore, due to the importance of the use of GIS in addressing the issues of sustainable urban development, the aim of this study was and therefore in this study, the applications of GIS in the development of sustainable urban security with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Due to the descriptive nature of the research, library sources and previous researches were cited. During the research, maps (Tabriz metropolis) output of GIS were used to confirm more. The results show that GIS can be used to achieve the goals of sustainability and sustainable security in this metropolis. So it is clear, with comprehensive and thoughtful use of GIS technology, city managers in the metropolis of Tabriz will be able to cultivate skilled and experienced human resources that by emphasizing their expertise, it will be possible to take care and manage valuable resources.