rahim khosromanesh

Physical activity of adolescent girls has important benefits and consequences for them, so that it is also vital to increase the health of society; although following the guidelines of the World Health Organization; the prevalence of inadequate physical activity is very high among Iranian women. Therefore; the purpose of this study was to qualitatively study how Iranian adolescent girls' physical activity works from their own perspective using the paradigm pattern. The methodology of research was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. The study population was Iranian girls aged 18-15 years who had regular physical activity. Sampling method was theoretical sampling method and theoretical saturation was obtained after conduct 22 semi-structured interviews with Iranian adolescent girls and review literature. The data analysis methods were continuous questions and comparison. Findings showed: personal motivations, parents, and promoters are causal conditions; sports facilities, society conditions, trainer and security and safety are the context conditions; physical activity of Iranian adolescent girls is a axial category; cultural problems, mismanagement, limitations, insecurity and unsafe, femininity problems, lack of facilities, not having a good trainer and financial problems are interfering or moderating conditions; competitive sports and non-competitive exercises are routine behaviors or actions / reactions; and health, familiarity with the sports industry, improving ethics and behavior and communication, preventive and therapeutic, getting reward, enriching leisure time and body beauty are the main consequences of physical activity of Iranian adolescent girls in the paradigm pattern.

Exercise addiction is an important phenomenon that has recently spread among Iranian girls and women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to qualitatively study exercise addiction among Iranian women with regard to managerial, biological and psychological aspects.

Research methodology was grounded theory, systematic approach. The sampling method was theoretical. The method of data analysis was continuous "questioning" and "comparison". After conducting 159 Semi-structured interviews during one year and reviewing literature; theoretical saturation was obtained.

The findings showed that there are four main categories related to Iranian women's exercise addiction, which are: (1) primary drivers, (2) personal motivations, (3) physical activity & (4) benefits of physical activity. The findings indicate that there are three levels of personal motivation. Primary drivers are primary stimuli of personal motivations. The personal motivations of a woman who is constantly physically active and personally experiences the bio-psycho-social benefits become more internalized over time, and finally it reaches the third level.

Although some psychologists have a negative view on sports addiction, considering the biological, psychological and social benefits of physical activity for Iranian women, sports managers should consider sports addiction as a "religious commitment", and seek its prevalence and development among Iranian women.

The tourism industry has grown explosively in the 21st century and has found a special place in the gross domestic product (GDP) and economic growth of countries. Sports tourism is an important part of the tourism industry and has various types. In recent years; Active sports tourism has grown increasingly in international tourism markets. Therefore; the purpose of this research was strategic analysis in order to develop Iran's active sports tourism at the international level. The research methodology was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). In order to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats surrounding Iran's active sports tourism, interviews and library research were used. In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 37 experts and the working group of experts was used to analyze, formulate and evaluate strategies. The findings showed that weak marketing is the most important weakness, the existence of many attractions of active sports tourism is the most important strength, the high value of international currencies in Iran is the most important opportunity, and USA sanctions are the most important threats to active sports tourism in Iran at the international level. Digital marketing, viral marketing and influencer marketing are three modern marketing methods in the development of the tourism industry, which should be used well in order to increase the active sports tourism market share of Iran in the international market.

Today, the importance of physical activity for women's health in various dimensions has become more apparent, but in different countries, there are many different challenges for the continuous physical activity of women at different stages of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify, categorize and investigate the impact of Iranian women's physical activity challenges in different stages of life.

The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In order to achieve saturation while reviewing specialized texts, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian women aged 7-78 who regularly participated in physical activities in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers.

The findings showed that managerial-economic problems in the secondary childhood, socio-cultural and managerial-economic problems in the adolescence, socio-cultural problems in the youth, the least problems in the middle age, and personal problems in the aging have the most negative impact on physical activity of Iranian women.

Many challenges have caused the physical activity of Iranian women to fluctuate sharply at different stages of life but the most important decline in Iranian women's physical activity occurs at the beginning of adolescence. According to the research findings, the researchers and sports managers who are responsible for studying and planing in order to develop physical activity of Iranian women should pay special attention to the challenges in each stage of their lives.

Today, tourism has become a very profitable industry with explosive growth and can solve many economic problems. Iran has a high potential to exploit the tourism industry at the international level. Therefore, the research aimed to identify and categorize the types of tourist attractions in Iran and formulate marketing objectives for developing the tourism industry in Iran using active sports tourism leverage.

The research methodology was grounded in theory with Strass & Corbin approach. The sampling method was theoretical sampling. After conducting 31 interviews with tourism industry experts and using literature, theoretical saturation was achieved.

The findings showed that there are 16 tourist attractions in Iran: religious, historical, natural, health, entertainment, heritage, sports, desert, mountainous, wildlife, islands, villages, towns, urban, sociocultural, and shopping attractions. Finally, eight marketing objectives were formulated to increase international tourists in Iran using active sports tourism leverage and earn more from this industry. They include introducing and advertising Iran's active sports attractions among religious tourists, focusing on Russian and Chinese tourists by offering desert attractions; marketing Iran’s adventure attractions; offering different interests of Iran in one product package among international tourists; marketing Iranian products and handicrafts among international tourists; ecotourism marketing for Iran's tourism-target villages and towns; marketing for Iranian islands and their water-based sports attractions among wealthy international tourists; and Marketing for Iran’s health-attractions.

Originality:

In this article, the authors identified and categorized the types of tourist attractions in Iran and analyzed the marketing objectives necessary for developing the tourism industry in Iran using active sports tourism leverage.

The tourism industry is a dynamic industry with an explosive growth capacity that has made a significant and stunning contribution to the world economy. Sports tourism is also an important part of the tourism industry. The main purpose of the research was to design and formulate a strategic road map for the development of sports tourism of Iran under sanctions. The research methodology was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). In order to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats surrounding Iran's sports tourism, open and selective coding stages in the grounded theory method were used. In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 31 experts while reviewing all related domestic articles and the working group of experts was used to formulate and evaluate strategies. The findings showed that "marketing", "emphasis on active sport tourism", "providing essential services", "creating distinctive experiences", "circumventing sanctions", "attracting capital and developing infrastructure" and at the end stage "emphasis on holding domestic and international sports events according to Iran's international position in the world" are the most important strategies needed for the development of Iran's sports tourism, respectively. The first and biggest measures to develop sports tourism in Iran are marketing and development of active sports tourism or adventure tourism. Holding mega sports events in order to develop sustainable tourism in Iran is currently neither possible nor logical. Considering the geographical features of Iran and the existence of many mountains, deserts, seas and beaches in Iran and the high and growing demand that active sports tourism (mountaineering, rock climbing, desert tourism, surfing and other water-beach sports) has found among international tourists, the development and marketing of active sports tourism should be the priority of the country's tourism authorities. Establishing or cooperating with international travel and tourism agencies in Iran's allied and neighboring countries is one of the most important measures to circumvent sanctions in the field of tourism.

Understanding how physical-activity of Iranian-girls aged 7-12 years in the current situation and designing a model for it is a requirement of strategic-thinking and it can help relevant managers make important decisions. Therefore the purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model of physical-activity for Iranian-girls aged 7-12 years. The research method was Grounded theory, systematic approach. The sampling method was theoretical sampling and in order to achieve theoretical saturation, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 fathers, 17 mothers and 17 girls while studying literature. Findings show that there are 14 main categories related to the physical-activity of Iranian-girls aged 7-12 years. The main actor in the designed model is the mothers who consider the conditions and plays the role of the main guider of the girl in consultation with her husband and daughter and the trainer. The findings also showed sovereignty institutions, the Ministry of Education, and schools; unexpectedly; do not have a favorable effect on the physical-activity of Iranian-girls aged 7-12 years. Thus; meaningful activation and constructive interaction between mothers, related organizations and institutions; especially schools; and the optimal use of the existing sports facilities in the country can significantly increase physical-activity among girls aged 7-12.

The purpose of this study was to investigating the impact of supporting sections on the main sector of Iran's sports industry using a holistic conceptual model. The research methodology was a exploratory mixed method. That is, first, using the qualitative method «Grounded theory – Systematic approach», a conceptual model was designed and then using the quantitative method «Structural Equations - Partial Least Squares approach» the impact of support sections on the main part of Iran's sports industry was examined. Data gathering tool in quantitative method was a questionnaire. The statistical population was the people who played a role in creating a variety of sports activities in Iran. 604 questionnaires were answered. Data analysis was performed using SPSS22 and Smart-PLS software and R2 was 0.34 and GOF was 0.36. Considering that the significance level of 95% (coefficient of effect 1.96) was determined, the findings showed that the effect coefficient of five support categories of Iran's sports industry: educational centers (6.770), sports facilities and places (5.072), sovereignty institutions (4.726), consultants (3.241), & media (1.988) was significant and the effect coefficient of the other three support categories: sports goods and facilities (0.886), income supporters (1.006), & culture makers (1.075) was insignificant. As the findings showed, Iran's sports industry has problems in the fields of finance, culture and production of quality and competitive sports goods. These problems are such that they should be addressed by senior sports officials and members of parliament (top to down) through the submission of expert bills and plans and necessary measures.

Identifying and intelligently influencing the drivers of women's physical-activity is one of the requirements of the country's sports-cultural directors. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to identify, categorize and survey the trend of changes in the most important drivers of Iranian-women for physical-activity at different stages of their lives. The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In-order-to achieve saturation while reviewing specialized texts, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian-women aged 7-78 who were regularly participate in physical-activity in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers. The findings indicate that there are four general categories of driving physical-activity for Iranian-women at different-stages-of-life, which are: promoters, personal-motivations, individual-characteristics, and health-challenges. Of course, each of these categories has many important subcategories and concepts. Importantly, the findings showed that although the drivers of Iranian-women's physical-activity are nominally similar at different stages of their lives, they are very different in terms of priority and intensity of impact. According to the findings, the effectiveness of women's physical-activity promoters in adolescence, youth and middle-age is far from the desired situation and the country's cultural-sports managers should seek to increase the impact of various promoters on the physical-activity of Iranian-women in these stages. Also, stimulating the identified personal-motivations in different-stages-of-life in those women of the society who do not have serious and continuous physical-activity is another necessary measure to develop the physical-activity of Iranian-women in different-stages of their lives.

The purpose of this research was to identify and investigate the status of trustees and the desired consequences of sports in Iran.

The research methodology was exploratory mixed method. In the qualitative part, the Grounded-Theory (Systematic-Approach) and in the quantitative part, the Structural-Equations-method were used. The data collection tools were interviews and questionnaire. In the qualitative section, 14 sports management experts and senior sports managers of Iran were interviewed to obtain theoretical saturation. In quantitative part, statistical population was the activists in the field of trustees and a thousand questionnaires were randomly distributed among them and 604 cases were answered. Quantitative data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 and Smart-PLS software. The confidence level determined to be 99%.

The findings of the qualitative section showed that there are 10 trustees and 11 significant consequences for various sports activities in Iran. The quantitative findings also showed that the main trustees, such as the "Ministry of Sports and Youth", "Universities and Schools" and "Municipalities" are not in a favorable situation. "Job-creation" is also the most important desired outcome for the development of various sports activities in Iran.

According to the findings of the research, it seems that the transformational leadership of the supreme sports council or the formulation, approval and implementation of Iran's comprehensive sports law are the most important necessary measures.

The tourism industry is one of the most important industries of the new century, which is very dynamic and profitable. Sports tourism is an essential part of this industry. The research aimed to identify and categorize the sports attractions in Iran and to design a development model for the sports tourism industry.

the research method was Grounded-Theory, with a systematic approach. The sampling method was theoretical sampling. In addition to studying literature, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 experts, including 19 faculty members of Iranian universities and 16 travel and tourism agency professionals, to achieve theoretical saturation.

In the first part of the research, the results showed that there are 11 types of sports attractions in Iran. The second part of the research showed that identifying and analyzing sports attractions, marketing, planning, and organizing to welcome tourists are the essential measures necessary for developing sports tourism. The development of sports tourism in section tourist welcoming is related to the development of the entire tourism industry and requires investment, planning, and organization. Marketing, providing necessary services, and creating distinct and exciting experiences for tourists and satisfying them are the key variables to success in the development of the industry. All these works require the cooperation and coordination of people and organizations in the sovereign, government, public and private sectors.

Originality: 

We have identified and categorized the types of sports attractions in Iran and presented a comprehensive development model for the development of the sports tourism industry.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of factors affecting on the sport performance and success of football clubs. This research was qualitative and the Grounded theory method was used with a systematic approach. The required data were obtained from library studies and interviews with elites and celebrities of Iranian football. The statistical population of the study included managers, coaches and players of former and current Iranian football clubs. The sampling method was purposive and the data were obtained by conducting 16 in-depth semi-structured individual interviews to reach the theoretical saturation stage. Data collected from interviews were analyzed at three levels of open coding, axial and selective. In data analysis, 13 important categories; Financial strength, players, technical staff, facilities and equipment, club academy, training camps and competitions, Support from spectators, fans, locals and the government, training, talent identification process, effective and efficient management, grassroots teams, brand and club history and Educational programs were explained as factors affecting on the sport performance and success of football clubs. Paying attention to the explained factors while stabilizing the optimal sport performance of successful clubs can significantly help to improve the poorer sport performance of other football clubs. Also, the designed model can also be a model and guide for other sports clubs to achieve success and progress.

The purpose of this research was to design a conceptual model of Iranian sports goods industry.

The methodology of research was Grounded Theory (GT) on the systematic approach. Data collection tools were reviewing the literature and interviews. The sampling method was theoretical sampling. The data analysis method was a continuous questionnaire and comparison in the three main steps of open, axial and selective coding. After reviewing the literature along with conducting 15 deep interviews with Iranian manufacturers and distributors of Iranian sports goods, theoretical saturation was achieved.

The results showed that the manpower, capital, technology and materials affect production, and marketing and branding, national media, person responsible for buying, and foreign goods affect the sale of Iranian sports goods and Iranian sovereign bodies directly and indirectly have important implications for all of these categories.

Production and sales are the basic categories of sports goods industry that interact with each other and each of them is influenced by other categories. Since sovereign bodies have or can have a huge impact on all of these categories, prerequisite for the development of this industry is the strategic actions of the sovereign bodies to improve the conditions in each of these categories.

The purpose purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model of the Iranian sports industry. The methodology of research was of qualitative type and Grounded Theory (GT). The data collection tools were interviews and review of the research literature. Sampling method was theoretical sampling method and theoretical saturation was obtained after review more than 300 texts of articles, books, news agencies, websites, newspapers and magazines and conduct 16 interviews with sports marketing management specialists and senior sports officials. The data analysis methods were questions and continuous comparison during open, axial and selective coding steps. Eventually, a two-part model of the Iran's sports industry was designed after performing the research processes. In this model, the creation of sporting activities as the main categories and the main section and the eight other major categories were identified and determined as categories of support section which included (1) sovereignty institutions, (2) consultants, (3) educational centers, (4) income supporters, (5) culture makers, (6) sports facilities and places, (7) sports goods and facilities, and (8) media. Consultants are emerging phenomena that are in line with the knowledge-based economy, and the importance and volume of their activities are increasing day by day. Culture makers are another considerable category that so far, less attention has been paid to them and their responsibility in promoting the sport culture in the country.

The purpose of this research was to design a conceptual model of sports sponsorship in Iran. The methodology of research was the Grounded Theory (GT), Systematic approach. Data collection tools were studying research literature and interviews. The data analysis method was a continuous question and comparison in the steps of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Because in the GT, generalizations are not considered, so sampling is not made and researched sources and contributors are selected theoretically to achieve theoretical saturation. After examining literature and conducting 16 interviews with sports marketing professors, theoretical saturation was obtained. After studying research literature and conducting 16 interviews with sports marketing professors, theoretical saturation was obtained. The findings showed that there are eleven main categories as the conditions of sport support in Iran that are: sponsorship, media, public opinion, institutions of sovereignty, fans, economic conditions, nature of sponsor, nature of sports institution, sports activity, ambush marketing, and intermediaries. Sponsors and sports activities were identified as the two main players in the formation of sports sponsorship, and other categories affect the formation of this phenomenon by influencing these two categories. Therefore, in order to form a favorable and sustainable sports support, first of all, it must attract the attention of fans and the media with a successful and impressive performance in their respective sport activities. Then, it should encourage, attract and retain the target companies and organizations that have been selected according to their economic conditions and their nature, using intermediaries and institutions of sovereignty.

The purpose of this research was factor analysis the culture makers in promoting culture of sport in Iran. The research methodology was a exploratory mixed method. In other words, first, using the qualitative method, were identified culture makers and physical activities creators, and conceptual model was created, and then, using quantitative Structural Equation Method, Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach, their role was investigated and analyzed. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made five-point Likert questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by ten sports management experts. The results of the Cronbach's alpha with a value of 0.878 showed that the reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable. The statistical population was the people who played a role in creating a variety of sports activities in Iran. 604 questionnaires were answered (n=604). Data analysis was performed using SPSS22 and Smart-PLS software. The confidence level was 95%. The findings showed that at present, families, friends and social institutions, the medical community, the Ministry of Sport and, the national media, have a significant role in promoting the culture of sport in society. But government executives and politicians, religious leaders and scholars, artists, elite athletes and celebrities are passive in promoting a culture of sports. Regarding the findings, it is necessary for sport managers to identify and implement strategies to use the potential of different cultures to promote sport culture.