rahim ramzaninejad

The aim of the current research was to identify the predominant research approach in the field of ethics in sports with an emphasis on sports in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method is using thematic analysis method. Also, the data required for the research has been obtained from all articles, treatises and scientific-research theses in the field of ethics in sports. In order to confirm and transferability of the research, the results and findings of the research were given to four sports science professors and its internal and external validity was confirmed. In order to ensure the consistency or quality of the research, the method of data analysis was given to two referees in the field of sports ethics and was approved. The results showed that 55 basic concepts or codes, 13 sub-themes and 5 main topics of organizational ethics, research ethics, sports ethics, economic ethics and media ethics are concentrated in the dominant discourse of ethics in sports. In addition, organizational ethics, legal ethics, ethics of human forces active in sports and maintaining and promoting moral values in the organization have been taken into consideration. Political ethics and social ethics were also important aspects of sports ethics. Also, the prevention of financial corruption in sports through the role of the media and increasing media literacy in the field of media and improving their awareness of the content of all types of media are among the results of this research.

 For many years, using of sport and physical activity to achieving sustainable development goals, including the goal of health and wellness, has been developed on various agendas. This trend has taken on a new form with the 2030 Agenda of United Nations and following Agenda. The aim of this study is to investigate how to achieve the goal of ensuring healthy lives and promote well-being for all, at all ages through sport and physical activity. This is a qualitative method research. Data were collected using a Grounded theory in which interviews were conducted with 13 experts from the center of sports medicine research, the federation of sport for all and academic experts from universities of Iran and France (Lille). The number of 66 independent initial codes in form of 12 concepts were identified that formed the 6 main constructs of the model. The validity of the research was done through continuous review of the text and codes by experts and members of the research team at different times. Final research model identified causal factors (promotion of physical, mental and social health), grounded conditions (micro and macro obstacles), Intervention conditions (social justice), strategies (development of active systems, active environment and personal development) and outcomes (reduce the costs of health and promotion of active life style). The final model shows that achieving health and wellness outcomes through sport, requires the removal of individual and large-scale barriers by synergies and mutual cooperation of sports and health agencies and broader policies.

The purpose of this study was to design a model for the development of football talents with emphasis on internal and external factors. Research method in terms of type, descriptive correlation; It was applied in terms of purpose and field in terms of data collection method. The statistical population consisted of all football experts at the level of leagues one and two countries and intra-provincial leagues. The statistical sample according to the approach of Hear et al. (2019), 195 people were considered. The research instrument included a questionnaire of factors affecting the development of football talents (62 questions), the dimensions of which are adapted from the model of Henriksen et al. (2010) and Goharrostami et al. (2018). The validity of the instrument was assessed and confirmed through content validity (n = 18), reliability (α> 0.70) and construct validity (model fit). Findings were analyzed using structural equation modeling method in Smart Payals software. The results showed that indoor environment (path coefficient: 0.63, T-values: 6.81) and external environment (path coefficient: 0.48, T-values: 4.82) had a significant effect on the development of talent of football athletes. According to the research findings, the development of a talented player depends to a large extent on the coach's behaviors and leadership style, because coaches are in fact the team leaders, and just as leadership is the process of influencing employees, the coach is influential on team members and by creating Motivation, hard work, commitment and satisfaction seek to nurture and develop athletes.

the Economic valuation of Esteghlal Tehran football club by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) The required information was collected by completing an electronic Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice questionnaire. sampling 942 questionnaires were used for analysis. logit regression model by forward LR method, examined the willingness to pay of fans for the evaluation of Esteghlal Club and the factors affecting it. To analyze the data were used the software; SPSS21, MAPLE21 and Expert Choice. According to the results, the expected amount of willingness to pay annually for each fan for Esteghlal Club was equal to 134,235 Tomans. The annual value of the club for the fans is equal to 402,706,500,000 Tomans and the current value of the club was estimated at 2,237,258,333,333 Tomans. with Analytic Hierarchical Process, was found that the use values of Esteghlal Club with a weight of 0.764 and a price of 1,709,265,366,666 Tomans are almost nearly triple more important than non-use values with a weight of 0.236 and a price of 527,992,966,667 Tomans. In prioritizing use values, indirect use values with a weight of 0.355 and a price of 606,789,205,166 Tomans in the first priority and respectively direct use values and option values They are second and third priority with weights of 0.341 and 0.304, and prices of 582,859,490,033 Tomans and 519,616,671,467 Tomans. In prioritizing non-use values, existential values with a weight of 0.512 and a price of 270,332,398,934 were recognized as more important than bequest values with a weight of 0.488 and a price of 257,660,567,733 Tomans.

The aim of this research was Designing Conceptual model of basic sports development management to case Study of Gymnastics. The research method was qualitative research with systematic exploratory approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections of human society (managers, coaches ...) and information society (books, articles, documents, media, etc.) related to basketball. The sample was selected based on theoretical saturation and was sampled in a theoretical way (18 people and 51 documents). The research tool was a library study and exploratory interviews. The validity of the tool was evaluated and verified based on the legal and scientific evidence of the sample, the opinion of the experts, and the agreement between the codebook editors. A multi-stage coding method was used to analyze the data using a systematic approach. The research coding framework consisted of five levels, 14 variables and 118 components. Four levels include; Field (National Development of Sports, National Background and International Gymnastics Developments), Ability (Knowledge and Functions), Structure (Management, Finance, Facilities and Events), Participation (Human Resources, Talent Management, Stakeholders) and Performance (International Success) and sustainable development. Finally, the challenges and strategies of gymnastics development were identified based on the conceptual model. Based on the results, it can be said that the development of output gymnastics is a systematic process and a multi-level system, and the outcome of affecting and being affected between contextual, capability, structural, participatory and functional factors determines its extent.

Self-reflective job titles are a kind of psychological state in which individuals use informal labels for themselves and their jobs to obtain positive psychological outcomes in tense and stressful situations. This quasi-experimental study examines the effects of self-reflective job titles on the work conscience dimensions (as a positive psychological outcome) of physical education (PE) teachers in the less developed regions (as a tens and stressful setting) of Guilan.

A number of 180 PE teachers in less developed regions of Guilan province were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, each consisting 90 participants, and answered the perception of work conscience questionnaire twice (once at the beginning of the study and once after receiving self-reflective job titles intervention for five weeks) .

The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that after receiving the intervention for five weeks, the experimental group had significant changes in the mean of responsibility and dependence on culture components, while no significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean of other components.

Findings showed that through influencing the dimensions of work conscience, self-reflective job titles have a positive function in order to retain PE teachers in less developed areas and are important maintenance factors in this field.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the content of the articles in the Journal of Sports Management and Development of the Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan. The research population of this study includes 231 articles published in 20 issues of the mentioned magazine from the beginning until now and the researchers examined the results through review and content analysis. The results showed that the research method of most articles was small and most of the authors of these articles were assistant professors and men, most of the articles used Latin sources for citation and each article has an average of 30 sources and about 60% of these sources. The total number of resources used in the articles is 6897, and the waiting period for printing, if approved, is about 20 months from the time of receiving the article, Most of the articles were written by 3 authors and most of the trends in sports marketing (23.81%) and strategic planning (19.48%) and organizational behavior (16.02%) were considered, respectively. Organizational dependence of most articles, Guilan University ( 17.06%), Azad University (13.35%) and Payam-e-Noor University (7.57%) were ranked first to third, respectively. According to the goals of the publication, the printing of large-scale articles and the strategic management of the country's sports should be increased compared to the articles on marketing and organizational behavior, and the waiting period for printing articles should be reduced.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evaluation indicators of professional volleyball coaches in Iran using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).

The statistical population of the study included all the female and males head coaches and coaches employed in volleyball premier league of Iran. The sample contained number to statistical population and finally 56 individuals participated in the study .The validity of the questionnaire the views and an opinion of academic experts and coaches experts of volleyball was approved. Reliability as well as inconsistency rate of 0.02 was evaluated and confirmed. For data analysis, Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Expert Choice11 software was used

The results showed that the main performance evaluation’s indicators of volleyball coaches in Iran premier league to the tactical skills (0.191), professional relationship (0.185), social-relationship skill (0.163), psychological skill (0.145), technical skills (0.119), team management (0.102) and experience and athletic background (0.096) requirements.

Among the 42 indicators introduced, the indicators of the ability to pay attention to the team and convey their meaning to the players and consulting with assistants and assistant coaches have the highest weight, respectively, and the indicators of appropriate appearance and voting stability in decision making, respectively. The lowest weight from the point of view of professional volleyball coaches was Iran.

 The aim of this research was developing a Conceptual Model for the Development of Worker Sport in Iran.

 The research method was qualitative research with systematic exploratory approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections of human resources (managers, professors, educators, etc.) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). The sample was selected based on theoretical saturation and was sampled in a theoretical way (18 people and 53 documents). The research tool was a library study and exploratory interviews. The validity of the tool was evaluated and verified based on the legal and scientific evidence of the sample, the opinion of the experts, and the agreement between the codebook editors. A multi-stage coding method was used to analyze the data using a systematic approach.

 The conceptual model consisted of six consecutive levels: context level (social supporters and environmental capacities), structure level (trustee institutions, strategic executive capability, and division of work between sectors and cross-sector), capability level (innovation and diversification, knowledge and technology system, Human Resource Management, Physical Resource Management and Financing in Worker Sport), Process Level (Sporting Events, Sport Needs Assessment, Sport Cultivation, General Sport Training and Sport Services to Workers), Performance Level (Sport Ability, Sport Achievement and Worker Sport Participation) and Outcome Level (Sustainable Development of Worker Sport).

 Based on the conceptual model It can be said that the system of development of workers' sports development in the country Driven by a chain of contextual, structural, functional, process, functional, and consequential factors and the outcome of the relationships between these factors determines the output of the system and the development level.

In regard to role of board of director’s performance in determining club performance, the purpose of this research is determination of performance evaluation dimensions in succer clubs board of directors. Statistical population included all experts in field of clubs management. Statistical sample of research was 154 of succer managers and experts, physical education faculty members, the experts in young and general offices that were familiar to succer.The research instruments of researcher-made questionnaire was in basis of litereature riview, and for considering context validity of questionnaire was used from 10 experts’ view. The instrument reliability was confirmed by alpha Cronbakh method (0.97) and factor validity in PLS software. According to factor analysis results was realized that each 7 dimensions performance evaluation board of directors has direct and significant relationship with performance evaluation board of directors. The five most important indicators of board evaluation were respectively to retain high quality players, selecting appropriate members for specialized units, successor and meritocracy, number of meetings per year, managing team margins, and finally selecting the appropriate manager. Therefore, they are more important in evaluating the management of football clubs, environmental communication and interacting with the club's external environment, and the club's human resources management.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of sports participation and media participation in social capital. The research method was descriptive correlational in terms of practical purpose and field data collection method. The statistical population of the study, the citizens of Gilan province, had sports activities (public sports) and according to the table of Morgan and Krejcie, the statistical sample for the community of more than 10 thousand people was estimated at 384 people . The research instruments included three sports participation questionnaires, media participation and social capital. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis method and path analysis were used in PLS software. The results showed that sports participation and participation in the media space had a direct and significant effect on social capital. Comparison of the results indicates that the amount of social capital with a coefficient of 0.82 is improved through media participation and with a coefficient of 0.76 through sports participation . It can be acknowledged that this effect is not very different. Also pay attention to the features and achievements of sports participation compared to participation in the media space such as : More facilities and services, easier access, low cost, diverse, reliable and increasing responsibility and vitality and physical and mental health, show the advantage of sports participation compared to participation in the media space in promoting social capital .

Considering the importance of talent identification in the championship sports, and the key role of the environment in this process, the present work examines the talent development environment in football with the Athlete Talent Development Environment (ATDE) model approach. The method was descriptive-survey, applied and field in terms of type, purpose, and method, respectively, which were analyzed using the SPSS20 and Smart PLS3 software. According to the findings, the talent development stage was the most important stage of this process, which required a lot of coordination between all its dimensions in order to develop the talent identification process.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the position of physical education among other subjects in managers, teachers, parents, and students’ views. The statistical population of the study consists of all managers and both male and female teachers and all male and female students of Elementary Schools of Rasht. The sample consists all the managers, 310 teachers, 400 male and female students among their parents. The instrument to gather the data was a researchermade questionnaire that different Educational position of physical education compared to other school subjects tested Elementary Schools. content and face validity have been approved by University professors, leaders of different subject groups and experienced teachers, and reliability has also been approved by Cronbach Alpha Method. The result of the study showed significant difference between the position of physical education subject and other school subjects in students, parents, managers, and teacher’ views. The results were as follows: Students ranked physical education in fourth, parents ranked physical education in third, and principals and teachers ranked physical education in first. Due to the fundamental transformation plan, the development of a national curriculum and various plans in the elementary school, the physical education course was of considerable importance.

The purpose of the present study was the effect of structural empowerment on the professional commitment of the referees of the Iranian Men's and Women's Football Premier League through mediation of job characteristics. In terms of purpose, the study was applied and based on the method of data collection, it was descriptive-correlation. The sample population consisted of 185 referees(130 men and 55 women), all of whom were selected as a sample of the study. Data collection tools include a combination of the Structural Empowerment Questionnaire of Kordanij et al.‌(1394) and Kanter(1993), the Professional Commitment Questionnaire of Arania et al.‌(1999) and the job characteristics of Jako (2004).The questions of these three questionnaires were 46 numbers on a 5-point Likert scale. 10 sports management specialists and refereeing experts confirmed the face and content validity of the questionnaires. Convergent and divergent validity was confirmed by Fornell and Larker indexes. The combined reliability of all three questionnaires was 0.92, 0.89 and 0.84, respectively, the total reliability of the questionnaire was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 85%.To analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method was used by using Smart PLS software. According to the results, only the effect of structural empowerment on professional commitment was T-Value = 1.875 and -0.129 = negative and meaningless). But the effect of structural empowerment on job characteristics T-Value=5.671, the effect of job characteristics on professional commitment T-Value=‌ -6/708 and the effect of structural empowerment on professional commitment mediated Job characteristics were reported to be positive and significant (T-Value = 549/549). Information sharing among the dimensions of structural empowerment, interest between the dimensions of professional commitment and diversity of skills among job characteristics were the highest averages.

The purpose of current study was to develop a pattern of women’s conceptual thinking about corporal aesthetic in sport clubs.

It was qualitative research based on Grounded Theory. To collect data, semi-structured interview was used. Data was analyzed through Grounded Theory (Strauss and Corbin 1998 Approach) and presented in term of paradigm. Sampling was based on theoretical one and purposive (judgment) and snowball (chain) techniques were considered. To this end, we interviewed with 50 customers of sport clubs in Tehran.

Results showed that marriage opportunity, relationship with opposite sex, determinism, attracting attention in virtual space, social changes in erotic capital, fashionism and generation gap were recognized as causal conditions. Intervention conditions were role strain, social comparison, social tagging phobia and awareness of others’ judgment. Emotion suppression, media and simulation of others were found as context conditions. Women’s covering management, extracting people’s opinion and behavioral expression were strategies. Ethical and cultural consequences, mental aspect, and socioeconomic consequences were all the consequences. Finally, individual achievement, appearance beauty, attracting attention in social environments were the main phenomena.

Among women, the dominant culture of body image is based on fashion and media where the commercializing and consumerism are the core of body concept. According to results, it is proposed to reconsider the components to develop women’s conceptual thinking about corporal aesthetic through view of health orientation.

Various factors affect the demand of spectators to participate in the matches of the football teams of the Premier League of East Azerbaijan Province; Therefore, in order to investigate these factors, among all the fans of the three teams of Tractor Manufacturing, Steel Development and Machine Building, 384 people completed the revised questionnaire by Byon, Zhang & Connaughton (2010) based on Morgan table. Structural equation modeling method in PLS software was used for confirmatory factor analysis of dimensions. The results showed that all seven factors of match schedule, host and guest team characteristics, information, general football characteristics, financial and physical considerations and ethnic identity had a significant effect on the market demand of East Azerbaijan Football Premier League teams. Therefore, it is suggested that league management and football clubs pay more attention to game quality, league management and match schedule to attract spectators and increase market demand.

The main purpose of this paper is to assess factors affecting on the satisfaction of athletes in earlier studies in Iran.

This study is a meta-analysis. The population of research was all scientific-research papers in  area of the athletes' satisfaction in Iran that 28 articles were selected with this criterion. Also, these articles were analyzed with the software CMA2.

The results of a systematic review showed that all researches in this field has been mainly descriptive - analytical and diversity of methods is low. Among the factors influencing on satisfaction of athletes, the leadership style and the power of coach were the most influential factors. Also, the results showed that the leadership styles of teaching and practice (effect size =0.5) and positive feedback (effect size= 0.33) , reward power (effect size =0.32) and expert power of coach (effect size =0.30) Respectively had the greatest impact on athletes' satisfaction.

In General or Generally,  the leadership styles of teaching and practice and positive feedback, and power of coach have the most impact on athletes' satisfaction. Thus, Iranian coaches can satisfy athletes by combination of  these leadership styles  and reward power.

There are many resources and capacities for the development of sport tourism of Iran which is neglected in terms of performance and research.

In this regard, the purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the content of sport tourism researches of Iran.

The statistical population of the study consisted of all research articles in the field of sport tourism during 2005 to 2018 that were collected from the internal and external databases (Academic Jihad of Iran) and the related internal publications system.

The articles were fallen into three levels: macro, intermediate and micro, 5 general axes and 17 subjects; the most articles focused on the macro level and the axis of tourism development (45.45%) and the least articles on the micro and psychological level (3.78%). At the intermediate level, the two issues of employment, revenue, and quality of service were more of a concern for researchers. The findings showed that among the sports management publications, the highest number of articles (10.28%) were published in the publications of the strategic studies of sports and youth of the Ministry of Sport and among non-sports management publications, the most articles were published in the Tourism Space Quarterly (5.6%). Methodologically, most of the articles used quantitative method and a researcher made questionnaire and standard (86.36%), and descriptive and factor analysis (41.66%). Most studies are done on professors and managers and experts in education and tourism (24.24%). Regarding geographical distribution, the most articles are done with the national issue (23.48%) and the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan and Mazandaran (13.64%). Also, about 90% of the articles are attributed to the 2010s.

The analysis of the trend of articles in the field of sport tourism shows that the main challenge of the researchers in this area is the strategic dimensions and natural and climatic factors at the macro level; and the quality of services and employment and entrepreneurship is at the intermediate level and in continue, future researches can be focused on the planning on particular areas of tourism and some sociological issues in this area.

The Purpose of this study examines the relationship between brand Personality with loyalty fans Esteghlal and Persepolis teams In Mazandaran province.

The research method is descriptive and correlational. Its statistical population fans Esteghlal and Persepolis, were selected sample size of 385 with method cluster randomized in the local area, West, Central and East provinces. Researcher-maker questionnaire had used brand personality that derives from standard questionnaire of Khodadadi (1393) and customer loyalty questionnaire of Allen (1990). From view the 10 sport management professors and relevant experts has been used to estimate the content validity questionnaire and using Cronbach's alpha coefficient were obtained its reliability (brand personality 0/839 and Customer loyalty 0/720). Descriptive statistics was used to describe study variables and to analyze the test data and the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression and KS.

The results showed that between personality brand with loyalty of fans there is a direct and significant relationship (p=0/001), and both dimensions of personality brand (Competence and excitement) have significant impact on brand loyalty (p=0/001). The regression analysis showed that, in both aspects of behavioral loyalty and attitudinal loyalty (Beta coefficient=0/179, 0/390. P=0/001), the excitement has the first importance for the prediction of brand loyalty towards the brand personality. Personal competency aspect in behavioral aspect of loyalty was significant (p=0/003) but it was not significant in attitudinal loyalty aspect (p=0/176).

Generally, it is necessary to management of the Esteghlal and Persepolis brand excitement to strengthen the team and the club after his move.

The purpose of this study was to investigate job attitudes and skills of physical education and sport sciences graduates at University of Guilan in period 2004-2008.

equal to the statistical population, the number of 271 physical education graduates answered to demographic characteristics, Attitudes towards Job (Jacko, 2004) and Amount of content appropriateness of courses with needs of the market and employment questionnaires. Validity of these tools were confirm by 11 university professors, and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for job attitude (α=0.90) and appropriateness of course content (α =0.89).

Analysis of λ2 showed women (λ2= 25; P= .001) and masters’ graduates (λ2= 26.83; P= .001) more involved in the jobs associated to physical education course than others. Based on Kroskal Wallis results, graduates attitudes of jobs associated to physical education course (graduates of 2006) to dimensions of feedback, problem solving and entire attitudes were positive, while graduates attitudes of jobs no associated to physical education were positive only on task identify and authority (P≤ .05). Additionally, graduates who had jobs associated to physical education course achieved more skills of volunteer work (λ2= 14.28; P= .001) and coach card (λ2= 14.54; P= .001) than another graduates. 

It seems that occupation capacity of physical education and sport sciences graduates of University of Guilan is high and they can achieve adequate job skill during the study time and find professional positive attitudes after the occupation.

Entrepreneurship ecosystem is a new approach to systematically and comprehensively examine entrepreneurship development in different areas, such as sports. The purpose of this study is to review the research on sport entrepreneurship in the six axes of politics, market, government, Support, human and financial capital in this approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of all published research articles (94 articles) in the field of entrepreneurship in sport from 2006 to 2018, which were compiled based on the key words from the scientific base of SID and also the search in the system of 18 related journals to receive the latest articles. Then articles related to each axis were classified and analyzed based on hierarchical analysis in three levels: macro, middle, and micro. The results showed that at the macro level of investment and the privatization of sport, the formation of sports cooperatives and especially the culture of Iranian sports organizations have been the main drivers of entrepreneurship at the macro level. At the mid-level, review of studies has shown that organizational structure and organizational learning, and in particular the planning and content of entrepreneurship-based education at the university, along with information technology, can influence the process of entrepreneurship. At micro level, various variables affect entrepreneurship in sport, the most important of which is the diverse personality characteristics of individuals. Of course, investment and financial risk; and entrepreneurial and social skills are also important. Therefore, it is suggested that in the future research, the interactive effects of variables related to each of the axes of entrepreneurship ecosystem in sport should be more explored.sport should be more explored.

The present study intended to strategically assess the football of Guilan province based on SWOT analysis and also to plan a suitable strategy.   This research is descriptive-analytical and functional. The statistical population of study included all Guilan province football experts, and the sample was selected out of managers, experts of organizations, schools' and universities' sport educators, and veteran players and coaches (n=50). The authors have developed a questionnaire, as an instrument, based on exploratory study and rewriting similar foundations and studies. Validity of this instrument was confirmed by experts (content validity). The reliability of the instrument was also proved as suitable (=α0.95). To analyze the data and the suitable strategies, Friedman test, Weighting Method, and external and internal factors evaluation matrix were utilized. Desirability of information technology, undesirability of the quality of football pitch, policy of privatization of clubs, and tendency of people toward inactive life style were identified respectively as the most important strong point, weak point, opportunity, and threat. According to internal factors matrix (2.38) and external factors matrix (2.49), the strategic condition of Guilan province football is in WT region. According to results of SWOT analysis matrix, it is necessary to employ Stability Strategy or Defensive Strategy in managing football development in Guilan province.

  The purpose of the research was the analysis of the Iran attendance in 15 Period of the Olympic Games and comparison with other contingents counters. Research method was descriptive and type of analytic study. Sample was 15 period of Iran attendance in summer Olympic games and was equal to society. Data gathered from classify and analyzing of articles, reports and resource related to Olympic Games. Also, for analysis data descriptive, inferential statistics and lexicograph method was used. Results showed that Iran attendance in Olympic Games from 1948-2004 gain priority 9 0/0, 4 0/0 and 16 0/0 of distributed medals of Asia, Africa and Central and South America contingents and success percent (medal/attendance number) of Iran in three sport of wrestling, weightlifting and taekwondo was 93 0/0, 80 0/0 and 66 0/0. Iran performance in 16, 19 and 30 period of Olympic Games mutation and among this periods decrees process. Weakest performance of Iran from viewpoint of distrusted medal and efficiency ratio (medal/population) was between 1988 until 1996. Iran in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games had weakest performance and in the world, Asia, Africa and Central and South America contingents in priority was 17, 5, 2 and 1 rank. So, mean rank of Iran in all attendant Olympic Games in priority was 31.26, 4.33, 2.56 and 3.40 in the world, Asia, Africa and Central and South America contingents. According to Olympic Games distribute table of medal and ratio efficiency and compare to Asia, Africa and Central and South America countries, Iran has high rank and good place

Inequality and imbalance in the development procedure of provinces is the foreground of inequality in the social, economic and cultural contexts. Therefore, it is expected that sport as a sociocultural phenomenon, like other sectors, has an unequal and imbalanced development procedure. This study is aimed to analyze the procedure and changes in the development level of Iran's provinces competitive sport. This study is descriptive and analytic which has reviewed the development procedure of competitive sport of provinces between the years 2006 to 2012 by using 48 indicators. The statistical population was embraced all Iran’s provinces and the statistical sample was equal to statistical population and consist of 31 provinces which were in Iran’s countr divisions in 2012. Factor analysis was used to calculate mixed indicators and cluster analysis was used to determine the level of sport development of provinces. The study of development procedure of competitive sport revealed in 2006, that the level of competitive sport development of 8 percent of provinces was high and 6 percent of them were deprived and disadvantaged, while in six-year era, with increasing trend, the ratio of developed provinces in 2012 had changed to 43.3 percent, and the ratio of disadvantaged provinces had changed to 40 percent. with consider to competitive sport development unequity in the country provinces, it is recommended that in future plannings and strategy codifications of competitive sport, priority of allocation of resources must be allocated to the periphery and perimeter provinces till in addition to preventing the migration of athletes and active human resources in sport in deprived provinces, to create the background of further promotion on this level of the sport in the country and to be success in international and worldwide competitions.

The aim of the present study was to compare the educational position of physical education course among other subjects from the viewpoints of principals, teachers, parents, and students. The statistical population consisted of all male and female principals and teachers (76 principals and 1537 teachers), and all high school students of Rasht city (20830 subjects) and their parents. The sample consisted of all principals, 310 teachers, 400 students (177 boys and 223 girls) and their parents (400 subjects). A researcher-made questionnaire (25 items) was used which compared different educational positions of this subject with other school subjects of first to third grades. Content and face validity was approved by 12 academic professors, 20 supervisors of different educational groups and experienced teachers; the reliability was also approved by Cronbach Alpha method (r=0.77 to r=0.82). To test the research hypotheses, Friedman test, Wilcoxon test, U Mann Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. The results showed a significant difference between the position of physical education subject and other school subjects from the viewpoints of students, parents, principals, and teachers. Also, boys attached higher priority to physical education than girls.