ramin rostami

Architecture graduates have often failed to satisfy expectations and needs of their respective communities, with the quality of their higher education being the prime suspect. Architectural education chiefly aims to prepare students for the profession. It is, therefore, crucial to find the right ways to that end.When architecture graduates face their first work experience, the shortcomings of their education become evident.The present research intends to compile professional competency models for architecture graduates based on interviewswith experts and tutors.From an epistemological point of view, the research method is based on the interpretive paradigm and is of a qualitative type.The selected strategy is based on the contextual theory of foundation data, and data analyses are done based on the systematic coding method of Strauss and Corbin in the Max Kyuda 2020 software.The results show that fulfilling primary conditions requires reforming educational charts, admission systems and a purposeful grouping of students, with background conditions including the adaptation of education and the profession, and improving students’ professional character.

A major goal of the university education program in the architecture field is to prepare architecture graduates for professional activities and involvement in the market. Finding the accurate educational method in the architecture field to participate in the field of professional work will be regarded as the major success of the Iranian educational system. The universities and higher education institutions of the country are among the institutions that can nowadays significantly influence the growth and development of a country. The higher education system greatly affects the fate of society in the long run, therefore, higher education has a high contribution to the progress and development of society, and the university is the origin of this evolution. Thus, architectural education plays an essential role in responding to citizens' growing need for architects' services, because of which the growth of society can be expected in terms of architecture. A major mission of the university is to transfer and promote knowledge and technology and develop skills and abilities in people for employment and fulfilling the market needs, but unfortunately, no concord exists between education at universities and the market. Lack of the skills and abilities required by the market is one of the main factors in the graduates' failure to find jobs and employment. The importance of architecture education and its role in the professional qualification of architecture graduates and the current situation of architecture education in Iran clearly indicate a significant gap in our country to reach an acceptable position in this context. The current research focuses on the presence of a gap between architecture education and the profession, resulting in the graduates' feeling of inefficiency in the professional market. A basic challenge in the architecture field is the mismatch between architecture education and the recruitment and employment process of graduates in this field in the market. When an architecture graduate enters the field of professional work with the first work experience, it further discloses the lack of applied architecture education at the university for architecture graduates. Therefore, the question is raised what solutions can be determined and proposed to improve the architecture graduates' professional qualification in Iran, aiming at the improvement of the architecture education quality? The research question has led to goal-setting that the indicators should be determined and categorized to be used for the professional competence of architecture graduates in Iran. Accordingly, this study with a qualitative approach held interviews with 23 experts and faculty members of the Iranian top universities, some graduates of the mother universities, and architecture students. Data were analyzed with the content analysis technique, trying to identify the intended strategies. Based on the expressions of the interviews and the extracted codes and categories, 42 categories were categorized in the form of seven themes. These themes were also classified into the general form of research strategies to improve both the education quality and the professional competence of architecture graduates. The frequency of the categories extracted from the interviewees' views was analyzed and reviewed using MAXQDA2020 software to use the results of the research in long-term strategies. These include reforms in entering the architecture field, targeted classification of students, solutions to address educational deficiencies, reforming academic titles, major reforms in educational deficiencies, and improving background conditions and strategies related to architecture faculties. This study also seeks to investigate re-creating the role of architecture professors, improving technical and professional skills, creating additional education opportunities for architecture students, adapting and implementing education depending on highlighting the executive part of architecture and short-term solutions, including reform, the entry mechanism into architecture, and targeted classification of students. Challenging conditions of students, solutions related to facilitating architecture education, quality improvement of the educational architecture professors and special expectations from them, reducing the gap between university education, architecture implementation and empowerment, the implementation of communication strategies between education and the market, and reforms at higher levels for a higher education quality are the other goals. Paying attention to the mentioned issues at Iranian universities and educational institutions can improve the architecture education quality and thus facilitate entry into the architecture profession for graduates of this field.

In explaining the cause of crime and its formation, criminologists mention psychological factors along with biological and social factors, and they consider the personality of the delinquent to be the most important factor among the psychological ones. Today, this category has passed the boundaries of psychology and criminology and entered into the field of criminal law. The delinquent personality, which is the basis for the individualization of punishment in today's criminal law, has caused the punishment of each person to be considered according to their personality. In various articles of the Islamic Penal Code enacted in 2013, as well as some of the articles of the executive bylaw issued by the Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization enacted in 2005, the Iranian legislator has provided for the filing of personal files and in articles 203 and 286 of the Criminal Procedure Law enacted in 2013 and the circular of the head of the judiciary has also addressed the necessity of its formation; but by referring to the judgments issued by the courts, we will find that despite the legal requirement in cases of formation, its content is not taken into account in issuing the verdict; therefore, the authors of this research are going to discuss its role in Iran's criminal law and the reasons for the courts' reluctance to comply with the provisions of this legal task after explaining the issue.

The crime of disturbing the economic order is one of the significant crimes that this paper tries to explore with emphasis on corruption on earth. The present paper is an analytical descriptive study, applying the library method. The findings of the paper show that the Iranian legislature has always been silent on the definition and concept of economic crimes. In addition, given that disruption of the country's economic system is a common title, the law for punishing disruptors of the country's economic system without providing a proper definition of it, using vague words, including major, macro, and frequency, does not help transparency in this regard. In addition, the title and definition of corruption on earth is not clear and the conformity of the jurisprudential approach to corruption on earth with the crimes of disrupting the economic system is unclear. If the disruption of the economic system is done with the intention of hitting the system or with the knowledge and awareness of the effectiveness of action against the system, it is an example of corruption on earth. While there is no provision for measuring the criteria for identifying an act w

Today, most developed countries have considered natural disasters a part of their urban and regional planning and believe that preventing natural disasters is the best way to deal with them. Extensive natural disasters, especially in large cities, are always associated with negative consequences and disorder. Meanwhile, the role of specialized forces becomes extremely limited in quantity to save the lives of those trapped under the rubble and provide rapid relief to the injured because the factors of time and physical extent of the disaster play key roles in the success of the rescue operation.

This applied research was conducted based on a descriptive-correlational design. In this study, the location of the city of Sisakht city, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran, at the time of the earthquake was described, and without interfering with the variables, it merely measured them and drew conclusions about the characteristics of those properties or the relationship between the variables. This method evaluates the social benefits, desirability, or effectiveness of a process, product, or program, and focuses on the application of its findings.

The occurrence of widespread natural disasters, especially in major cities, is always associated with negative consequences, disorder, and confusion. In enormous disasters, such as devastating earthquakes, large amounts of rescue operations are carried out by people after the disaster. Meanwhile, the role of specialized forces becomes extremely limited in quantity to save the lives of those trapped under the rubble and provide rapid relief to the injured because the factors of time and physical extent of the disaster play key roles in the success of the rescue operation.

In modern management, rapid relief during an earthquake has an important role in reducing casualties. Factors effective in saving time and providing rapid relief include choosing an optimal route to access the affected area and using new technologies, such as a Geographic Information System and Global Positioning System. In addition to playing a decisive role in reducing casualties and material damage, practical and rapid management can minimize the problems that occur in the medium and long term after an earthquake

In the last two decades, the influx of cases into the judicatories and courts has become one of the serious problems of the judiciary, so that this problem has caused lengthy proceedings, reduced the accuracy of judges in issuing verdicts, burnout and fatigue of judges from the high volume of cases. And in general, it has reduced the efficiency of the judiciary. This has led the judiciary to seek a solution to this problem from the very beginning, and one of these measures to reduce the number of cases to the courts was to establish a dispute resolution council. Although the formation of this institution was necessary and useful, the focus on reducing the number of cases and absolute statistics caused the councils to move away from their philosophy of existence, which was to correct the essence of the conflict and the chapter of hostility through compromise. Therefore, in this study, we have tried to deal with the effect of statistics on the performance of dispute resolution councils with an analytical method. Also, in this article, the information obtained from the statistics of the dispute resolution councils of Markazi province has been used as a statistical sample. Studies have shown that the increasing number of cases in the judiciary contains a worrying reality and should be addressed through fundamental solutions such as strengthening the principles of prevention

Exploring the crimes of economic corruption is of great significance due to its great effect on public opinion. The request of the former head of the judiciary from the leadership to establish a special court for economic corruption can be evaluated in this regard. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the legal jurisprudence of investigating the crimes of economic corruption in the light of a fair trial. The present paper is an analytical descriptive study, applying the library method. The results indicate that the broad jurisdiction provided for in the suggested proposal and authorization of the former head of the judiciary to establish a special economic court to deal with economic crimes violated the rights of the accused persons, which are based on jurisprudential rules and domestic and international law, to enjoy the principles of a fair trial, widely and even irreparably because determination and speed are not necessarily provided through limited means by depriving defendants of their legal rights, which have been tried for years to establish. The examples of defendants' legal rights consist of holding fair trials, a proper judicial process during the trials, the right of access and free choice of lawyer, the right to appeal, having legal notice and objections, and protesting against temporary detention, which in the obvious form was ignored by violating some of the rules of criminal procedure. The conclusion is that the establishment of special courts and authorities can only lead to justice in the proceedings if it is in line with a fair trial.

A greenhouse experiment with potted plants was conducted to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) fungal inoculation on The growth, cadmium concentration and The activates of antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT)) in sunflower and safflower in four levels of Cd (0, 2.5, 5 and 25 mg Cd kg-1 soil). Treatment were arranged in the experiment factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. In this study, exposure to Cd decreased the root and shoot dry weight of both plants and CAT activity in safflower but increased root and shoot concentrations, SOD activity in both plants and the activity of CAT only in sunflower. Inoculation of both plants with AM fungi significantly increased root and shoot dry weights, shoot Cd concentration in sunflower shoot and CAT activity in safflower as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. However, inoculation decreased Cd concentration in root and SOD activity in both plants and CAT activity only in sunflower. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation by increasing biomass production and changing the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased the tolerance of both sunflower and safflower the tolerance of these plants against cadmium toxicity and improve the phytoextration in sunflower  in contaminated soils

With the advent and increasing microbial organisms that resistant to multiple antibiotics, as well as the necessity of decrease the cost of health care, the production of broad range of anti-microbial materials has become unavoidable for human societies. In this study, we synthesized the silver nanoparticles using bacterial α-amylase enzyme and evaluated the antibacterial properties of this eco-friendly nanoparticles.
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized biologically using bacterial α-amylase enzyme, then the effects of antibacterial nanoparticles synthesized in LB medium containing various strains of pathogenic bacteria were investigated and then the minimal inhibitory concentration was calculated.
Nanoparticles produced by this method, based on DLS and SEM analysis, have the size of 20-40 nm and have good activity against Gram-positive bacteria and gram negative pathogenic bacteria. In the 200 of Ag-NPs, the all of pathogenic bacteria was killed.
Biological nanoparticles synthesis relative to other physical and chemical methods has lower cost and higher durability (1). Due to good antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles, this material has good medical applications.

Knowing about flood producing potential in water basins could be benefit for various plans such as critical management, cost and budget management, water resource management and erosion preparation. In this research 62 hydrometric gauging stations, in west Azerbayjan province were selected and from existent equations, flood producing coefficient were evaluated for all studied regions. For this, in first steps, in none recorded and nongauged station and regions, homogeneous regions were specified. Then, using flood records with various return periods, regional flood producing coefficient were estimated. For identifying homogeneous regions, the Ward hierarchical cluster method was used. The L-moment diagram and goodness of fit test methods were used for selection of appropriate distributions. In west Azerbayjan, generalized Pareto distribution for region A, generalized extreme value, Pearson type III and Lognormal distributions for region B, Pearson type III, lognormal, generalized extreme value distributions for region C and lognormal and generalized extreme value distribution were appropriate for region D. Regional model evaluated for determination of flood discharge magnitude in different frequencies by linear and multiple regression methods. Finally, after evaluation of flood producing coefficient, using Geographic Information Systems, maps of Flood producing coefficient were constructed.