reza abouei

The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) conservation approach is well known as a popular regeneration approach. This approach has developed the historic conservation beyond the immovable heritage area (single buildings and complexes) to all historical and cultural values that may emerge in the historic urban landscape. Landscape color is one of the substantial elements of historical patterns in urban areas, reflecting the local culture in the place’s body. Therefore, it is considered a significant component of the HUL conservation approach. Here, the problem is that the unconscious use of color is neglected in the urban regeneration of historical textures. In addition, the development of the neighboring areas may distort the urban landscape and threaten the character of these unique textures. The historic urban landscape, influenced by the inherent color orders of the local materials, was shaped in compatibility with climatic conditions. However, the HULs are now subject to visual and perceptual damage due to using materials incompatible with natural history. As such, investigating the color studies in different parts of the world and at different scales has been performed considering the specific historical characteristics to decrease these inconsistencies. In recent years, with the development of technology in harvesting, classifying, and preparing, its color palette has also been changed. Regarding the importance of these patterns, as well as the creation of incompatible structures with the local color order, the central question of the current research is how today’s tools can be employed instead of manual and old methods to record and analyze landscape color information, concerning the economic feasibility and reliability in terms of results. Accordingly, this paper aims to introduce a method to prepare the color palette of the place and identify the dominant color codes in the historic urban areas. For this purpose, given the outstanding features of the Jolfa neighborhood in Isfahan, it is chosen as a case study. Located in the historical patterns of Isfahan, having a particular culture, and the existence of unique color patterns, this neighborhood is still considered one of the dynamic neighborhoods in the tourism structure of Isfahan. This neighborhood is different from other parts of Isfahan’s historical textures due to its formed historical characteristics. Even in terms of appropriate samples and patterns of “color orders” and color themes employed in its landscape, it has some noticeable differences from other parts of the historical texture. 

This paper is conducted using a mixed-methods technique, which follows the systemic approach in terms of research strategies due to the multifaceted nature of the color element in the topics of “psychology,” “culture,” and “visual ecology.” The color system used in the study is the CIELab system. The Lab (i.e., L * a * b) model is the most compatible with the range of human color vision among all color systems. The color space L * a * b or CIELab is a global standard to measure the color, adopted in 1967 by the International Commission on Illumination. The process steps include preparing the color samples, extracting the color codes using SPSS and MATLAB software, and classifying them using the Quick Cluster Analysis Model (k-means).

According to the findings, five main color categories were achieved based on all color codes. Ultimately, the color codes of the centers of these clusters were obtained as base colors in the color palette of the Jolfa neighborhood. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that this study contains the potential to be widely utilized for analyzing the landscape color and preparing the proposed palette for historic urban texture to accomplish the aims of the (HUL) approach. Furthermore, it can offer the range of color spectrums and their frequencies for comparing the color landscape of historical textures in different samples and periods.

These studies can go beyond the research format and be available as software for those organizations involved in urban management to analyze any new construction compatible with the existing background color. Moreover, identifying and investigating other significant factors in shaping the historic urban landscape can complete the components of this research. These factors can be studied in resources such as studies related to the structure of the components that shape the landscape, the intuitive landscape of the place, the effect of natural context and climate on the urban landscape, etc.

The historical monuments of Iranian architecture are significantly alive and narrate the historical destiny of the Iranian nation. The utilization of metaphor to understand the spirit of place and referencing to the mystical literature of Iran determines the general framework in this article because spirituality is a vital aspect of the historic works of Iranian architecture. One of the most important reasons for writing this article is to study the unknown capacity of Iranian historical architectures to develop a correct interaction between humans and historical sites. The main purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive definition of PIR as a concept beyond common knowledge and can be generalized to everything that has life and its adaptation to the historical monuments of Iranian architecture. John Ruskin says I want to highlight how the ineffable, unpresentable, sensual, heterogeneous possibilities of contemporary cities are particularly evident in their industrial ruins. Ruins may become spaces for leisure, adventure, cultivation, acquisition, shelter, and creativity. The greatest glory of a building is in its age, when we build; let us think that we build forever. Let it not be for present delight, nor present use alone; let it be such work as our descendants will thank us for, and let us think, as we lay stone on stone, that a time is to come when those stones will be held sacred because our hands have touched them. Indeed, the greatest glory of a building is not in its stones, nor its gold. Its glory is in its age, and the deep sense of voicefulness, of stern watching, of mysterious sympathy, nay, even of approval condemnation, which we feel in walls that have long been washed by the passing waves of humanity. Buildings achieve such voicefulness from the succeeding generations that use them. One thing we cannot do with the past is replicate it. Then, this definition is compared with old architectures of Iran, and, using a phenomenological method, the applications of “PIR” in Persian literature have been investigated. In the following article, the adaptability of this understanding from PIR was investigated with architectural heritage and with a comparative method; the possible similarities between these two themes were proved. Aging is defined by passing time quantitatively. However, the “PIR” formation concept is based on the passing time with specific conditions. Imparting the human to serenity and spiritual felicity is the most significant duty of the “PIR” or Perfect Human that is achieved by referring to archetype. The “old wise man” introduced by Jung is perfectly similar to the “PIR” Iranian concept. In his philosophy, the archetype is originated from the collective unconscious of the person, a pronoun that is containing several thousands of human experiences and archetype pictures. Since PIR is a formed picture of active wise and described as a holly person in the heavenly realm in Sohrevardi epistles, this similarity emerged. As a conclusion of this paper, the spirit of place in Iranian historical architectures contains a kind of life that is a gift from the ancient wisdom of humans. As a result, Iranian historic architecture can play its role as a PIR in society, and their nature changes from a museum to a relaxing and educating place.

The external forces acting on the structures are divided into two categories based on the direction of application: a. Loads applied in the vertical direction or gravity loads such as: dead loads, live loads, snow load, etc. b. Loads applied in the horizontal direction or lateral loads such as: earthquake load, wind load, etc. Therefore, in this study, the behavior of the northern dome of Isfahan Jameh Mosque (Taj al-Molk dome) was examined under horizontal seismic loads using a finite element three-dimensional model (3D FE) (nonlinear dynamic analysis) with one level of numerical complexity with the aim to cover the structure of the dome, which has a medium to high complexity in operation. The results indicated that the structure of the Taj al-Molk dome is vulnerable to horizontal loads, so that if the residual deformation occurs in the range of 0.4% and 0.8%, it will cause the structure to collapse. On the other hand, geometric features (irregularity in the plan and height of the dome, the presence of large openings, height changes in the cross section as well as the presence of the dome or an internal inclined arch) play an essential role in the seismic performance of the building.

Ziarat Village is located in the southern part of Gorgan in Golestan province. The objective of this content analysis study was identifying the role of indigenous knowledge in sustain development in the construction of this village. Interviews performed with ten informants and three native skilled carpenters, 18 times interview was performed. Interviews were handwritten and systematic process of, coding, sub-them, and them was done and analysed by lundman&Graneheim method.In coding process, 622 first level codes were obtained and after integrating the same code, beyond the textual data through that, hidden themes and concepts appeared from the inside of the data content sixteen sub-them were resulted. Finally the five them of wood knowledge technique,House building skills,socio-cultural interactions,economic efficiency and experiences transferring was obtained.Wood knowledge technique them had three sub-them that include:Suitable species and places of wood,wood procurement methods and wood handling.House building Skills them had four sub-them that include Ground floor arrangement, Construction of the first floor,roof run method and tools and appliances. Socio cultural interaction them, had four sub-them;partnership and cooperation,role of culture and social cohesion,autonomy and self-sufficiency,and improving the quality of life,and economic efficiency them had three sub-them such, construction costs reduction,empowerment and employment,the impact of the economy on the body of the house,finally experience’s transferring them had two sub-them;passion for learning and the relationship between teacher and student.As a result for the sustain development of Ziarat,Developmental plans in building houses of this village should be design by utilizing indigenous knowledge and recognizing culture,social,economic features through local community’s participation.

Landscape presents a new view in relation to human and environment and the way the space is interpreted. The modern view of landscape to human and environment is the result of a change in the traditional and classical view to the relationship between human and environment. With this view, the approach “Conservation of Historic Urban Landscape”, known as HUL, is one of the modern approaches provided to meet the requirements and widely protect the historical urban landscapes. This approach attempts to expand the prospects of historical conservation to all historical and cultural values shown in historical urban landscapes. One of the factors which can be specially taken into account is the “Color Order” of historical fabrics landscape, which is a reflection of native culture and identity of the place. The present research aims to present a method for the evaluation of “Color Order” of historical fabrics of landscape with a special view to issues and qualities involved in aesthetic perception. The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical; therefore, after analyzing the fundamentals and achieving the theoretical framework of the research, the evaluation criteria based on four quality groups involved in the aesthetic perception of location were extracted and were evaluated in Hassanabad Neighborhood using questionnaire and Delphi techniques. The research findings revealed that using color patterns with symbolic backgrounds in place architecture, using native materials, merging natural and artificial landscapes, and conservation of color pallets worthy to be used in modern construction play a determining role in the promotion of aesthetic perception of Color Order of historical fabrics of landscape.

Abstract In the history of art and architecture, there are various ways of classifying works to understanding them better. Occasionally they divide art events into different styles, sometimes into periods, schools, and movements. Each of these methods has its benefits and forms part of our understanding of the truth of architectural history. Style in the most general sense is the distinctive or distinctive patterns or attributes of a work or works that are entirely dependent on the work of art, and stylistics is a method of classifying works into a given context based on their similarities. The emerging fields of artistic work that lead to the formation of different styles are, in the traditionalist views, often the social and cultural context of the periods in different regions, within the framework of a tradition that is a collection of current facts and principles from a divine source. Given the fundamental differences between Islamic architecture as a part of traditional architecture and other types of architecture, its particular methodological style should be identified. The research is based on a fundamental goal and essence and the research method is content analysis, which, with an analytical-comparative view of traditionalists' views on style and stylistics, seeks to explain a model for Islamic architectural stylistics. A common feature of all Islamic architecture is the transcendental and extraterrestrial of its principles and content, but these principles, given the subjective experience of the period, when experiencing different historical periods or appearing in different geographical areas, depending on the subjective experience of past historical periods or the architectural and technical proficiency of those areas, they find their own form. Thus, the two variables of history and geography in different architectural applications as independent variables, are obtained the formal features and hence the recognition of the style of the works, from the shape data processing and the analysis of the effects of these two variables on the types of uses of Islamic architecture works can be possible. Now, historical stylistics based on the study and analysis of different types of architectural applications in different climates, in different historical periods, as well as geographical stylistics based on the analysis of different types of architectural applications in historical periods, occurs in various climatic and geographic regions. In fact, the common features of historical styles, geographical styles, and types of works styles reflect the stylistic characteristic of Islamic architecture and the differences in different historical, geographical and typical styles create the Islamic architecture stylistics based on history, geography and genre.

Buttresses has been used as a support structure in the field of architecture. This under pressure structure prevents from thrust force advancement and creates resistance and stability of main structure against any horizontal movement. Study references related to architectural structures makes it clear that little researches is dedicated to support structures, particularly buttress in Iran and is not provided the answer to this question: By what measures can investigated types of buttress and what are these types. Meanwhile, raised the issue of the buttress in the area of specialized restoration as a way of treatment, it is needed to urgent research conducted in this regard. The purpose of this study is understanding buttress in Iran. Therefore, relying on library studies then field research and surveying of 100 available samples, discovering and typology of buttresses of Persian architecture was intended. The main outcome of this study was to identify buttress species based on measures of form, position of buttress in plan, materials and construction time. The study of the typology of the studied samples showed that any combination of solid rectangular plan and combined sections (rectangle and triangle) types, are the most practical buttress of the 100 participants of this research. Ease of construct and play the best structural role of the buttress can be reasons of   using by architectures that has been based on their empirical knowledge. The buttresses have openings such as the type of a floor with the port covering of circular arch type; have allocated the most acceptances from the architects. An achievement that offers this research, are scientific solutions for restorers and architects to design the buttress species in restored historic buildings.

Isfahan Risbaf factory is one of the remarkable industrial works in Iran. One of the strategies to protect this heritage of industrial architecture is to establish and develop tourism based on its capabilities and values. Regarding this, the present article aims to use the strategic planning approach (technics such as internal factor evaluation (IFE) matrix, external factor evaluation (EFE) matrix and SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) model) and by using SPSS software, the library method and field studies (panel of experts) develop and prioritize the most important strategies for tourism development at Isfahan Risbaf factory. The results of this research indicate that the Isfahan Risbaf factory as a system faces with 9 opportunities and 15 threats (consisting of 6 external factors and 24 indicators) and 32 strength points and 14 weaknesses (including 9 internal factors and 46 indicators). Isfahan Risbaf factory, with its 9 internal factors with a total score of 3.781, and 6 external factors with a total score of 4.023 for establishment and development of tourism, is faced with strength point in internal environment and with opportunity in external environment, respectively. Also, considering that the tourism situation in the Isfahan Risbaf Factory is in section I of the comparative table of internal and external factors, its extraction strategy is "Growth and Construction Strategy".

Water can be considered to be the reason for existence and the main factor in formation of some of the traditional Iranian architectural structures. Innovative technologies such as [water] mills and water reservoirs etc. can be placed in this category. These structures are the result of the interaction of the previous generations with nature and utilising its various elements. The human of the past has managed to provide one of his main food staples by using water in mills and grinding grains into flour. The mills and other water related structures can be considered as physical manifestations of the interaction between man and nature. Therefore, these structures, as an existing element, possess remarkable physical aspects. The [water] mills in Boshrūyeh are no exception. Examination and studying their physical and functional aspects will result in greater knowledge of this technology. Becoming familiar with these mills can be considered as the first step in their preservation. Introducing these structures can bring about more activity, attention and interest in these structures. As evidence of the ingenuity of the ancients, these structures have values which justifies more detailed study. In fact, by introducing these structures, the human of today will understand the interaction between the ancient man and nature. Examining the studies conducted in this subject shows that the researchers have chosen three study approaches, namely historical, physical and functional. With respect to Boshrūyeh mills there are no detailed studies conducted and only one article has given a brief explanation about the water circulation through these mills and the rest of the explanation is related to the milling profession. The present article examines the mills, including the study of micro spaces, building materials, and their location in the Boshrūyeh region, and tries to gain knowledge in their architecture as well as their technical functions. The primary information is gathered using a literature review and then a field study has been conducted that includes photography, interviewing the millers, and visiting the mills to complete the information gathered. Finally, the gathered data has been assessed using descriptive-analytical approach. To that end, first the location of the mills has been examined, and then the Boshrūyeh qanat has been introduced. The final step is the examination of physical and functional aspects, and the building materials. The findings are that these buildings have a lot of similarity in physical and functional aspects. Physically, all the mills have complementary spaces for the mill and the main spaces are the turret, entrance, corridor and hall. Since the mills all have turrets, their technical functions are also similar. The water enters the turret via the entry channel and after turning the paddles, leaves the mill and enters the next mill. This is repeated seven times. The building materials used for these mills are also very similar. The use of stones, bricks, mud bricks, cob, lime mortar and plaster is seen in all the mills.

On the one hand, the absence of seismic rehabilitation in conservation projects and restoration of historical buildings and on the other, the territorial characteristics reveal an insufficient cognition and inexperience in conservation. Inadequate knowledge and high level of seismic rehabilitation leads to projects which will not be accepted by conservation authorities owing to massive interventions and ignoring the building value. Therefore, the seismic rehabilitation as a significant issue is obliterated during conservation process. In other words, the effective seismic rehabilitation in conservation process of historical buildings is only possible by recognizing the current deficiencies in seismic rehabilitation procedure of historical buildings and developing its own methodology. Using logical reasoning, this research tries to represent a theoretical basis of seismic rehabilitation in relation to conservation principles, from the earliest to the most recent approaches, interventions, strategies and rehabilitation solutions. Therefore, this research is theoretical in nature and aims at making seismic rehabilitation of historical buildings distinct from the other ones and divides it to two reinforcement and repairing branches. Thereafter, it focuses on reinforcement branch for its coordination with preventive conservation. Moreover, it offers new definitions of seismic rehabilitation value and the intervention anti-value. The anti-value of intervention will then be recognized for all solutions and rehabilitation levels. Eventually, the intervention network based on the acknowledged rehabilitation aspects such as rehabilitation type, intervention form, rehabilitation cost, returnability limitations and technology type in all solutions is provided. At the end the required infrastructures for exterminating the current deficiencies in seismic rehabilitation of historical buildings are pointed out. Interaction and confrontation of historical conservation ideas and seismic rehabilitation knowledge in defining the strategies and solutions is the prominent feature of this research.

Considering the conservation and cultural heritage of the most significant achievements of human communities have been reflected in various international documents during the last fifty years. Examining these documents are critical given that they summarize international experiences and reflect the evolution of human knowledge and philosophies in the field of conservation in general and conservation of rural heritage in particular. As one of the human's precious assets, villages and their characteristics and elements have been constantly mentioned and discussed in the process of evolving these documents. These documents view village as an ancient phenomenon, which expresses harmony between human and nature for centuries Villages have been continually adjusted to human needs, their social and natural environment, and hence are worthy to be conserved in their entirety.
This paper relies on examining and analyzing around thirty international documents in the field of conservation. This examination focuses on the meanings and conceptions of villages and rural values. This study is specifically concentrated on documents from three international organizations: UNESCO, ICOMOS and Council of Europe, in four periods; starting from International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (Venice Charter 1964 A.D.) to Pan-European charter of rural heritage: for a sustainable territorial development 2012 A.D. Research methods consist of document review and content analysis of the original texts, using a descriptive- analytic research strategy. The content analysis focused on comparing different definitions, values, strategies and other elements related to the principles of conservation in these documents and their evolution. The paper concluded that in these documents, the “rural heritage” is considered to be of importance as a “harmonious whole” and a “multidisciplinary base”. Furthermore, conservation approaches have shifted from restoration to integrated conservation through multidisciplinary strategies, while the challenge of integrating rural conservation and rural development persists in these documents. This study and further research in this area can result in establishing reliable principles and approaches for rural conservation.

Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque is one of the important mosques in Isfahan located on the east side of Naghshejahan Square. The mosque was built from 1602 to 1606 A.D. by Mohammad Reza Isfahani. The structural balance was damaged after the destruction of the school behind the mosque and later the existing bathroom and Turkish closet. Afterwards, in 1934-1938, the project to construct the buttresses began, due to the thrust movement in the north and north-west side of the mosque. Currently, deformation and movement can be observed, despite the presence of these buttresses which are examined in this research using field studies, a careful examination of the buttresses and vulnerability analysis in the area according to library studies. The results of this study verify the presence of ascending moisture caused by leakage of water and sewage pipes in the area as the main reasons for this damage. Therefore, replacement of pipes, foundation grouting and organizing the area are among the restoration project requirements.

Naghsh-e Jahan square is one of the most important historical squares of Iran and the world that has changed a lot in its long history. Most of these changes include the open space of the square and its surrounding monuments are nearly the same as the past. In this paper, in addition of representation of open space characteristics in the square of Safavid period and analyzing its spatial values, the process of historical changes through time emphasizing present time was evaluated. Research approach is historical-analytical based on documents, transcripts, oral tradition and historical images related to the Naghsh-e Jahan square. For current situation, most of the data has been gathered through field work.
The aim of this research is representing the original condition of the square and documenting its historical changes particularly the current situation. This work provides a kind of comparative studies about the spatial values of the square in the current and past situations. The article has also analyzed the existing issues of the square open space and has offered a number of suggestions for improving the current condition. The results indicate that the previous situation of the square open space in Safavid period had caused the desirable condition and qualities such as climatic comfort, vitality and pleasant landscape that some of these qualities have been weakened because of changes during the past centuries. However, it is possible to increase spatial qualities to make the square more similar to its original situation by revitalizing the square open space.

In international contexts, Intangible heritage is divided into five groups. First one is the oral traditions and expressions, including language. And also the important function of language is known as a vehicle for intangible heritage. Recognizing language in the field of intangible heritage, some languages and linguistic patterns such as the skill of storytelling, minstrelsy and songs are listed in the world intangible cultural heritage list, and on the other hand, many endangered linguistic heritages are under consideration to be preserved. Though there are sporadic references for damages to the language, the vacancy of a comprehensive pathology for the threats to linguistic heritage is felt. For scientific pathology of linguistic heritage, it is required to 1-compute its representations, 2- analyze its function, and 3-extract its influencing components in cultural heritage. In this paper, living languages, accents, dialects, proverbs, narratives, idioms and names are classified as different representations of linguistic heritage. Then, two general functions of linguistic heritage namely cultural transmission and human communication are discussed. According to this classification and analyses, the damages to linguistic heritage are extracted through descriptive- survey analysis, and finally, some suggestions are delivered for continuation of linguistic heritage as one of the important sections of intangible cultural heritage.

As a masonry structure, buttresses have the role of controlling the sliding force of the main wall. This architectural element has been used in residential and non-residential buildings in various methods and ways from distant years. In this regard, archaeological evidences are the only valid indices by referring to which we can tacitly learn about the record of buttresses. Where and how it has first been used is not known, and nowhere has it been explicitly referred to. Even archaeologists have tacitly and briefly referred to it in their excavation reports. However, based on accessible limited reports, expansive application of this structure can be dated to post-Neolithic era when architects became aware of structural performance of this element and gradually with their part experiences; they used it in a different way with better structural performance. In this research, studied about Buttress types in terms of position, form and shape, used material, execution technique, ornament and technical function. By studying buttresses built during pre-historic and historical period, it will be seen that there were no structural scientific frameworks based on findings related to the strength of materials and mechanical rules. Little by little and through time, architects began to understand structural performance and structural perception of buttresses, owing to the experience and deep attitude towards the nature and behavior of masonry buildings. They emphasized not only the balance in forces, but also their appearance and esthetics. Lack of comprehensive research in this regard necessitated this research, and this issue was dealt with through library studies and descriptive and analytical research method.

The traditional methodology for drawing intricate Islamic patterns has been handed down through generations mainly by word of mouth by master masons to their apprentices. This method is nowadays cumbersome to apply in higher education where students are trained with an analytical mentality and rely on computer-aided design and drafting. It is equally infeasible to employ such traditional methodologies in current construction practices where engineers mainly depend on CAD/CAM applications. This paper proposes an alternative methodology based on analytical mathematics and parametric design for drawing Islamic patterns. It tests this methodology by drawing polygonal pointed star patterns both on flat surfaces as well as on curved surfaces of revolution such as those found in domes and minarets. It is demonstrated that this methodology provides promising areas for developing traditional designs while being more suited to current CAD/CAM production processes.

In creating and continuation of the life of architectural heritage, there have always been numerous aspects influencing; recognizing such aspects is a crucial point in conserving the works of every land. Today, hastened integration of historical countries with modern conserving current has led to a shift in definition and understanding metaphysical aspects of the works within such countries. Since a major part of methods, styles, instructions, definitions and even vocabulary of conserving heritage come along with scientific and technical aspects, they are considered neutral; they are allowed to enter the conserving system of Eastern and traditional countries, and gradually, the heart of the metaphysical concepts and contents of conserving in such countries has replaced the conserving tradition. Indeed, understanding and referring to metaphysics in Western view illustrates such issue and attempt in its revival and recovery beyond conserving the heritage physically, that is worthy. However, as it is stated in the basics of contemporary heritage conserving, it is required to refer to thought and theoric basics of each country to safeguard native values.

Considering this point is essential from two perspectives: first, the effect that this shift leaves in understanding metaphysical aspects in today’s Iranian conserving, and second, the necessity of transmitting metaphysical aspects hidden in the works to coming generations.

Consequently, the present study is seeking an answer to the question whether the metaphysical aspects can be used in western conservation viewpoint to express metaphysical aspects of Iranian architectural works. Thus, taking a look over metaphysic in Western view, we compare it with Islamic-Iranian view.

To investigate the metaphysical issues in Western theories of conserving, this survey has referred to international texts, charters and the ideas of thought leaders in the field of architectural conserving, and according to how each era considers metaphysical points, it divides such texts into three sections and then, studies them. Then, from among the texts of each section, the key terms introducing metaphysical aspects, explanations, definitions and the method of defining such aspects are extracted. It worths to point that only those Western intellectual currents which directly affect conserving are named. Consequently, instead of selecting a particular approach in western thought and generalizing it to or comparing it with conserving current, this study tries to extract the Western philosophical and intellectual approaches from the very heart of available currents of conserving.
In architectural conservation in Iran there is a perspective called Iranian-Islamic whose meaning is the influence of Islamic belief and thought upon tradition of conserving architectural works during Islamic era of Iran.
This paper is going to find a “field-raised” approach to investigate the available examples and methods of conservation which form a part of conservation tradition in Iran. As a result, through moving from example to the concept, the attempt is to extract the religious concepts affecting the deeds. The examples of considering spiritual and metaphysical issues are derived from oral interviews, field and library works. Rooting such concepts takes place through arrangement of extracted parameters and codes. Referring to verses of Holy Quran related to the subject matter and also utilizing Tafsir al-Mizan, the personal interpretation of religious issues is prevented as much as possible. Finally, through analytical-comparative method, the similarities and the differences between two perspectives in explaining metaphysical aspects are discussed.
The analytical comparison indicates that the mentioned metaphysical aspects in Western view does not include all aspects available in Iranian Architecture based on Islamic Iranian view. The essence of these perspectives differs in a couple of views which originates in the difference between their ideology and basics.

Since the metaphysical concepts deal with beyond-materialistic issues, often they have no precision in expressing physical and quantitative aspects. Following this obscurity, the popular usage of the concepts proposed in different historical periods of Western conservation, and those have in common with concepts available in Islamic view solely in vocable, for the first step lead to semantic confusion of such concepts and then their incorrect combination with metaphysical concepts available in architectural works and today’s conservation in Iran.
Also, since the metaphysical aspects of conservation and the architecture, in Islamic viewpoint, are integrated with monotheistic belief and resurrection of human, it does not propose metaphysics from humanistic view point, and considers a vaster range in expression of such aspects. Therefore, it is required to assert that by deletion of Islamic perspective from Persian conservation, the spiritual meanings, concepts and the contents of such heritage is gradually “forgiven” and “feigned”. On the other hand, since such aspects are tied with individual’s internal belief and roots in his resurrection thought, they affect all practical and theoretical pillars of conservation including factor, subject matter and the method of conservation; as a result, to continue and revive such aspects in conservation, through Islamic reflection, training individuals along with education requires attention; as the precession of such issue is capable for review through tutor-pupil methods, professional customs and fotowatnamehs in traditional industries and professions. Thus, action itself as a content is employed to carry sublime religious concepts and constructs a part of conservation and enduring nature of metaphysical aspects in the process of conserving the body. Also, a fortiori, in this view, human is not neutral and his role is to carry the sublime meanings of a tradition. It woths to know that, in Islamic attitude, there is a close relationship between three pillars of conservation that are conservation subject, conservation method and conservation factor which is a human who moves along with divine will, and these three are united under monotheistic view.

One of the noteworthy cases for historian researcher is ornament in architecture، which its execution is implicated in knowledge of geometry. Geometrical ornaments are subsets of Islamic architectural ornaments، and one of their examples is interlace. One of The most important and prevalent methods for drawing interlaces is radial based method which draws and divides circles into equal parts. In historical methods for applied geometrical treatises like Interlace of analogous and homogeneous shapes (originally fi tadakhole alashkale almotashabehe and almotavafeghe) which is pendant to translation of Abolvafa Boozjani’s treatise in tenth century AD، radial infrastructure is used for drawing the knots. The method of drawing is written alongside to the drawing. This method is used by Abdorahman Sufi in tenth century AD، for compass geometry which explains dividing circles into equal parts and drawing regular polygons. In this treatise، a basic method is proposed for dividing and reproducing using compass and constant aperture. In Mirza AkbarKhan’s scroll written in Qajar era، radial based approach for drawing knots is used too. Another method is Hankin’s method which in contrast uses polygons. In this technique، two lines are drawn from all side’s midpoints of all polygons. These lines cross each other like a letter x and are continued till they meet other lines of similar origins. In this paper، at first، a new method is proposed for drawing interlace using comparative analysis of the most important methods which is based on radial and Hankin’s polygon tiling and investigation their advantages and drawbacks. The proposed method is defined by direct parameters like “shamse’s” side and length of aperture. Using the proposed approach، problems of Hankin’s method، like calculation of polygon tiling based and contact angle will be solved. This proposed method can be converted into arbitrary patterns. Since the circumference of geometric ornament is more vulnerable than its center، drawing it from center and defining it parametrically can provide the possibility of drawing around parts of ornament in probable damage، which is performed in the proposed method by selecting number of sides and the length of aperture. In fact، it has been tried to promote the method of drawing geometric ornaments in Islamic architecture using computer especially with GDL written in Graphisoft ArchiCad 16. Indeed interlaces can be drawn with knowing two parameters composed of direct parameters like numbers of shamse’s side and length of aperture. The characteristic of this generating method is the fine feature for Islamic geometric ornaments which is known rarely. Presenting the process of conversion to arbitrary shapes is not easy in the first method، because radial infrastructure is a traditional method، where special points are connected to each other. Hankin’s method has more possibility for presenting this feature، but this method has its own limitations، such as selection of polygon tiling bases and contact angles before drawing interlaces. Indeed، there is not any difference among the resulting shapes in three methods. In fact the advantage of the proposed method is in simplicity for users with knowing direct parameters as numbers of shamse’s side and length of aperture for producing shapes.

Islamic Gardens have been the subject of recurrent and voluminous studies since 1970s. A prevailing assumption in most such studies is that Islamic societies are more or less the same. Differences in climate, geography and cultures are therefore not taken into account.
Furthermore, these studies refer to pre-Islamic Persian gardens as an archetype with which they compare with their findings. Differences between garden design in east and west of the Persian Empire are not considered, either. Persian garden terms such as ‘paradise’ are also evasively used. This paper presents a critical review of current studies and through a review of gardens of east and west of Iran, tries to clarify the place of the Persian Garden in formation of Islamic Gardens. On this basis, the origins of diversity in Islamic garden design are also explained.

The area of Fin-e Koochak is six kilometers away from Kashan. Nowadays، this area is a part of the main city. However، from the point of view of formation procedure and spatial structure it was a separate residence area in the past. Due to pleasant environment and good weather، this area has accomodated royal residents all along its life. According to historical texts، Fin-e Koochak was considered as a countryside area for Kashan. Extensive changes in suburban areas during two decades have damaged some aspects and structures in Fin-e Koochak. The proximity of Fin to Kashan has caused some serious damages، too. As a result of having qanat and permanent water، these kinds of settlements with their gardens have always had spatial and environmental values. Today all of these values confront with widespread changes and serious damages. This article studies the pathology of environmental landscape in Fin area with an emphasis on city scape and image. Landscape analysis in residential area of Fin based on Paul D. Spreiregen and studying about the images of there among people based on Kevin Linch’s theory، are of major parts in current article. After that، the research findings will be compared to concepts and visual goals of designing based on Simon Bell. This will show how the destructions in a region can affect the main concepts through which it is formed beyond the structural and visual disturbances.

The Historic garden is an expression of the direct affinity between civilization and nature, and as a place of enjoyment suited to meditation or repose. As such, it acquires the cosmic significance of an idealized image of the world—a “paradise” in the etymological sense of the term. At the same time, historic garden is a testimony to a culture, a style, an age, and often to the originality of a creative artist. The architectural composition of the historic garden includes several elements, among which its topography, vegetation, structural and decorative features, and water are key elements. In maintenance and conservation of a historic garden, all of its constituent features must be simultaneously treated. Since the principal materials of a garden are natural, its conservation becomes a challenging task. This paper reviews these challenges.

Following the powerful earthquakes in Iran, a large number of historic urban areas of the country have been facing a major identity crisis, triggering a particular and sensitive situation in which any kind of action including reconstruction and restoration works will be faced with the problematic condition. The existing experiences in this regard have demonstrated that there has not been a balance between the governmental resources and the people’s expectations. To this must be added the especial care of historic urban fabric of old cities. More often, most relevant governmental institutes seek to compensate people for loss of their tangible assets. Meanwhile the intangible aspects of the disasters such as local identity, social relations and the continuity of tradition and continuity on the degree of vulnerability are often forgotten. This paper is to survey and highlight the role of public participation in the process and the needs of sensitive working with all categories of society and the necessity of all social classes (before, during and after the crisis) based on the researches and experiences hold held by the authors during past years. Experiences in this regard that show the amount of demands of people and the historic urban quarters in which they live, are much greater than the government abilities and initial facilities. In contrast, the public participation and the ability to discover the local capacities by the public are acceptable to the most vulnerable communities. This potential which is not based on the specific situations and particular periods, is also more often durable and reliable to people. Crises of earthquake not only merely include the periods during and following the time of disaster but also a significant part of necessary actions to take to reduce damages affiliating with the preventive measures. Local residents as valuable potentials are well able to communicate together about the issues that affect their lives, making urgent and vital decisions. The field of these inherent partnerships most of the time involve the periods prior to the disaster to the end of it. Building capacity, creating and strengthening a sense of trust, forming an extensive network of collaborative relationships could reduce the expenses of reconstruction and restoration works and much more importantly the cost of spiritual loses of local communities. These kinds of measures can also prevent some parallel works in this regard. Due to the great volume of activities in the times of crisis required by the government, it should be passed to; and shared with the local people who are aware of the local capacities. This process can be organized via a logical, coherent and detailed plan in which the full knowledge of people regarding their social and cultural environments is considered properly, concluding the maximum efficiency.

Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, as one of the most significant historic sites of the city, has dramatically bore significant socio-cultural interactions between people and the governments under the economical and political context of the time since its construction. For that reason, it is essential to conserve the authenticity and integrity thereof its historical values. The current circumstances of this historic architectural complex mainly date back to seventeenth century, during the Safavid era. This is why, since then there have been historical documents published regarding the different aesthetic and architectural aspects of this place which used to be a significant political and social spot. Such documents have repeatedly been reprinted over four centuries, whereas there still are valuable pictorial documents which have remained anonymous.On one hand, in the field of architectural conservation, one crucial issue which might considerably influence the trend of continuity and changes for the future, as well as controlling the genuineness of conservation activities in the historic cities and monument, is recognizing their historical perspective. Therefore, this article is meant to arrive at an approach for not only introducing few historic pictorial documents, but also to compare and contrast them with the pervious premises about this historical site. Moreover, these recently discovered documents contain clues which could lead to new questions about the architectural details of this site – questions that need to be answered through future researches. Some of these historic documents, for some reasons including language barriers had previously never been known in the field of Architectural Conservation. They could disclose important points regarding the era in which there was a strong rivalry between the Europeans over interests in Iran.Hence, suggesting an analogy between these pictorial documents and with the existing situation in Naqsh-e Jahan Square is expected to be sufficient as an objective standard to trust some of these findings. Particularly, the likelihood of a staircase beside Ali Qapu palace, the pool in front of Sheikh Lutfullah Mosque, the gate to the king's interior court or Haram could be highlighted as the untold facts about this site’s architectural aspects.Three main features could be concluded. Namely, those features which refer to what can be proved about the general appearance of the square and the changes and continuity related to its surrounding architectural elements;new findings such as a staircase beside the royal palace, Ali Qapu, and a pool in front of the Sheikh Lutfullah's mosque; and finally the untold facts highlighted in Hofsted's pictorial documents such as the gate towards Julfa and the pathways within the square's main open space, which are to be investigated in other resources and references in the future research studies. All in all, this paper contributes to upgrading the general understanding and hence verifying the historic identity of Naqsh-e Jahan Square.