reza tavakol afshari

In order to investigate the effect of environmental stress on the germination and establishment of Arundo donax reed and its roles in maintaining the survival and reproduction of this plant, two separate experiments were conducted in 1400 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In the first stage, the rhizomes that were collected from the ecotype of farms around Gorgan city were tested as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications and under salinity (0, 4, 8, and 12 dS/m) and drought (100, 75) stress treatments. and 50% of the farm capacity) was cultivated in the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the results showed that the application of both salinity and drought stress reduce the growth and development indicators of this plant. In the next step, the rhizomes and seeds obtained from the previous step were tested under optimal germination conditions in the laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the form of a randomized complete block design in 4 replications, and the results showed that the application of salt and drought stress during the growing season on the mother plant It also reduced the germination rate of the resulting rhizomes in the next generation from 76% to less than 20%. The rhizomes of mother plants that were grown in stress-free conditions had better growth rate, growth speed, and root and stem length than mother plants that were grown in stress conditions.

One of the major reasons behind the unstable yield of chickpea, is the simultaneity of the reproductive stage with drought and late-season heat. Autumn sowing of chickpea is among the suitable approaches to improve chickpea yield. On the other hand, freezing stress is a limiting factor in the autumn sowing of chickpea. Recently, seed priming has been developed as an essential method to induce plant tolerance to environmental stress. The priming will result in a rapid response of the plant to stress. Freezing, as an environmental stress, limits the growth and development of many plants in different parts of the world. Studies show that in addition to acclimation, short-term biotic and abiotic stresses as pretreatment could also increase the plant's tolerance to cold stress. This process alters the freezing response positively.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replicates at the greenhouse of the Research Center for Plant Sciences of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad Iran, in 2018. The experimental factors consisted of various temperatures (0, -12, -15, and -17 °C), seed priming at 10 levels (control (without priming), hydropriming, priming with sodium chloride, salicylic acid, sodium nitroprusside, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria, amino acids, potassium nitrate, and zinc sulfate) and different chickpea genotypes (MCC505, ILC8617, MCC495, and Saral cultivar). In this experiment, the measured parameters included survival percentage, electrolyte leakage percentage, and lethal temperature resulting in 50% mortality according to the electrolyte leakage and survival percentage.

The results showed that the application of hydropriming, priming with sodium nitroprusside and zinc sulfate had favorable effects on the survival rate and electrolyte leakage. Among these, priming with sodium nitroprusside increased the survival percentage compared to the control (23%) at the -15 and -17 °C in the Saral cultivar, at -15 °C in the ILC8617 genotype, and at -12 and -15 °C in the MCC495 genotype treatment to 68, 58, 85 and 55 percent, respectively. In addition, this treatment reduced the electrolyte leakage by 13% at -15 °C in the ILC8617 genotype compared to the control treatment. Further, the mentioned treatment resulted in a 40% reduction in lethal temperature resulting in 50% mortality according to the survival percentage. In the MCC495 genotype compared to the control treatment.

Overall, the cold stress in the chickpea plants resulted in an increase in electrolyte leakage and a decrease in the survival percentage. Application of sodium nitroprusside priming by improving cold stress tolerance resulted in a reduction of lethal temperature resulting in 50% mortality based on electrolyte leakage and survival percentage results. Additionally, the applied priming in improving the cold stress tolerance mainly improved the survival percentage compared to the improvement in the electrolyte leakage.

The effect of different primings on the freezing tolerance of chickpeas was investigated and determined.
The freezing tolerance threshold of chickpea seedlings was determined at the laboratory under different primings.
The respondents of genotypes to priming and the behavior of genotypes towards each other were investigated.

Glycine max is one of the important oilseed plants in all of the world. One of the problems of G. max production is seed deterioration and low germination and vigor during seed storage and before planting time. To investigate the effects of deterioration on seed and the effects of salicylic acid and ethylene on the improvement of the deteriorated seed of G. max were conducted accelerated aging test for 0, 6 and 10 days and a natural aging test for 6 months. After aging conditions, seeds were imbibed with 50 M salicylic acid and 10 M ACC (precursor of ethylene) for 6 hours at 25 °C. Also, a bach of seed after the natural and accelerated aging test was used without any hormonal treatment as a control seed (called dry seed). Germination percentage, the enzyme activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total protein, and malondialdehyde were measured. Gene expression of CTR1 and NPR1 were investigated on dry seed and under imbibitions of water, salicylic acid and ACC at 6, 12 hours with the Q-RT-PCR method. Seed germination decreased. Amount malondialdehyde increased and total protein decreased. Enzyme activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased. and electrical conductivity increased with the progress of aging. Gene expression varied on different days and different hours. Salicylic acid and ACC had different effects on measured traits. All together aging caused disturbing of seed physiology and salicylic acid and ACC were not able to improve deteriorated soybean seed.

Beans, due to their significant nutritional and crop characteristics, have a high rank in agricultural systems of the world. These plants, by fixing air nitrogen, can increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil. Beans have a long history of cultivation in Iran, and some believe that some of them, such as lentil (Lense culinaris Medik) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), have been domesticated in this country. The lentils are cold and long day and can be cultivated from 0 to 3500 m above sea level, the temperature suitable for growing lentils is 15-25 °C. Spring cultivation of lentils although common in Iran, winter cultivation of lentils has advantages over spring cultivation if successful. Previous research showed that the average plant height of lentils in autumn and winter was 43% higher than spring planting and the highest yield of lentils (1486 kg.ha-1) was obtained from autumn planting. Autumn cultivation is usually accompanied by a low temperature challenge. Low temperatures often affect the growth and productivity of crops, causing significant crop losses. Delay in emergence and decrease in germination percentage of seeds occur due to autumn cold, so priming can be used for seed germination. The purpose of this study was the effects of different priming treatments on reducing cold stress effects on emergence and growth of two lentil genotypes.
 
The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications under controlled conditions in 2017 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Factors consisted of lentil genotypes (Robat and Calposh), priming (6 levels of control, Gibberellic acid )C19H22O6(, Potassium nitrate (KNO3), Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), seed priming Dayan and hydropriming) and temperature (5, 10 and 15ºC). To test and apply treatments, 40 seeds were randomly selected for each treatment. After the end of the priming period (16 h), the seeds were removed from the solution and then placed in the laboratory for 24 h until complete drying. The prepared seeds were 10 seeds in pots of 11 cm diameter light soil and transferred to the growth chamber. Then the studied properties were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software and the means were compared with LSD at 5% probability level.
 
The highest emergence percentage (72.5%) was found in Robat in control and 5ºC. Seed vigor in Robat genotype at 15 °C was higher than Calposh genotype, and in both genotypes (with the exception of Calposh genotype the priming primer with zinc sulphate and hydro-priming), the seed vigor increased with temperature. The highest seed vigor (4.91) was found in Robat in 15ºC and priming by seed priming Dayan. The highest plant height was observed in priming by gibberellic acid and 15ºC. In both genotypes, leaf number per plant was increased as temperature increased and was decreased when treated by ZnSO4 and Hydropriming in Calposh. The highest leaf number per plant (4 leaves) was found in Robat in 15ºC and priming by seed priming Dayan. The highest root length (4.04 cm) was observed in seed priming Dayan and 15ºC. The interaction of temperature and priming on root length showed that at 5 °C all priming treatments (with the exception of sulfate priming) compared to the control, at 10 °C priming with Dayan seed solution, potassium nitrate and 15 °C hydropriming. Dayan seed solution and potassium nitrate had more root length than control. Seedlings Robat appear to have higher seed vigor and can compensate for the time elapsed before priming, but seedlings Calposh that are less potent, priming treatments have been able to improve seed vigor.
 
The results of this study showed that the Robat genotype in terms of seed vigor and other emergence characteristics was better than Calposh genotype. As the Robat genotype has higher vigor, so different priming treatments could not have a positive effect. Priming with gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate had the greatest effect in reducing the effects of low temperature (5 °C) on the emergence characteristics of lentil seed. In general, priming with gibberellic acid seeds for autumn or early spring cultivation can be recommended.

Phenological, molecular and metabolite analysis during vernalization in wheat show that there is a tight relationship between vernalizatio fulfillment/reproductive transition with decrease in the accumulation of some metabolites and expression of cold-induced genes/proteins. In the present review, we will describe a number of similar protective metabolites and cold related proteins which are present or expressed in both sensitive and tolerant wheat genotypes. Based on several studies duration of cold acclimation in winter genotypes is quite higher which is influenced by developmental genes and consequently the level and duration of expression of cold-lnduced proteins is longer when compared with spring genotypes. Also, the initial rate of cold acclimation in cold tolerant winter wheat is higher than the cold sensitive genotypes. Our results show that the expression patterns of cold related proteins and metabolites are consistent with the trend of the developmental factors that have regulatory effects on proteome/metabolome. In addition, sub-zero acclimation of plants in field conditions during autumn/winter seasons has significant effects on numbers, levels and patterns of cold associated proteins in compared with plants acclimated in controlled condition at low temperature but above zero temperature. This present work, provide a novel insight to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind cold adaptation in wheat and pave the way to breed wheat for cold tolerance.

This study was carried out to evaluate the cardinal temperatures of germination of three Amaranth species (Amaranthus retrouflexus L.), (Amaranthus viridis L). and (Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with nine temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45) and four replications at Weed Science Research Laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Sseed germination percentage and rate was calculated and regression models were used to evaluate the results and determine cardinal temperatures. Based on the results, among the nonlinear regression models, the intersected lines and quadratic polynomial models with respect to the highest coefficient of determination (R2) showed the best fitting of germination rate of seeds. Accordingly, the intersected lines model was more preferred. generally over the minimum temperature, optimum temperature and maximum temperature using intersected-lines model for green pigweed of 4.86, 25.56 and 45.76 ° C, respectively. Red root pigweed was calculated 6.65, 30.56 and 51.6 ° C, respectively, and was estimated to be 9.22, 34.39 and 50.66 ° C for prostrate pigweed, respectively. The results of this study showed that sow seed germination was carried out over a wide range. All three species were able to germinate between 10 and 45 ° C.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) as one of the oldest sources of human nutrition is of particular importance among beans due to the ease of digestion and high protein content. Priming method refers to a number of different seed characteristics improvements. In these methods, seeds are allowed to absorb some water so that the early stages of germination are performed, but the root can not grow. Due to the fact that lentil is usually cultivated in rain-fed areas and under dry conditions, it is often possible to provide sufficient moisture in the early stages of growth and germination for planting, in the early stage of growth and germination. Research results indicate that seed germination can be achieved through rapid germination, uniform appearance and strong establishment of the plant. One of the most important germination seed germination treatments is priming. Priming refers to a number of different seed improvement methods, in which all controlled seeding is applied. In priming, seeds are allowed to absorb some water so that the early stages of germination are performed, but the root can not be removed. In other words, the seeds go up to the second stage, but they do not enter the third stage. After priming treatments, the seeds are dried and cultivated as untreated seeds. Hydro priming is the simplest method for increasing the rate and percentage of germination and uniformity of deposition under stress conditions, especially in arid regions. In the experiment, which was performed on seed maize (Zea mays), it was observed that seed priming increased germination speed while the polyethylene glycol reduced the germination rate. In addition, hydro priming of seeds for 36 hours increased germination, root germination and seedling dry weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different priming treatments and the duration of priming on seed germination and growth seedling growth and selection of the most suitable treatment of two lentil genotypes.

This study was carried out in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications in 2017. The treatments consisted of two lentil genotypes (Rabat and Kalposhch), six priming levels (non-priming (control), gibberellic acid (C19H22O6) 100 mg.l-1, Dayan seedlings solution 4 ml.l-1, potassium nitrate (KNO3) 500 mg.l-1, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) 1000 mg.l-1 and hydro priming and priming duration (7 and 16 hours). After priming seeds were removed from the solutions and then placed in a laboratory for 24 hours until complete drying. Seeds were then disinfected 1% NaCl solution (NaClO) for five minutes and then washed three times with distilled water. Petri were also disinfected with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. In the next step, 25 seeds were prepared from 12 cm diameter primer treatments between two layers of Watman filter paper and each petri was added to the required amount of distilled water. To germinate to a germinator by setting a temperature of ± 20° Celsius and the dark environment. The emergence of two-millimeter radicle length was considered as the beginning of seed germination and number of germinated seeds was daily recorded. At the end of 14th day, number of germinated seeds, seedling dry weight and length, root and shoot length and root and shoot dry weight were measured and germination indexes, such as germination percentage, germination rate and seed vigor were calculated.

Results indicated that total number of germinated seeds, germination percentage and germination rate were significantly affected by genotype, priming component and interaction of genotype and priming duration. Robat genotype at 16 hours of priming had the highest number of germinated seeds, germination percentage and germination rate, but in Robat genotype with seven hours of priming, there was no significant difference observed. Root length was significantly affected by genotype and priming components. The best genotype for this characteristic was Robat and the most suitable priming treatment was control (non-priming). There were no statistically significant differences with zinc sulfate. The length of stems and seedling were affected by genotype, priming components and priming durations. For both characteristics, the best genotype, Rabat and the most suitable time, seven hours priming and for stem length, non-priming (control) was the best treatment, but there were no statistically significant differences with gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and zinc sulfate.

Results of this study showed that Robat genotype has superior characteristics than Kalpush genotype, which can be used for cultivation. Generally, according to the results of this study, seed germination characteristics of these two lentil genotypes were positively affected priming treatments of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, zinc sulfate, Dayan solution and hydro priming. It seems that complementary studies on other compounds are needed to find suitable treatments for germination improvement

In order to evaluate the effect of different storage conditions on seed germination and some biochemical characteristics of castor bean (Ricinus communis), a factorial experiments on the bases of completely randomized design with three factors included of storage temperature, seed moisture content (SMC) and storage duration in four replications was done in the seed laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran in 2014. Experimental factors were including five storage temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35 and 40oC), five SMC levels (3.53, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and six storage duration (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days). The results showed that in all storage temperatures germination percentage trend was descending with increasing storage temperature and duration. In all studied storage temperature, the seeds stored in SMCs of 3.53 and 15% showed the highest and lowest germination, respectively. However, the change in seed electrolyte leakage index was ascending by increasing the temperature and SMC. Also, with increasing storage duration, temperature and SMC, seed total protein content, enzymes activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased and malondialdehyde content (MDA) increased. Therefore, decrease in germination index and increase in electrical conductivity could be due to decline in antioxidant activities and increase in MDA content.

IntroductionThe marigold is a medicinal plant from Asteraceae family and widely used as a medicinal plant. The marigold extract is widely used in the traditional medicine and herbal therapy. According to previous studies on the medicinal plant in the natural and agricultural ecosystem, using the sustainable agricultural systems provides the best conditions for plant qualitative and quantitative production. So, the global approach in production of products especially medicinal plants is toward using the ecologic management methods in the format of sustainable agricultural systems. The objectives of this experiment were to study on the effect of using the nitrogen chemical fertilizers and the variety of composts in the format of different tillage systems on the leaf area, dry weight, flower yield and the extract yield of marigold plant.
Material and methodsA field experiment was conducted in order to assessing the effect of conventional farming, ecological management and semi ecological management systems on the dry weight and the height of plant, yield of flower, the percentage of extract and the essence of marigold, in two years of 2013 and 2014 in Fars province, Shiraz in the format of randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 12 treatments. All the data were submitted to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Different test (LSD) was used to verify the significant differences among treatment means at the 5% probability level.
Results and discussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of different farming systems treatment on vegetative and reproductive growth of marigold were significant (p≤0.01) (Table 3). For example, the highest dry weight and leaf area of marigold were obtained from the conventional tillage system treatment and 165 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer. Furthermore, the highest flower dry weight, the number of flower and flowers harvest index and extract yield of marigold were achieved by reduce tillage system and 80 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer and 10 ton ha-1 waste compost (Table4). It seems that the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer could increase marigold vegetative growth due to increase of absorption and transfer of photo assimilate and transmission of growth-stimulating hormones to lateral and end meristems. Meanwhile, improving vegetative growth of marigold and increasing photo assimilate content can be achieve more reproductive growth. So, the management of nitrogen consumption should be in a way that the maximum economical performance will be obtained. The important point in this regard is creating appropriate balance between vegetative and reproductive growth of marigold, because from the beginning of flowering, vegetative and reproductive stages are done in parallel with each other (Daneshian et al., 2013). As a whole, in case of approving this study results by the future farm studies, it maybe recommendable that application of chemical fertilizer and compost at the same time in the format of reduce tillage system leads to increase of qualitative and quantitative performance of marigold plant.
Acknowledgements At the end, I appreciate all the friends that help me for conducting this research.

Conventional soil tillage (CT), such as mouldboard ploughing and rotary ploughing aggressively disturb the surface soil layer every year. In the short term, these systems create a good soil physical environment for crop emergence, rapid early growth, nutrient uptake, and high crop yield (Six et al., 1999). However, over the long term, the soil structure becomes degraded and soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization is increased, leading to SOM and nutrient content depletion, soil compaction and soil erosion (Triplett and Dick, 2008). All of these processes degrade well-structured soil and obstruct farmland sustainability (Fernandez et al., 2009). Hence, adoption of conservation tillage practices, for example no-till (NT) and reduced-till (RT), has been widely accepted over the last two decades in selected areas (Triplett and Dick, 2008). Conservation tillage improves economic performance and energy use efficiency, and reduces production risks; it also decreases soil disturbance, improves SOM maintenance and benefits soil quality (Zentner et al., 2004). Lafond et al. (1996) reported that conservation tillage increases pea, flax and spring wheat grain yields.
Considering that there is little information available about the differences in variety with the ability to allocate between the main stem and branch yield response to tillage systems, a field experiment was therefore conducted in 2014 on a split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Tehran University in Karaj. The main factor includes two types of tillage systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage) and the subplots of three cultivars (L17, Williams, Nekador); the third factor was priming (priming with potassium nitrate 0.4 %) and no-priming (control) to the factorial in the main plots were broken. In this experiment, characteristics such as the number of branches per plant, yield and yield components on the main stem and branches were measured.
Plant density (m-2) was significantly affected by the interaction between the seed priming and tillage system, and the effect of the choice of cultivar as well. The interaction between tillage system, cultivar and priming was statistically significant on the number of seeds in the pod, grain yield on main stem, number of seeds in the plant and thousand seed weight of soybean. In addition, interaction between seed priming and tillage system was significant on the thousand seed weight on the main stem and grain yield of branches. The number of pods in the plant and the grain yield of branches were influenced by the interaction between cultivar and tillage system, while the number of seeds in the plant and the grain yield of branches were affected by interaction between the cultivar and priming. The effects of cultivar and tillage systems were significant on the number of branches on the plant and grain yield on the main stem. Final grain yield on the main stem and branches of soybean were affected by the tillage system, cultivar and priming.
Maximum plant density (25 plants in m-2) was observed when the conventional tillage system was used under control conditions. Seedling establishment of soybean was lower as the result of seed priming and tillage system. The maximum grain yield was observed in L17 under the conventional tillage system and without seed priming, but Nekadar produced the minimum grain yield. Non-priming of the seed (control) in the normal tillage system produced the maximum grain yield in branches and primed seeds of soybean under the conventional tillage system produced the minimum grain yield. The grain yield of branches under the normal tillage system was higher than with the conventional tillage system in the Williams cultivar. The maximum contribution of grain yield under the conventional tillage and normal tillage systems was related to main stems and branches, respectively.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) density effects on some rice physiological, morphological characteristics and its paddy yield at Sari Agricultual Sciences and Natural Resources University. This experiment was performed as factorial based randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Weed density in four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 plants m-2) and rice varieties in three levels (Tarom as traditional cultivar, Shirodi and Ghaem as improved cultivars) were the treatments. Results of ANOVA revealed significant difference of weed numbers, rice cultivars and their interactions on shoot length, flag leaf area, leaf number, leaf wet and dry weight, chlorophyll content, SPAD value, harvest index and paddy yield. Mean comparisons showed that the highest levels of all characteristics were recorded in the control plots, while their lowest levels were observed in weed density of 180 plant m-2.The response of different rice varieties to nutsedge densities varied. Among rice cultivars, Tarom had the lowest slope in flag leaf area equation (y= 33.22 - 0.04x), stem length (y= 105.33 - 0.20x), fertile tiller number (y= 22.5 - 0.03x), harvest index (y= 24.98 - 0.3x) and paddy yield (y= 366.6 - 0.57x). Therefore, this traditional cultivar is recommended as the strongest competitor compared to Shirodi and Ghaem improved cultivars which were shown to be as weak competitors to yellow nutsedge weed.

Canola is one of the most important crops in the world and ranked as the third most important oil seed crop. Adverse environmental storage conditions including high temperature and relative humidity could affect canola seed quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed quality of canola seed under various seed moisture content, temperature and storage time using Okapi cultivar. Also, electrical conductivity of seeds was measured. Moreover, seed viability constants were estimated using germination responses. Seeds with various moisture contents (5, 9, 13, 17%) were kept under five temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45°C) for six months. Every month, seeds were taken and transferred to 20°C for viability test. Germination test last for seven days. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences for all interaction effects. According to the results, seeds with 5% moisture content stored at 5°C had the highest germination percentage and the least deteriorated state even after 6 months. High temperatures along with higher moisture content resulted in more deterioration. Electrical conductivity increased under aforementioned conditions. Estimates of KE = 5.65359, CW = 2.49975, CH = 0.04387, CQ = 0.00001438 were derived for prediction of storage length

Seed dormancy is a temporary failure of a viable seed to germinate. Various methods are used for breaking seed dormancy, depending on plant species and type of dormancy. Three seed populations originated from Esfahan, Semnan and Fars provinces were exposed to different seed dormancy breaking treatments such as mechanical and chemical scarification, humid chilling, GA3 and polyethylenglycol 6000 in order to break dormancy and improve seed germination. Unlike Semnan and Fars populations, Isfahan population did not show a significant positive reaction to treatments. Applying polyethyleneglycol solution of -10 bar for Semnan population and combination of moist chilling and polyethyleneglycol solution for Fars population resulted in the highest germination parameters. Germination percentage reached to 47.97% in Semnan and 64% in Fars population and mean germination time reached to 1.55 and 2.26 days, respectively. Activity of α- amylase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes in seeds of oregano showed that non-dormant seeds exhibited significantly higher activity than dormant seeds. Different responses of oregano populations to applied treatments showed that intensity of dormancy is related to climate and origin of seeds and differs considerably among populations.

One of the most important oilseed plants in Iran is rapeseed. Seed quality is affected by deterioration and aging during storage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of various chemicals on the recovery of germination characteristics in deteriorated seeds of rapeseed. In this study, one commercial Brassica napus cultivar (okapi) was used. This experiment had two parts. In the first part, seeds with different moisture contents (5, 9, 13, 17%) were stored in incubators set at five temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, 45ºC). After 90 days, germination was conducted for these 20 storage conditions. In the second part, deteriorated seeds with high germination percentage (74%), medium germination percentage (47%) and low germination percentage (5%) resulted from following treatments: 9/35, 13/25 and 17/25 (moisture content/ storage temperature), respectively, were treated with various chemicals. These chemicals were gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in four levels including control, 25, 50 and 100 ppm. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Analysis of variance showed that the main effects of deterioration, chemicals concentrations and their interactions were significant for all measured traits. The best treatment was ascorbic acid with concentration of 100 ppm which increased germination percentage and percentage of normal seedling by 29 and 48%, respectively.