reza valizadeh

Introduction :

Concerning the world experiences of pedestrian construction, we can refer to the Limbeker and Ketweger sidewalks in Essen, Germany, Berdick in Kalamazoo, America, and Struget in Copenhagen, Denmark. Pedestrian construction in the mentioned cities has had effects such as the gradual reduction of traffic and parking, the economic prosperity of these axes, the adaptation of the city center to the changes of the seasons, and the vibrancy of the sidewalk day and night. Also, from the experiences of pedestrian construction in Iran, we can mention the pedestrians of Janat Mashhad, Tarbiat, and Valiasr in Tabriz, Khayyam Urmia, and Lian Bushehr. Currently, due to the establishment of beautification organizations in the municipalities, they have tried to overcome the problems of urban furniture to some extent. Still, the interference of the responsibilities of organizations and institutions has fueled this problem to some extent and overshadowed the tasks of the beautification organization. Is. The lack of the necessary rules and regulations that monitor the creation of the minimum required qualities of the sidewalks in Tabriz city, leads to considerable audacity. This means that despite the creation of sidewalks, due to the lack of attention to basic standards in the design and implementation of sidewalks, some of them are usually turned into unusable spaces and the costs and land related to the construction of such sidewalks Improper ways are considered wasted. Among the four pedestrian paths of Maqsoodiyeh, Ark, Tarbiat and Valiasr, Maqsodieh, and Arak pedestrian paths, despite the presence of urban landscape elements such as trees, etc. streets, the narrow width of sidewalks, and the passage of motor vehicles, the lack of proper facilities, etc., lacks an appropriate and standard urban landscape. Also, the spatial quality of these sidewalks is inappropriate and needs to be reviewed. So far, there have been significant studies on the pedestrian-oriented streets of Tabriz city, however, none of these studies have investigated the inadequacies and deficiencies in the pedestrian-oriented streets. Therefore, the current research aims to answer this question, what are the deficiencies of spatial quality in the pedestrian street of Orak axis in Tabriz city?

The present research method is descriptive-analytical and exploratory in nature, along with a combined qualitative-quantitative and survey method. To collect data, a documentary method was used along with a semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research also includes two groups: the group of experts and specialists and the group of users, passers-by on the sidewalks of Tabriz city. A sample size of 20 experts was selected. The reason for choosing 20 people is that there is no limit in choosing the sample size in expert research. Regarding the sample size of users and passers-by, Cochran’s formula was used with an unlimited statistical population, which was equal to 384 people. After specifying the variables through interviews conducted by experts analysis with MAXQDA software and preparing a questionnaire for users and passers-by, the validity of the indicators was confirmed by the opinion of the statistical community of experts, supervisors, and consultants. The reliability of the questionnaire indicators is also 0.901 with Cronbach’s alpha test for the social and cultural component; functional-functional 0.876; Economic; 0.841; Access 0.894; Aesthetics was calculated as 0.803 and physical as 0.882.

Based on the findings from Table (9), all socio-cultural, functional-functional, movement-access, economic, aesthetic, and physical indicators (independent variable) have a significant relationship with the pedestrian-oriented dependent variable, and according to the indicators, socio-cultural with (0.615) and aesthetic index with (0.523), movement-access index with (0.316), economic index with (0.225), physical with (0.209) and Functional-functional with standard coefficient (0.192) have the most to the least effect on the dependent variable (insufficiency of spatial quality of the arch path) (pedestrian axis). Therefore, according to the coefficient of determination (2R), all the examined indicators affect the mediating variable of the spatial quality of the Ark sidewalk and the pedestrian-oriented dependent variable, and it can be said that the dependent variable is affected by the indicators of the independent variable, and the beta value also indicates The direct relationship of spatial quality indicators is on the dependent variable (pedestrian). As a result, the higher the value of Beta and T the smaller the significance level is (0.05). The independent variable (social-cultural, functional-functional, movement-access, economic, aesthetic, and physical) has a greater effect on the mediating variable of the spatial quality of the sidewalk and the dependent variable (pedestrian-oriented). According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the most effective in terms of the spatial quality of Tabriz’s Ark pedestrian, directly and indirectly, is related to the socio-cultural index with a direct effect of 0.615 and an indirect effect of 0.313 and a total effect of 0.928. Therefore, in improving the spatial quality and solving the inadequacy of the spatial quality in the Tabriz Ark pedestrian walkway, to be pedestrian-oriented and pedestrian-orientated, social and cultural indicators should be paid attention to create suitable conditions for the presence of more people and users and more social interactions. It is on the sidewalk, which will bring life to the urban space since the Ark sidewalk is pedestrian-oriented. The least effects of inadequacy, both directly and indirectly, are related to the functional-performance index with a direct effect of 0.217 an indirect effect of 0.101, and a total effect of 0.318. Therefore, in the next priorities, the pedestrian center is placed to improve the spatial quality of the Ark sidewalk.

According to the results of the research, it can be said that one of the appropriate methods to encourage pedestrian-oriented pedestrians is to categorize the spectrum of users of sidewalks and consider their needs, for example, children, and young people. , adults, elderly, users in small cities or big cities, users in the upper and lower parts of the city, etc. Finally, the design of high-quality spatial sidewalks, although they require a lot of investment, in the long run, will reduce costs, reduce pollution, and reduce the mental and physical health of people in society.

derstanding the physical-spatial structure of cities from the perspective of their development is one of the important influencing factors in the success rate of urban planners and practitioners and can contribute significantly to the improvement of urban environments. In this regard, the present study was carried out to investigate the spatial-physical structure changes in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with a practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. To analyze information Heldren's model and Moran and Kernel's technique in ArcGIS software were used. The findings of the research based on Heldren's model indicate that from 1956 to 1986, 71% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 29% to horizontal growth. From 1986 to 2006, the population and horizontal growth of the city was almost equal (48 and 52 percent), and from 2006 to 2021, the extensive population growth caused the vertical growth and the formation of the compact city of Tabriz. Also, Tabriz metropolis is located in a single-core state (city center), and due to the changes, that have taken place and the increase of administrative, therapeutic, and recreational functions in the eastern regions and industries in the western regions, it has the ability to become a multi-core development model in its spatial structure. In other words, the changes in the spatial structure of the city in recent years have witnessed the decentralization of the city center. The results also indicate that the process of changes in the physical-spatial structure of the city has changed from fast to medium and back to fast, and in the meantime, the wide formation of spatial inequalities and imbalances in different dimensions is being witnessed.

Following the rapid growth of urbanization, the development and expansion of cities, urban centers and old structures have undergone physical-spatial changes and as a result, many socio-economic deficiencies. Many approaches have been considered so far in order to face these textures and have been proposed in their evolution from urban reconstruction to urban regeneration. In this regard, the neighborhood-centered regeneration approach is placed in a classification of urban regeneration that proposes new forms of intervention and participation of local communities in urban regeneration for a new age where traditional methods have failed and has potentials to provide valuable capacities and provide knowledge. It is local and popular. . For this purpose, in this research, it has been tried to systematically and systematically identify and analyze the key drivers effective on the regeneration of the worn-out fabric of Shamsabad neighborhood of Tabriz, emphasizing the neighborhood-centric approach. The research method in the current study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with an analytical-exploratory nature. In this research, first, with the environmental survey and Delphi technique, 44 primary drivers were extracted in three different areas, and then, using the Delphi method of managers, the matrix of effects was extracted. The intersection of components is formed. In the next step, matrix analysis has been done through Mic-Mac software. According to the high score of direct and indirect effects of the factors, ten main factors were identified as key drivers effective on the regeneration of the worn-out fabric of Shamsabad neighborhood of Tabriz, emphasizing the neighborhood-centric approach. Also, based on the results of the public impact matrix, the variables of the social sector with the highest score have had the greatest impact in the direction of regeneration with a neighborhood-oriented approach in the studied area.

Rapid changes in science and technology have introduced several new computer-based educational approaches to the field of nursing education. One of these educational methods is blended learning using electronic content. The present study aimed to use blended learning utilizing a storyline to investigate nursing students' satisfaction, collaboration, and interest in vaccination.

This study was conducted on third-semester geriatric nursing postgraduate students at Ilam University of Medical Sciences. A lesson from the structure and geriatric care system course was designed and implemented in a blended learning method for geriatric nursing master's students. This course was conducted based on the ADDIE educational design model, which includes five stages of analysis, design, preparation, implementation, and evaluation. Educational content was defined and uploaded in the form of storyline content on Navid and Sama Live platforms. In the final session, the degree of students' collaboration and interest in the course was measured by the Exit Survey questionnaire. The level of students' satisfaction with the teaching method presented in the final session was measured by a visual comparison tool. Finally, the level of satisfaction, collaboration, and interest of students in this teaching method was evaluated.

Based on the results, the mean scores of interest and collaboration were reported as 4.02 and 4.31, respectively. These results demonstrated students' high level of interest and collaboration in using this game method for education. The level of students' satisfaction was assessed using a visual scale, illustrating a mean score of 8.76 (SD=1.35). For further investigation, one sample t-test was conducted to compare the mean of each case with the mean value (2.5), demonstrating that the mean scores of all three variables of satisfaction, collaboration, and interest were significantly higher than average.

The use of e-learning in teaching geriatric nursing structures and systems was associated with high satisfaction, more significant interaction, and students' interest in the classroom.

The dispersed growth of the metropolis has caused that the towns around the metropolis are exposed to development and annexed to the cities. With the annexation of towns and cities, spatial relations have become complicated and suffered severe changes in terms of physical, economic, sociocultural and environmental aspects, and the metropolis of Tabriz is no exception to this rule. Por tanto, the main objective of the investigation is to identify and analyze the factors that affect the annexation of nearby towns in the metropolis of Tabriz. In this research, a descriptive-exploratory method and questionnaire survey were used. The statistical population of the research, urban and rural experts and specialists, selected 30 people. For data analysis, the method of structural equations was used using spss and Amos software. The results identified three latent exogenous constructs, namely, "internal factors", "adjacency to the metropolis" and "external factors", which show the main aspects of the integration of villages in the metropolis, among which are proximity factors a las metropolis tienen los mayores cargando con (γ=0,89). This study determined that parameters like economic factors, physical characteristics and sociocultural have the major impact in the neighborhood with the metropolis in terms of annexation of towns to the metropolis. The minor impact is related to internal factors in the villages. From the point of view of the experts, economic factors are effective in the annexation of towns to the city and make low-income people emigrate from different parts of the city to these parts and integrate these parts to the city. Por tanto, it seems that organizing the annexation of towns to the city can have a positive effect on the expansion and development of the metropolis of Tabriz

Today, the city, as a place for human activities, must be able to meet the real needs of its residents and their desires, and at the same time be able to provide creativity for citizens, but in practice, cities have the necessary ability for optimal distribution and justice-oriented infrastructure. Do not have The present study aims to investigate and measure spatial justice in having urban infrastructure from the perspective of a creative city. The research method is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature. In this regard, eight indicators of tourism, communication, industrial, academic and educational, social, culture and art, architecture and urban planning, and management to identify the situation of the 12 districts of the Bonab city in terms of services and facilities from the perspective of the creative city, using the future method A study based on Mic Mac software and multi-criteria decision models (weighting network analysis process and multi-criteria electric decision model) was reviewed. The results of the analysis performed using Mick Mac showed that the components of Bonab Kebab, communication position, and heavy industry activity are the three components that have the greatest impact on the realization of spatial justice from the perspective of the city, respectively. Creative in the middle city of Bonab. Also, the results of the results using the electre method showed that the distribution of infrastructure is not balanced at the area level. Among these, the highest score is related to areas 11 and 6.

In the approach of reducing the risk of settlements, streamlining risk management in local programs and considering the locality of risks and their effects are important steps to provide a strategic framework for implementing crisis management projects. In this regard and considering the importance of applying crisis management in local programs, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the implementation of crisis management at the local scale to face the effects of various crises in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is quantitative with an applied purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. To analyze the information, the partial least squares model was used in Warp-PLS software. The statistical population of the research included administrators, officials, and academic elites of the Tabriz metropolis, and the sample size was determined by using Cohen's formula of 100 people. The findings of the research show that the most significant impact on the realization of crisis management at the local scale is related to the variables of cooperation, financial considerations, and institutional capacity; the coefficients extracted based on the structural model of the research for each of these variables were 0.67, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively. Among the sub-components, the greatest impact on the realization of crisis management at the local scale is related to variables emphasizing local and bottom-up planning in the crisis management system, allocating annual budgets to local governments (municipalities of regions) for crisis management measures, benefiting from knowledgeable people in the crisis management system of each region, and the existence of a dynamic information system in the municipalities of 10 regions to obtain spatial information on the distribution and severity of risks, the score of each of which has been calculated as 0.74, 0.69, 0.66, and 0.65, respectively.

Breeding quality calves with a desirable genetic potential is one of the important criteria in dairy herds. In recent years, particular attention had been paid to calf breeding, especially to the composition of starter. Early weaning and encouraging the calf to consume solid feed reduces the incidence of various diseases, including diarrhea. It was important to transfer the calf from the non-ruminant state to the active ruminant state as soon as possible for the improved health and growth of the dairy calf. To transition from a liquid feed to a solid feed containing grains and forage, it was necessary to address several challenges. These included adapting the digestive system, enabling ruminal fermentation, and improving the digestion of nutrients through the intestine. Grains, which are full of carbohydrates, were considered to be the main source of energy in ruminants, leading to an excess in the growth of rumen epithelium. Corn grain was a major source of energy in ruminants as a digestible source. In comparison with other grains, the starch available in the corn grains was digested more slowly in the rumen. To use it to its full potential, its bio-availability should be increased so that a higher level of energy was released from the starch.

This experiment was performed in the Astan Qods Razavi dairy farm, Mashhad, Iran. Forty Holstein calves, consisting of 20 male and 20 female, with an average birth weight of 42.4 Kg (± 4.3) were used from birth to 70 days. Calves were birth and immediately separated from their dam and weighting, then they were transferring to individual pen. On the third day, the calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. The experimental treatment included: 1) low starch, and 2) high starch. All calves received colostrum for 3 d and then whole milk at 15% of body weight in the two equal meals, morning (5:00 A.M) and evening (15:00 P.M), until weaning. Calves’ accesses to water and starter ad libitum and starter was mixed with 5% of alfalfa hay chopped (% of DM). Composition of starter did not change throughout the experiment. Starter intake was record daily. Body weight determine every two weeks until the end of experiment. Fecal consistence was scored daily. Blood sample was harvested from jugular vein for collection of blood serum. Blood metabolites including: glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, total protein, ALT, AST, and urea were analyzed. Skeletal development was measured and recorded using special instruments on the 3, 56 and 70 days. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4 as a randomized completely design with GLM method and tendencies were reported at 0.05<P<0.10. Least square means for each treatment are reported in the tables and were separated using Tukeys test.

The results of this study showed that the use of the different level of starch had no significant effect on the starter feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, fecal score and skeletal growth parameters of calves. Serum concentration of total protein, triglyceride, albumin, cholesterol, urea. ALT, and AST not affected by experimental treatments. ADG was not influenced by treatment in experiment. Our results are consistent with the observations of Zhang et al. (2010). There were no treatment effects on the blood parameters measured over time, which aligns with the findings of Soltani et al. (2020).The treatments did not affect fecal scores, as reported in the studies by Soltani et al. (2020). There were no significant differences in the initial, daily change, and final parameters, which is similar to the findings of Soltani et al. (2020). Additionally, starter intake, total dry matter intake (DMI), and weaning body weight (BW) were not affected by the experimental diets. This result is consistent with the observations of Lesmeister and Heinrichs (2004).

The result of this study showed that different levels of starch had no marked effects on body weight, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, fecal score, skeletal growth and blood metabolites.

Nowadays, access to affordable housing one of the problems of most societies, especially in developing countries, whereby the poor are housed in substandard housing of poor quality. Therefore, paying attention to housing planning of low-income groups is one of the necessities of most governments, which requires comprehensive plans at the macro and regional levels and attention to various macro and micro structures with a spatial approach. In this regard, the present study has been written with the aim of identifying the effective factors in the feasibility of providing affordable housing with emphasis on the regional spatial approach in East Azerbaijan province. Therefore, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature which have been used to collect and analyze data, Delphi technique (30 elites and housing specialists of East Azerbaijan province) and application of cross-impact analysis technique in MICMAC software. The research findings show that the greatest impact on the feasibility of providing affordable housing in East Azerbaijan province with emphasis on regional spatial approach related to the components of considering the conditions of low-income urban groups in all development programs; Coordination, management and promotion of support measures in the housing sector under the supervision of the Provincial Housing Council with the chairmanship of the governor and the membership of relevant bodies; Integration and coordination between housing programs, subsidies and support programs of the Ministry of Welfare, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation and the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution and coordination between development projects in the province to stabilize population in small and medium cities and prevent migration to Tabriz metropolis. 

Living in human settlements requires "housing" as a shelter as well as being responsive to daily activities. Housing is one of the most basic and sensitive parts in urban development planning. Housing also affects its residents psychologically and socially and is very important by affecting their economic activities and the country's economy at the macro level. Nowadays, access to affordable housing one of the problems of most societies, especially in developing countries, whereby the poor are housed in substandard housing of poor quality. Therefore, paying attention to housing planning of low-income groups is one of the necessities of most governments, which requires comprehensive plans at the macro and regional levels and attention to various macro and micro structures with a spatial approach. In this regard, the present study has been written with the aim of identifying the effective factors in the feasibility of providing affordable housing with emphasis on the regional spatial approach in East Azerbaijan province. East Azarbaijan province is the most populous province in the northwestern region of Iran. The area of this province is 45491 square kilometers and its population is 3909652 people who have settled in 21 cities in the center of Tabriz.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in terms of nature. For this purpose, first by using the documentary method and interviews with managers, officials and experts in the field of housing in East Azerbaijan province and professors and academic elites, the factors affecting the feasibility of housing programs are identified at least in the regional planning approach and then using Delphi technique (30 people from the elites and experts in the field of housing in East Azerbaijan Province) and the application of cross-impact analysis technique in MICMAC software, data analysis has been done with an exploratory approach. It is noteworthy that in the framework of the matrix of cross-effects of the requested statistical sample based on the impact and influence of components (factors) on each other to give a score from zero to three in which "0" as no effect, "1" as weak effect, "2" is considered as a medium effect and "3" is considered as a large effect in direct and indirect effect. Finally, the points given in the cross matrix are entered to examine the effectiveness of each of the components (factors) in MICMAC software.

The research findings show that the failure of housing projects with the regional spatial approach in East Azerbaijan province are as follows:
A) The stage of organizing studies - Lack of detailed description of project services for different stages, lack of equipped organizational organization and integrated design and functional divisions in different dimensions and lack of benefit from the results and data of comprehensive projects (including spatial, physical and partial).
B) The stage of reviewing the current situation and feasibility - Lack of accurate knowledge and analysis of the current situation of the province and the country in various social, economic, physical and other macro and micro dimensions affecting housing, failure to determine the strengths and weaknesses of trends in various fields (Especially economic) and not examining the hierarchy of the housing crisis and using a linear method to determine the current situation.
C) Futurism stage - Lack of proper forecasting of various demographic, social, economic, etc. dimensions in the plans, lack of separation of interventions in different cities and areas of the province and following a fixed and inflexible pattern, quantitative and physical evaluation and lack of proper planning and budgeting.

The findings also indicate which the greatest impact on the feasibility of providing affordable housing in East Azerbaijan province with emphasis on regional spatial approach related to the components of considering the conditions of low-income urban groups in all development programs; Coordination, management and promotion of support measures in the housing sector under the supervision of the Provincial Housing Council with the chairmanship of the governor and the membership of relevant bodies; Integration and coordination between housing programs, subsidies and support programs of the Ministry of Welfare, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Martyr and Veterans Affairs Foundation and the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution and coordination between development projects in the province to stabilize population in small and medium cities and prevent migration to Tabriz metropolis.

The increasing growth of cities in all countries, especially developing countries, has led to a very rapid increase in urban population in these countries, without predicting the infrastructure needed for a sudden jump in this population. Such rapid growth has largely created a strong demand for housing, and since the level of this demand is far beyond the capacity of governments, significant numbers have inevitably sought solutions to their housing and employment problems, resulting this has been the formation of poor areas with substandard housing and lacking the necessary quality and far from the minimum. In this regard, affordable housing policies can be seen in the programs and basic priorities of most countries. Given the importance of housing planning for low-income groups and the need for a comprehensive and systematic approach to achieve this, the present study was written to identify the factors affecting the feasibility of affordable housing with emphasis on regional spatial planning approach in East Azerbaijan province. The results indicate that affordable housing planning in East Azerbaijan province has major shortcomings in macro, economic, development and urban policies, and the non-feasibility of planning programs due to the management and planning system in the province has also been an advantage. For this purpose, in order to provide affordable housing in East Azerbaijan province, with emphasis on the regional spatial planning approach, is felt the need for systematic and comprehensive policy-making and planning in various dimensions. It can also be said that considering the current situation of affordable housing plans in the province and the weakness of the management system in addressing this issue, realization of the housing regional spatial plan is an inevitable necessity with integrated provincial management and coordination of public and private bodies in the housing sector with a single management, accurate hierarchical and simultaneous knowledge of the housing situation in the province, allocation of credit and sustainable budget to address affordable housing, study the various dimensions affecting the formation of slums and housing Poor quality and integration of various housing development plans with each other and other urban and regional development plans. To this end, there is a need to change the approach in housing planning from a centralized approach to a participatory one in the form of flexible and dynamic plans based on the spatial planning approach by defining an integrated decision-making and policy-making system.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of emotion regulation training with cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on perceived stress and self-compassion in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

This research was a semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The study population was those female patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome in Ilam city who visited the private practice of internal medicine specialists in 2018-2019. Based on this, 60 people were selected using a non-random sampling method and after matching, they were assigned to three groups (20 people under emotion regulation training, 20 people under cognitive therapy-based mindfulness, and 20 people in the control group). First, in the pre-test stage, the perceived stress and self-compassion questionnaires were used to measure the research variables. Then, two experimental groups were placed in the order of emotion regulation training and cognitive therapy training based on mindfulness. the training, the post-test was conducted. Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.

Emotion regulation training as well as cognitive therapy training based on mindfulness has an effect on people's perceived stress and self-compassion and its components. cognitive therapy based on mindfulness has had a greater impact on people's perceived stress and self-compassion and its components compared to emotional regulation training.

According to the research findings, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness can be used as an effective method to reduce perceived stress and increase self-compassion in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

 The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in late 2019 with increased infection and mortality rates. Even with observing safety measures, medical staff have to deal with a high level of mental and physical pressure during an epidemic, and they might demonstrate diverse behaviors rooted in their experiences and emotions toward the situation. The paper examines different experiences and emotions of medical staff dealing with COVID-19 in Ilam, Iran.

A cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 200 care providers in 2020. Data was gathered using two questionnaires: the scale of positive and negative emotions (SPANE) and the positive and negative affect scale (PANAS). Data analyses were done in STATA12 using linear regression models.

The mean score of positive emotion in ICU, general, maternity, and administrative wards in women were 32±6.23, 34.07±6.74, 35.35±9.24, and 35.61±6.91 respectively. The mean scores of Negative emotions in the Maternity ward and administrative departments were higher than in the ICU and CCU wards (P=0.05). The midwives’ mean negative emotions score was lower than the physician’s (P value<0.05). Average levels increased by about 4.41 scores in negative experiences for individuals with a work experience higher than 25 years compared to those with work experience less than ten years (P=0.03).

Factors such as type of work, workplace, and work experience that affect care providers’ positive and negative experiences and emotions should be considered in staffing arrangements and their expectations.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the futures of post -Covid -19 urban management paradigm with emphasis on urban resilience in Tehran metropolis. For this purpose, macrotrends and interactions between them were analyzed and ranked. In terms of purpose and nature, this is a developmental -applied and a descriptive -analytical research, respectively. In this study, first, reviewing the theoretical literature, and next, using the opinions of experts (n=40) through Delphi technique, the most important macrotrends were extracted. MICMAC software was used to analyze the cross effects of macrotrends and determine direct and indirect influence and effect of each macrotrend. A total of 74 macrotrends were identified in 8 general dimensions (urban economy, social, environmental and urban environment, physical and urban infrastructure, management and urban institutions, urban security, politics and rule, individual -psychological) that a total of 5402 cases of interactions between macrotrends were rated as cross effects. According to the outcome of Cross -Impact Matrix (CIM) and Matrix of Direct Influence (MDI), among the macrotrends along with resilience management of Tehran metropolis after COVID -19 pandemic, in management, social -participatory and economic foundations terms, the integrated urban management, participation of citizens and public institutions to deal with crisis, inflation rate, level of citizens' trust in urban authorities and managers, increasing investments in Tehran metropolis (domestic and foreign investments) to re -build spaces and urban infrastructure, paying attention to and increasing research and development expenditure of knowledge -based businesses, electronic -city infrastructure, accountability of urban managers for their managerial functions, slum dwelling and organizing it, housing accessibility (purchase or rent), migration (elites, physicians, specialists, etc.) had the most influence, respectively . According to the calculations, there were 15 influential, 5 planar, 6 influenced, 8 independent and 40 regulatory macrotrends. Based on the analysis on the type of macrotrends distribution and direct influence of macrotrends on each other, the resilience system of Tehran is unstable and future scenarios for resilience of Tehran metropolis should be considered based on key basic factors .

One of the most important dangers that always threaten cities is the risk of an earthquake. This danger, with its high power of destruction of buildings and urban infrastructures, causes a lot of damage to cities in terms of financial and human lives. Therefore, in order to increase the capacity to deal with earthquake risks, increasing urban resilience has recently become a basic priority for most governments. Based on this, the current research was written with the aim of vulnerability integrated assessment of ten areas of Tabriz metropolis based on resilience characteristics and related physical indicators and making decisions for effective resilience against earthquakes. In this regard, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in terms of nature. In order to analyze information, have been used AHP techniques in Expert Choice software, PROMETHEE and GAIA and GAIA Web analysis and the opinions of 25 experts. The results of the research show that areas 9, 6 and 2 have high resilience against earthquakes with scores of 0.445, 0.374 and 0.293 respectively, areas 5 and 7 have medium resilience with scores of 0.196 and 0.142 respectively, areas 4, 8 and 3 have low resilience with scores of -0.090, -0.130 and -0.236 respectively and areas 10 and 1 have very low resilience with scores of -0.468 and -0.526 respectively. Also, about 11% of the texture of Tabriz metropolis is in the zone of very high vulnerability and about 13.5% is in the zone of high vulnerability. Therefore, the research results have been able to determine the priority of measures to increase resilience for different levels by identifying vulnerable zones and regions. Therefore, appropriate policy making in the direction of earthquake crisis management is an inevitable necessity, especially in strengthening buildings and city land use planning.

Urban poverty is one of the biggest challenges in both developing and developed countries, which is a major obstacle for most governments to achieve the indicators of sustainable development. Therefore, accurate identification of poor areas as well as contexts and processes affecting the formation and spread of poverty is one of the necessities of urban planning and management to deal with the spread of this phenomenon.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the areas of urban poverty and also to analyze the contexts and processes affecting the spatial organization of poverty in Tabriz metropolis.

The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with analytical-exploratory nature, which in order to collect research data has been used from the information available in the statistical blocks of 1996 and 2016 in Tabriz and to interview the managers and academic elites specializing in urban poverty (15 people based on the Delphi method) and to analyze the data, has been used the Q-factor analysis model and the nearest neighbor index (NNI) in GIS software.

Studied Areas:

The geographical area of the research includes 10 regions of Tabriz metropolis.

Findings show that the contexts and processes of spatial expansion and organization of poverty in Tabriz metropolis include the three main factors of inefficiency of the management structure and macroeconomic system, discriminatory management structure and economic system and the characteristics of immigrants and low-income people, which in total, they explain 83.536% of the total variance.

The results show that in 1996, most of the suburban areas of the city were in an unfavorable situation, while in 2016, the organization and spatial distribution of poor areas in the city and the distribution of clusters of poor areas during this period of 20 years has been reduced.

The present study aims to compare the effects of emotion regulation training and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on the resilience and self-compassion of women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. The study population consists of 300 women with IBS who visited the clinics of internal medicine physicians in Ilam, Iran, in 2018-2019. The sample size was determined 20 for each group based on the Fleiss method. Therefore, 60 were selected by a simple cluster sampling method and based on the entry criteria. They were divided into three groups of emotion regulation (n=20), MBCT (n=20), and control (n=20). After the interventions, the post-test and follow-up assessments were conducted for the groups. The instruments were the Connor-Davidson resilience scale and the self-compassion scale of Neff (2003). For data analysis, SPSS software, version 23 and repeated measures analysis of variance were used.

Both emotion regulation training and MBCT had a significant effect on the resilience and self-compassion of women (P=0.001), where MBCT had a greater effect compared to emotional regulation training.

The MBCT can be used as an effective method to increase resilience and self-compassion of women with IBS.

Planning and territorial of border areas is one of the important plans in order to reduce spatial imbalances between border areas and other places, as well as the development of border areas with emphasis on various dimensions, especially security and defense. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the influencing factors on the realization of border area territorial plans, and the present research was written with this aim in Marivan city border. In this regard, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and prospective in nature with an emphasis on analytical and exploratory approach. In order to collect and analyze information, were used the Delphi method of experts (15 academic elites and city managers) and the technique of cross-effects analysis in MICMAC software. The findings of the research show that the most important factors influencing the realization of Marivan border territorial plan include the cooperation of all institutions of the province to strengthen the social, economic and cultural infrastructures, the benefit of responsible managers and officials, and the coherence between the economic, social, physical and environmental elements of the territorial plan. The results also indicate that due to the existing situation of Marivan city and the system of preparation and implementation of the border area territorial plan and the lack of key and strategic components that are influential in the development of the system, will be unstable the future of the border area territorial plan of Marivan and its development.

 Raising healthy calves is indeed a critical concern in the dairy industry. Close up diets have important effects on the quantity and quality of produced colostrum, on the other hand, colostrum and milk are considered the most important sources of food that contain energy, protein, and other nutrients for the newborn calf’s growth. Including fatty acids in the late pregnancy supplements are controversial because of the potential reduction of cows DMI. Also, the growth and health of calves can be influenced by feeding linoleic acid to pregnant cows. Safflower as a rich source of linoleic acid (55-70%) is a significant oil alternative product, and has a high nutritional value. This study aimed to examine the effects of safflower seeds and palmitic fatty acids on the transition diet in cow feed consumption, colostrum quality, blood parameters, body measurements and Holstein calf performance.

Materials and methods :

Thirty pregnant Holstein cows, 15 primiparous and 15 multiparous, were used 21 days prior to the expected calving date. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and ten replicates in every treatment. Cows were randomly assigned to experimental treatments so that each treatment have an average body weight 659.34 ± 84.2 kg, parity 2.04 ± 1.31 and body condition score (BCS) 3.23 ± 0.15 The experimental rations have similar energy and protein content. Diets were thoroughly mixed and fed to cows based on the recommendations of the US National Research Council (NRC, 2001). The experimental rations included: 1) Control diet without fat source (Ctrl), 2) Diet with palmitic fatty acid (SFA), and 3) Diet with safflower seed (UFA). Daily feed intake was calculated by subtracting distributed feed to every cow from the leftover amount on following day. Newborn calves were weighed immediately after birth. An individual colostrum yield for every cow was recorded at each milking. The quality of colostrum was determined using an optical refractometer (ATC., China). The body weight and skeletal parameters of calves were evaluated at birth day, 21 d, and 49 d. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, two hours after colostrum feeding and on days 3, 7, 21, and 49 via the jugular vein. Samples were centrifuged at 3000× g and the plasma was stored at −20°C until analysis. Plasma metabolites were analyzed using an autoanalyzer (Alcyon 300., USA). Colostrum composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids, solids not fat) was determined using a Milkoscan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark). Fatty acids profile were measured according to O'Fallon (2007) et al., using gas chromatography (GC) equipped FID detector and 100 meter column. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a completely randomized design with ten replications.

  Results and Discussion:

 Using sources of SFA (palm oil powder) and UFA (safflower seeds) in the transition diets were not affected on dry matter intake in Holstein dairy cows (P>0.05). Dry matter intake in Ctrl, SFA, and UFA were 10.29, 10.98, and 10.80 kg per day, respectively. We found that  using SFA and UFA did not have any significant effect on colostrum parameters such as colostrum volume, the percentage of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, fat not solids, and also, immunoglobulin concentration, and Brix number of colostrum (P>0.05). The colostrum volume in UFA and SFA treatments was higher than in the Ctrl treatment, but this difference was not significant (5.82, 5.23, and 4.19 kg, respectively). According to the results, the researchers stated that adding raw and processed safflower seeds to the diet did not have any significant effect on milk production, milk fat, protein, and lactose in Holstein dairy cows (Paya and Taghizadeh, 2020). Feeding omega-6 sources in the transition period (35 days before calving) caused higher colostrum protein and Brix values (Salehi et al., 2016) but was not consistent with our results. Feeding palm fat powder as a source of SFA and safflower seeds as UFA did not have any significant differences in concentration of short chain, medium chain, and long chain fatty acids in colostrum. It was reported that various fat sources in the rations of dairy and transition cows did not affect colostrum fatty acid and milk fatty acid. However some studies showed that different fat sources in the diet of dairy cows changed the fatty acid profile in milk. In general, it can be stated that because of the high-producing dairy cows experience a negative energy around calving, the diet energy meets the requirements, which probably causes the fatty acid composition of the colostrum not to be affected. Our results showed that blood factors such as glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, ALT, AST, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, total protein, albumin, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and HDL did not differ between treatments. It was observed that the addition of SFA and UFA had no significant effect on the birth weight of calves, weight at d 21 and 49, and dry matter intake during the experimental period. Skeletal parameters such as hip height and width, withers height, chest circumference, and body length at 3, 21, and 49 days had no significant differences in the treatments.

  Conclusion:

 It seems that using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids sources in the transition diets did not reduce feed intake. Moreover, it had no significant influence on the calves' performance, bone condition, the colostrum's quality and the colostrum fatty acids profile.

The present study utilizes the cross-impact analysis technique as one of the common and accepted methods of future-based studies to analyze the impact of smart city factors on the components of infill development in the historical contexts of the Tabriz city. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. In this manner, 34 components of smart city along with 19 variables of infill development were extracted using environmental scanning technique and were analyzed by 30 urban planning experts through Micmac software. The results of the research indicate the instability of the system in the metropolis of Tabriz, according to which, five categories of influential, two-sided, influential, independent and risk factors can be identified. Finally, by studying, reviewing and analyzing the results, 7 key factors influencing smart development include creativity, innovative spirit, sustainable resource management, local access, sustainable and creative transportation. The safety, attractiveness of natural conditions and flexibility and 4 key factors influencing infill development, including affordable housing, land productivity, population density and polluting land uses were determined. Who have played the most important role in recreating the future of dysfunctional tissues of Tabriz metropolis with an emphasis on smart urban development. The innovation of the present study can also be indicated in two areas: subject (due to lack of studies in this subject) and methodology (Micmac method).

The spatial organization of the city is the result of all human, natural and man-made forces, which have both objective and mental manifestations. Therefore, the way each city grows is influenced by many factors such as its natural limitations and facilities, the policies of planners and how land is used, and many other factors. In this regard, nowadays, knowledge of the spatial structure and shape of the city and the factors influencing their changes can be one of the important influencing factors in the success rate of urban planners and practitioners and can greatly help to improve urban environments. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine the pattern and physical-spatial structure of the city and the reasons that have governed its spatial expansion in different periods in order to prevent physical, social, environmental and economic problems and inadequacies in cities and control its expansion. Considering the importance of identifying the factors affecting the physical-spatial changes of cities, the present research was written with the aim of identifying the factors affecting the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis. The metropolis of Tabriz, as the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran, has witnessed extensive changes in its body and population from 1966 to 2016. If the population of the city has increased almost 6 times (from 289,996 people to 1,773,033 people) and the physical development of the city has increased about 16 times (from 1170 hectares to 19000 hectares). Along with this expansion in area and population, the body of the city has also undergone extensive changes, including the formation of various towers and skyscrapers in different areas of the city, as well as the settlement of more than 450 thousand people in informal settings (especially in the northern part of the city). Cited. On the other hand, with the increase in population, various issues such as increased traffic and air pollution have appeared, especially in the central part of the city, and we have witnessed the formation of new functional cores, especially service and economic ones, at different levels of the city. In this regard, it can be said that many functions that were often developed in the central areas of the city at different stages, have expanded to different levels with the prosperity of urban lands and the service sector. Therefore, identifying the influencing factors on the structural-spatial developments of the city can provide the foundations for the sustainable development of the city.

Considering that the present research seeks to identify the influencing factors on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis, therefore, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-developmental in nature. For this purpose, first through documentary studies, indicators related to spatial-physical structure changes were extracted, and then, through questioning of the sample size, the influence of each of the indicators on spatial-physical structure changes of Tabriz metropolis was determined. Also, in order to analyze data and information, structural equation modeling method was used in AMOS software. It should be noted that the statistical population of the research included academic elites and city managers of Tabriz, and due to the unknown size of the statistical population, Cohen's formula was used at the 95% confidence level to determine the sample size.

The findings of the research show that the most important variables affecting the spatial-physical structure of Tabriz metropolis are technical-technological, economic, physical-environmental, managerial, and social-cultural, respectively, and their influence is 0.75, 0.71, 0.66, 0.58 and 0.52 based on the structural model. Also, among the sub-variables, the most influential on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis are related to information and communication technology variables, the difference in the economic value of housing and urban land, the expansion of access (streets and passages), urban services and smart citizens, and the expansion of centers and cores. It has been a new business in the city.

In the metropolis of Tabriz, during different periods, especially after the land reforms, we have witnessed extensive changes in the spatial structure of the city. The expansion of the marginal areas, the formation of the new cities of Sahand and Shahriar, the creation of new commercial centers and residential areas, etc. are some of the developments in recent years. The changes made in some cases are evaluated positively and in some cases negatively. For example, the formation of new commercial and demographic cores (in line with the proper distribution of population and functions) is one of the positive points, and the wear and tear of some structures and infrastructures are considered negative points. It can also be said that in the metropolis of Tabriz, despite the changes in the physical-spatial structure based on influencing factors such as society, economy and the existing political and administrative system, spatial balance has not been formed and spatial inequality and polarization in the spatial structure of the city (new Tabriz in the east and old Tabriz in the center and west). For this purpose, the present research was written with the aim of identifying the influencing factors on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis, so that by identifying these factors, preparations for development and proper planning can be made. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the most important factors affecting the spatial-physical structure of Tabriz metropolis are: technical-technological factors, economic factors, physical-environmental factors, managerial factors and socio-cultural factors. Also, in different dimensions, the impact of information and communication technology and the formation of smart urban services, the formation of commercial cores and their distribution in different levels of the city, increasing the accessibility and suitability of surrounding lands for construction, urban plans and laws, and the increase in population and intra-city relocations can be seen in the developments spatial-physical structure of the city pointed out. Therefore, by identifying the influencing factors on the spatial developments of Tabriz metropolis, plans and planning should be prepared with the approach of spatial justice in order to prevent the growth and expansion of the city and the destruction of all kinds of resources in addition to achieving spatial balance in access to all kinds of resources and facilities.

Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial urban poverty and also to identify the factors affecting the spatial organization of this phenomenon in Tabriz. In this regard, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and the approach is governing spatial analysis. For this purpose, were used to to analyze the research information the nearest neighbor index (NNI) and Hot Spot Analysis in GIS software, as well as the structural equation analysis model in AMOS software. Findings show that the slums of Tabriz have spread in the center, suburbs and west of the city and the distribution of these zones based on the Z index has been clustered. On the other hand, can be seen the spatial duality of poverty between the east and west of the city and the marginal and central areas. Also, factors affecting the expansion and spatial organization of the poor areas of the city can be seen in the macro level to the variables of discriminatory and impoverished mechanisms based on the unfair distribution of power, wealth and income and increasing class distance between different strata and at the micro level to the variables of increasing population. And the inefficiency of the official land and housing markets of Tabriz pointed out that the value of these variables based on the structural model is 0.83, 0.77, 0.69 and 0.63, respectively.

In the present age, the main cause of crises in human societies is rooted in social inequalities and lack of social justice. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the future of social justice research in the spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis. This research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the components under study, the prevailing approach is descriptive-analytical method and in terms of method is a combination of library and survey methods. The scope of research of Tabriz metropolis and the statistical population of 50 experts in the field of urban issues, including experts of Tabriz metropolitan municipality, consulting engineers and some university professors specializing in the field of study. In order to analyze the data, environmental and Delphi scanning techniques were used to extract the primary factors and Micmac software was used to identify the key factors. Based on the findings of the Delphi method and environmental scanning, 30 factors in the economic, physical, social, cultural and political fields were identified as the primary effective factors in achieving spatial justice in the spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis. After analysis by Mick Mac software, finally 11 factors including equal access to sustainable housing, equal access to educational opportunities, equitable distribution and equal access to cultural facilities and services, equal access to positions and economic opportunities Equitable distribution of infrastructure, facilities and equipment, equal access to health and medical facilities, welfare, recreation, equitable distribution of wealth and income, good urban governance, access to equal opportunities in the use of facilities and resources, and fair access to security for all people in the region In contrast, physical, mental and psychological threats were identified as key factors in achieving social justice in the spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis.

Acute liver failure is caused by several factors including drugs. Isoniazid, which is used as an effective drug in treatment of tuberculosis, is considered a strong toxic agent for the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon extract on isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Liver damage and oxidative stress were induced by administration of isoniazid (300 mg/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days. Different doses of cinnamon extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered by gavage. Liver damage caused by isoniazid was evaluated by examining serum biochemical factors, amount of reactive oxygen species, glutathione, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological changes in liver tissue. Data analysis was performed in Prism software applying one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test.

Isoniazid at 200 mg/kg caused liver damage and significantly increased liver damage biomarkers (biochemical biomarkers, oxidative stress indices, and histopathological changes) (P<0.05). On the other hand, different doses of cinnamon extract significantly reduced the biomarkers of liver damage caused by isoniazid (P<0.05) and also improved the histopathological changes of liver tissue.

Cinnamon extract with antioxidant properties protects the liver against oxidative damage caused by isoniazid.

Emphasizing comprehensive and systematic approaches in housing planning and policy-making is an inevitable necessity. Given the importance of housing planning for low-income groups based on comprehensive approaches, the purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of minimal housing programs and policies, with emphasis on territorial spatial arrangement approach in East Azerbaijan province. The research method in the present study is mixed (combination of qualitative-quantitative approaches), applied purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. Also, the statistical population of the study includes managers, officials and experts in the field of housing, which the sample size is estimated using the Delphi method and purposive sampling of 200 people. In order to analyze the research information, the partial least squares method has been used in Smart-pls software. The results show that the land management approach in minimal housing programs and policies in East Azerbaijan province has not been fully and comprehensively implemented. The main reasons for the impracticability of the territorial spatial arrangement approach in minimal housing programs and policies of the province in the province can be the lack of population stabilization and preventing further immigration to the capital of Tabriz, the involvement of brokers (lack of proper government intervention) in land and housing pricing and rents in cities and taxes He also pointed to vacant houses and the lack of accurate and intelligent identification of low-income groups (first to fourth deciles) and the lack of formation of special credit funds to facilitate the receipt and repayment of facilities.

The purpose of urban governance is to strengthen the process of urban development so that city dwellers change from a passive citizen to an active and responsible citizen.Reform and revision of the country's urban management system with structural changes and the content of new perspectives in the field of urban management has been seriously emphasized. The purpose of the present study is the structural analysis of the basic challenges of decent urban governance, which is based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of "nature and method" of the "descriptive-analytical" type. The statistical population is the metropolis of Tabriz and the sample size was obtained using the easy sampling method (132 people). The data collection method is a simple random method using a researcher-made questionnaire. To calculate the validity, the content and face validity method and technique were used and to assess the reliability of the research questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha (optimal reliability = 0.86) was used. Structural equation modeling method using partial least squares method has been used to analyze the data. The quantitative results of the research show the good fit of the structural equation model and its generalizability, and the qualitative results show the multiplicity of management and decision-making, and consequently the transparency and rule of law in the overt and covert decisions of city managers and the existence of stakeholders and stakeholders. Urban is an important challenge of urban governance in the case area, which requires attention to innovative activities to improve urban governance.

Interest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, spaces, cycles and governing laws, regardless of their current relationships, as the most attractive tourist places, can provide various manifestations of beauty, services and peace for local residents and visitors.Therefore, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Therefore, one of the most effective processes of sustainable urban development is tourism, which can become the most important economic poles of cities. However, in the last two years, the corona virus epidemic has directly affected cities and its developments. The present study evaluates the tourism potential of Tabriz metropolis for the development of this industry with a branding approach for the post-epidemic period of Covid-19 with a macro and comprehensive management perspective based on spatial information system, reference location factors and spatial analysis.

The research process is based on data, GIS and hybrid modelling approach. First, 18 social, environmental, meteorological and physical factors affecting the potential of urban tourism were selected and the data became a place from a non-spatial dimension. Data localization process was done in ArcGIS 10.5 software and 18 raster factors were produced. After that, Pearson's correlation was used to ensure the absence of a linear relationship between the factors and the independent effect of each of them. Then, based on the impact of each of the factors, their standardization was done using the increasing and decreasing method in a binary way.

In the present study, all linear correlations are less than 0.7 and all factors will have a unique impact on the modelling output. Also, the density factors of single citizens (0.154), population density (0.153), density of married citizens (0.151) and density of employees (0.135) are of the highest importance and are key factors affecting the development of urban tourism, respectively. Although social factors have a higher impact, all factors have weights higher than 0 and a significant impact. The output maps of the two models used in this study indicate the high potential of tourism in areas 2, 3, 6 and 7.

High-risk areas with high impact of the epidemic have a higher potential for tourism. Using the branding approach, an exciting and attractive atmosphere can be created to attract domestic and foreign tourists.