roshanak mokaberinejad

Echium amoenum has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidants properties and is suggested for heart disease in Persian medicine. To evaluate its cardioprotective effects, 50 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control (normal saline), isoproterenol (negative control), and three experimental groups (E. amoenum aqueous extract with daily doses of 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg). All rats, except the control group, were administered isoproterenol (150 mg/kg subcutaneously), for two consecutive days to induce heart failure. From the third day until ninth, treatment groups received the extract by gavage. The animals rested for one week. On the 17th day, they were anesthetized; blood samples were collected after echocardiography to measure CK (creatine kinase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), troponin, MDA (Malondialdehyde), NO (nitrogen oxide), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Pathological specimens were collected from the heart. Administration of 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg E. amoenum extract increased the ejection fraction significantly; fractional shortening increased significantly only at 300 mg/kg. The dose of 450 mg/kg decreased the CK-MB and troponin levels. All doses decreased LDH. Administration of 450 mg/kg extract increase SOD and GPX level compared to the control and isoproterenol group. In addition, 300 and 450 mg/kg extract resulted in a significant decrease in NO and MDA levels compared to the isoproterenol group.  Echium amoenum (300 mg/kg) reduced the percentage of tissue fibrosis. Echium amoenum has a significant effect on the protection of heart failure induced by isoproterenol.

Narcissus tazetta L., commonly known as narcissus, is a member of the Amaryllidaceae family. It has a wide distribution worldwide. Various ancient sources, including traditional Persian medicine, Unani medicine, Ayurveda, and Chinese medicine, have documented diverse and significant uses of this plant. Recent studies have also confirmed several pharmacological effects of narcissus. Our aim was to review the references about narcissus in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and compare them with conventional sources. For this purpose, TPM data were extracted from Persian medicine sources; while modern data were obtained from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and SID. TPM sources attribute various effects to narcissus, including treatment of swellings and masses, alleviating pain, and healing of internal and external ulcers. These properties align with the antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-aging effects reported in recent studies. The integration of ancient knowledge and modern scientific research holds promise in identifying new pharmaceutical and therapeutic approaches. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to comprehend the precise mechanisms of these effects and potential side effects.

The treatment of male sexual disorders, considering the side effects of chemical drugs, it is more desirable to identify appropriate approaches such as herbal medicines with fewer side effects. The aim of this study was to explain the role of onion (Allium cepa) as a complementary treatment in improving male sexual disorders. 

This review identified the existing studies from the beginning to 2023 related to the purpose of the article in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases with keywords “Allium cepa, Onion, Male sexual dysfunction, Erectile disorder, Libido, Men's sexual health, and Testosterone”.

Totally, 17 articles related to the research topic were included in the final review. Onion products (including juice, aqueous extract, skin, ethyl acetate fraction, and seed extract) were used, mostly orally consumed over a period of 10-60 days. 

Onion through increasing testosterone (with the mechanisms of increasing LH production, antioxidant properties, improving insulin resistance, increasing nitric oxide production, and changing the activity of AMP 5-activated protein kinase) as well as treating erectile dysfunction and on the other hand improving reproductive status with positive effects on sperm (number, survival and motility) and its effects against infectious agents may have positive effects on male reproductive system. Although, there is a lot of evidence that onions can improve male sexual disorders, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this effect of onion in humans.

Persian Medicine (PM) offers a unique perspective on gynecological disorders, prompting the need for scientific validation of complementary approaches. This paper synthesizes research on the efficacy and safety of PM interventions for oligomenorrhea and abnormal uterine bleeding. This paper reports on a collaborative initiative involving PM experts and gynecology/obstetrics specialists. The program consisted of two expert panels addressing oligomenorrhea and abnormal uterine bleeding, employing the expert panel method. PM experts presented clinical trial papers relevant to each panel, facilitating a comprehensive review and critique of available scientific evidence. This process sparked a scientific discussion and exchange of opinions among the participating experts. Thirteen clinical trial articles had explored PM interventions in abnormal uterine bleeding, covering Persian Golnar, Golnar capsules, plantain, lentils, myrtle, purslane, pomegranate peel, frankincense-ginger, quince, ginger, chamomile, and cupping therapy. Additionally, nine articles on oligomenorrhea encompassed interventions like anise-celery, sesame, black seed oil, Fomentex herbal tea, Aslaq, oregano, fennel, Agnogel, and fennel plus dry cupping. Utilizing PM interventions for gynecologic diseases requires rigorous diagnostic evaluations and therapeutic measures. The necessity for further clinical trials is emphasized to confirm the effectiveness and safety of these interventions. Collaborative efforts between PM specialists and gynecologists are vital for the logical progression of PM within the health system.

One of the common problems of women in reproductive age is abnormal cessation or reduction of menstrual bleeding, which causes many complications and reduces the quality of life. The present study was conducted with aim to provide a treatment protocol of oligoamenorrhea (secondary amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea) within the framework of the basics of evidence-based Persian medicine and conventional medicine.

In this study, information was collected in the form of narrative review by searching the contents related to cessation or reduction of menstrual bleeding from various Persian medical sources and searching in databases of Pubmed, Web of science, Google scholar, Iranmedex, SID, Magiran with related keywords in order to find evidence and documents. In the next stage, 10 sessions of group discussions on the topic of explanation and interpretation of menstrual disorders in Persian medicine and conventional medicine were held with the presence of experts in the field of Persian medicine and obstetrics and gynecology. Finally, consolidated treatment was presented in the form of a treatment protocol with emphasis on clinical evidences.

The principles of oligoamenorrhea treatment in Persian medicine include lifestyle modification, specially nutrition, physical activity, mental and sleep health, use of herbal medicines, and manual operations (which can be integrated with the treatment steps of some causes of this disorder in conventional medicine.

Considering the existence of some problems in olioamenorrhea treatment in conventional medicine, the use of Persian traditional medicine in the treatment of oligoamenorrhea along with the protocols of conventional medicine can be helpful in the control and management of this disorder.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a major health problem in the society. Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) or Persian Medicine (PM) as a branch of complementary medicine has been practiced in Iran for many centuries. An herbal medication known as squill oxymel has been used by PM physicians for OA. Our aim is to investigate the effect of squill oxymel on OA of the knee joint. Eighty eight patients were assigned to receive a placebo or squill oxymel syrup (10 ml each morning on empty stomach) for 8 consecutive weeks. Acetaminophen tablets were considered as the rescue medicine. Ultimately, 43 patients in the placebo group and 40 patients in the treatment group completed the trial and were included in the statistical analysis. Patients were followed for 4 weeks after cessation of treatment. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were considered as the main outcome measures. Laboratory tests including AST, ALT, BUN, Cr plus inflammatory tests including WBC, ESR, and CRP with specific tests i.e. IL6 and SOD at the beginning and the end of intervention were measured. The results showed the positive effect of treatment on the outcome of knee pain (p=0.04) and daily activity (p=0.01) of KOOS after Cessation of treatment. On the other hand, VAS decreased in both treatment and placebo groups while it showed significance intra-group and showed no significance between the two groups. After 4 weeks of cessation of treatment, the positive effect of the squill oxymel on the treatment group continued in some of the subscales of KOOS, including symptoms, knee pain and daily activities, but stopped in the placebo group. In general, both clinically and statistically significant improvement was observed after cessation of treatment. Squill oxymel syrup showed promising results in management of knee OA but future researches with larger sample size and longer duration are necessary.

According to Persian medicine (PM), the uterus is an important organ in women, responsible for purifying the blood and nourishing the fetus. Each organ has a specific temperament distinct from the whole-body temperament based on PM. Dystemperament occurs when body or organ Mizaj (Persian word for temperament) deviates from what is considered normal, resulting in malfunction. Many gynecological disorders described in PM and conventional medicine, including infertility, recurrent miscarriage, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis, urinary incontinence, and pelvic pain, are considered to be associated with uterine dystemperaments. Hence, proper management of such disorders requires precise diagnosis and treatment of uterine dystemperaments. Accordingly, this review study aimed to collect and categorize these symptoms from PM texts and other relevant articles.

In this study, we reviewed 10 well-known PM references, including Canon in Medicine (Al-Qanun Fi al-Teb), the Great Panacea (Exir-e A’zam), the Treasure of Kharazmshah (Zakhireh Kharazmshahi), the Perfect Book of the Art of Medicine (Kamel alSana’a al-Tebbiya), Akbari’s Medicine (Tebb-E-Akbari), Gharshi’s Commentary on Canon of Medicine (Sharh-e Qarshi bar Qanun), Commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms (Sharh-e Fosul-e Boqraat), Summary of Experiences (Kholasa-tut Tajarob), Description of Signs and Symptoms (Sharh-e Asbab va Alamat), and Aghili’s Treatments (Mo’alejat-e Aghili). Moreover, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, SienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were queried with the keywords ‘mizaj’, ‘temperament’, ‘uterus’, ‘uterine’, ‘cold/hot or warm’, and ‘dry/wet’, while Persian databases of Magiran, Iran Medex, and SID were searched using keywords ‘mizaj’, ‘rahem’, ‘garm’, ‘sard’, ‘tar’, and ‘khoshk’ to extract signs and symptoms associated with uterine temperament and dystemperament.

Five indicators were specified in the articles and PM sources for determining the temperament and dystemperament of the uterus as follows: 1) Menstrual blood characteristics (including amount, temperature, color, odor, flow rate, and consistency); 2) Uterine discharge characteristics (including amount, consistency, color, odor, and accompanied symptoms, especially burning and itching); 3) Fertility and pregnancy status (including infertility, abortion, etc.); 4. Other characteristics of the female reproductive system (including pubic hair, menarche age, sexual desire and quality of intercourse, and vaginal and cervical condition on vaginal examination); and 5) General symptoms (including the ten PM indicators of whole-body Mizaj).

PM sources have described the characteristics of uterine temperament and dystemperament in detail. These indices can be used for more effective diagnosis, treatment, and even prevention of gynecological diseases, as well as designing and validation of standard tools for determining uterine temperament and dystemperament.

Abnormal uterine bleeding occurs as a disturbance in the quantity, duration, regularity and schedule of menstruation, which has been a significant problem. The present study was performed with aim to summarize the recommendations of Persian medicine in the treatment and management of abnormal uterine bleeding.

In this narrative review article, the key words related to abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the sources of Persian medicine, which is called "Efrate tams", were reviewed and the items related to nutritional measures and treatment of this disease were extracted. Keywords "Menorrhagia" or "Menometrorrhagia" or "Abnormal uterine bleeding-AUB" or "Poly-menorrhea" or "Herbal medicine" or "Nutritional treatment" and "Efrate tams" were searched in SID, PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Science direct and Google Scholar databases, and finally the cases which had scientific evidence were presented in the form of nutritional measures and treatment.

A significant part of the recommendations of Persian medicine for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding has practical clinical evidence. These include the use of foods which reduce bleeding and fast digestion, avoiding the consumption of heavy foods, lifestyle modification, the use of herbal medicines, and also the prescription of appropriate medical treatments according to the patients' conditions.

Based on the results of this study, the use of simple solutions of Persian medicine in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding along with common medicine protocols can help in controlling this disease and contribute to the health of women as much as possible.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of oligomenorrhea and anovulation in women referring with infertility. The present study was performed aimed to investigate the effect of combined administration of Onsoli syrup and Samgh capsule on clinical and laboratory symptoms in women with PCOS.

This pilot study is a pre-and post-clinical study without control group which was performed in 2019 on 20 women aged 17-45 years with PCOS complaining of oligomenorrhea in Persian Medicine Clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Samgh capsule and Tonic Onsoli syrup were used for two months. Anthropometric indexes, endometrial thickness, ovarian size, hormonal evaluation, number of menstruation per month, menstrual duration, and volume of menstruation bleeding were evaluated and compared at the beginning and end of the study. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no significant difference in body mass index, body fat mass, waist to hip ratio, endometrial thickness, left ovarian size, FSH, LH before and after treatment (p>0.05). The size of the right ovary and testosterone levels significantly deceased after treatment (p=0.02). The number of menstruation per month significantly increased from 0.35±0.18 to 0.92±18 (p=0.00). Also, the duration of menstruation significantly decreased from 7.53±2.43 days to 4.05±3.17 days (p=0.00). The volume of mensuration bleeding decreased from 33.40±15.28 ml to 31.07±10.05 ml, which was not significant (p=0.368).

Due to the effectiveness of combined administration of Persian medicine products (Onsoli syrup and Samgh capsule), it seems that the use of these products is effective in controlling of the symptoms of PCOS. It is necessary to conduct future studies with a larger sample size and longer evaluation time.

Gastric disorders are one of the most common human ailments, which impose a huge economic burden on countries. In Persian Medicine (PM), it is possible to predict the susceptibility to gastric diseases with diagnosis of gastric Mizajes (temperaments) and dystemperaments. The semiology of gastric dystemperaments has been investigated in PM textbooks, although the value of each sign and symptom is not mentioned. Consequently, this research is designed to determine the major and minor criteria for classifying gastric dystemperaments on the basis of valid manuscripts and with the help of PM specialists in the present era.

This was a consensus-based study consisting of four phases. In the first phase, reference PM textbooks were studied. Symptoms and signs of gastric dystemperaments were collected and listed in four groups. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with a sample of PM experts were carried out. Phase three included a focused group discussion with experts. Eventually, findings were integrated from the three study phases in a two-day meeting in Sari City.

Selected criteria included eight major and eight minor criteria for hot-cold dystemperament, as well as six major and eight minor criteria for wet-dry gastric dystemperament.

Modern lifestyles and the interfering factors are responsible for some changes in diagnostic signs and symptoms according to PM. This was the first step to coordinate PM diagnostic criteria for gastric dystemperaments. Further studies are recommended to reach a unique protocol in the field of PM diagnostics. The next step includes design and validation of national diagnostic tools.

Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps without a pathological cause which is more common in reproductive age. According to Persian medicine, the cause of primary dysmenorrhea can be changes in Mizaj (Temperament). This study was performed aimed to evaluate the general temperament and uterine temperament of patients with primary dysmenorrhea.

This descriptive-analytical case series study was performed on 104 female students with primary dysmenorrhea living in the dormitories of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences of Tehran in 2015-2016. The questionnaire of personal information, general temperament and uterine temperament was completed by the researcher and the frequency of general temperament and uterine temperament was evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 17). Quantitative variables were expressed with mean and standard deviation and frequency of qualitative variables with number and percentage.

The total age range of the samples was 19 to 43 years with a mean of 23.03 ± 3.91 and the mean body mass index of the participants was 22.22 ± 3.06 kg/m2.The results showed that the highest frequency of general temperament in all patients with primary dysmenorrhea was moderate (47.1%) and dry (39.4%). The highest frequency of uterine temperament in all patients with primary dysmenorrhea was cold (91.3%) and wet (73.1%).

According to the results of this study, the highest frequency of general temperament in patients with primary dysmenorrhea was moderate and dry and considering the higher prevalence of cold and wet temperament in the uterus of women with primary dysmenorrhea, it can be said that the presence of this type of distemperament in women can be a predictor of primary dysmenorrhea. Also, by using preventive and therapeutic measures of this distemperament based on traditional medicine texts, it is possible to treat primary dysmenorrhea with a new approach.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the lives of people all over the world. Although researchers are working to manage and minimize the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic, no definitive treatment method has been identified so far. The present clinical trial aimed to evaluate the survival of two groups of patients with COVID-19.

The statistical population of this prospective clinical trial included 70 patients hospitalized in the Mofatteh Hospital in Varamin, Iran, from 13 May to 10 July 2020. The intervention and control groups were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

Patients in the intervention group had a higher survival rate than the control group.

Hordeum vulgare increased the survival of patients.

Depression is a chronic mental disorder that influences people’s lives and functionality.  The available medications do not give full guaranty of effectiveness and are not devoid of unwanted side effects.  Cuscuta chinensis has been recommended for the treatment of depression in traditional medicine. In this study, the antidepressant-like activity of C. chinensis has been evaluated by using forced swimming test (FST) in mice.

Cuscuta chinensis extract was provided by boiling in water. The antidepressant effect was evaluated by forced swimming test (FST) in mice with daily gavage of 270, 360 and 430 mg/kg of the treatments for four weeks. The immobility time and behavioral activity and also the blood levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine were measured.

The FST confirmed antidepressant effect of the extract with decreased time of immobility and increased swimming time alongside increase in serum 5-HT in all groups (p<0.01compared to the control) except for the extract at the dose of 270 mg/kg (MA270).  This effect was not statistically significant with fluoxetine group.

Cuscuta chinensis demonstrated antidepressant effects in mice model which is a confirmation for its traditional use in depression.

 Uterus is an important body organ in women responsible for purifying blood and carrying fetus. In Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), identifying the uterine temperament (mizaj) is necessary for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this organ’s diseases. Many gynecological disorders in TIM including infertility, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis, urinary incontinence and pelvic pain are related to uterine distemperament (Su-e mizaj). Therefore, their appropriate treatment depends on the correct diagnosis and treatment of uterine distemperament. Criteria for uterine distemperament in TIM resources are qualitative with no method for precise measurement of its symptoms. This study aims to develop a standard diagnostic protocol of uterine temperament and distemperament for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

 This is a qualitative study using hybrid concept analysis including three phases: theoretical, fieldwork, and final analytical. In the theoretical phase, TIM resources were reviewed. In the fieldwork phase, experts in TIM and patients were interviewed to extract concepts related to uterine temperaments and distemperaments.

 In the final analytical phase, major and minor criteria for determination of uterine temperament were presented. Then, we had a several meetings with a panel of experts in TIM in order to design the protocol which led to the development of a standard diagnostic protocol of warm and cold uterine temperament/distemperament.

 The proposed protocol is an important step towards harmonizing the methods of diagnosis and treatment in TIM, and can be used for treatment or research purposes.

This review investigates the existing research with regard to a variety of different suggested methods by traditional Persian medicine (TPM) about the baby’s sex selection.

A comprehensive scoping review including five stages was conducted to summarize evidence on preimplantation sex selection in TPM. The research question and relevant studies were identified in stages 1 and 2, respectively. Then, studies were selected and data were charted in stages 3 and 4, and finally, the results were collated, summarized, and reported in stage 5.

Accordingly, 7 general categories were arranged, including the temperament of the sexual organs in a man, the temperament of sexual organs in a woman, the type of male semen, and timing and manner of sexual intercourse for fetus sex induction purposes. Other categories were the effect of environmental factors, the couple’s psychic states during the course of love-making, the couple’s age, and measures for male sex induction.

This review summarizes the existing research regarding different suggested methods by TPM on the baby’s sex selection. These could well be the basis for further prospective scientific research and investigation.

Menstrual bleeding is a reflection of periodic secretion endometrial loss due to decreased estradiol and progesterone production. In traditional medicine, ginger is described as a menstrual blood enhancer. This study was performed with aim to compare the oral and topical effect of ginger on the rate of menstrual bleeding in girls with regular menstruation.

This single-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 70 female students living in the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University in 2016-2017. Subjects were divided into two groups: capsules and ginger oil (n=35 in each group). Both groups consumed the drug for three consecutive menstrual cycles from two days before menstruation until the first three days of menstruation. The Higham chart (PBAC) was used to determine the amount of menstrual bleeding. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 17) using Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The two groups were similar in terms of bleeding volume at the beginning of the study (P=0.38). The mean volume of bleeding in the first cycle in the ginger capsule group was 104.91 ± 64.01, and reached to 102.26 ± 57.2 in the fourth cycle of intervention, which was not significant (p= 0.8). In the ginger oil group, the mean volume of bleeding in the first cycle was 92.8 ± 46.44 and in the fourth cycle 101.88 ± 71.14, which was not significant (p= 0.4).

Ginger oil was not different from ginger capsules in the amount of menstrual bleeding in girls with regular menstruation; ginger oil and ginger capsule alone did not affect menstrual bleeding.

Background and Purpose:

Abdullah Khan Ahmadieh is one of the prominent professors who have been trained in Dar al-Fonun in the field of integrated medicine (modern medicine and traditional medicine). He graduated from the Academy of Arts in 1294 AH. What this eminent contemporary physician has brought to the attention of the schools of traditional medicine today, is his method of history taking and dealing in a step-by-step manner clinically to treat patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how Dr. Ahmadieh reported and treated disease.

This study was conducted using the library method, via examining available notes of Dr. Ahmadieh. Some of these copies and notes have been collected in a computer file by Professor Esfahani, while some have been published in a book, “The Secret to cure”.

Dr. Abdullah Khan Ahmadieh paid close attention to the patient's face, tongue and digestion in routine history taking. What is very noticeable in his notes is the accuracy of patient history, daily communication with the patient, good manners, spending considerable time to examine and consult patients, and integrated prescriptions. As needed, he prescribed both conventional medicines and herbs for a patient. Prominent in his valuable method of treatment was aiming to improve the patients’ digestive function and defecation to accelerate the healing process.

It seems that reviewing Dr. Ahmadieh's prescriptions and treatment methods in the schools of traditional medicine by students and in morning report sessions can be helpful in promoting integrated treatment. His valuable notes are not only a daily diary of the disease process, but also a fundamental thought in the field of integrated therapy, which is an important aspect of the health and treatment system in most developed countries.

In December 2019, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was observed in China, and it it spread rapidly throughout the world. Iranian traditional healers have applied different medicinal plants to prevent and treat COVID-19 based on their ethnopharmacological knowledge. This research aimed to investigate the ethnomedicinal knowledge of Iranian traditional healers to alleviate COVID-19 signs and symptoms.

Due to the limitations caused by COVID-19 pandemic, oral interviews were conducted by 26 traditional healers in Kerman and Zahedan cities in Iran. The names of recommended remedies for COVID-19 were collected, and their scientific names were authenticated. Next, a comprehensive research was carried out in the scientific databases. Finally, the herbs with any related proved properties to the respiratory system were listed; these herbs were probably useful for the COVID-19 prevention or treatment.

Zataria multiflora, Althaea officinalis, Hordeum vulgare, Malva sylvestris, Matricaria chamomilla, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale are considered as the most popular herbs by Iranian traditional healers for prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19. Recent studies have demonstrated that the above-mentioned herbs can be considered as good sources for alleviating the respiratory disorders such as influenza. Moreover, they have antitussive and immune-modulatory properties.

 Since there is no effective treatment for COVID-19, the capacity of different traditional medicine and ethnomedicine knowledge can be used as good sources for new drug discovery after accurate studies.

Burn injuries impose heavy costs on the healthcare systems. Since the available treatments for burn injuries are costly and have several complications, the present study aimed to compare the effects of an Iranian traditional medicine product in the form of a herbal ointment with silver sulfadiazine ointment on second-degree burn wounds.

In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, the patients were divided into two groups of herbal ointment (Rosa damascena, Solanum nigrum, and Malva sylvestris) and SSD ointment (control). They were evaluated in terms of improvement, wound closure, wound appearance, and intervention complications prior to the treatment, on the fourth day, and after 1-4 weeks.

Fifty three participants completed the trial (27 in herbal ointment and 26 in SSD group). The mean burn wound healing time was 11.58±5.36 and 16.80±5.60 days in the herbal and SSD groups, respectively, which showed a significant difference in this regard (p=0.001). Moreover, the wound closure percentage in the first two weeks was significantly higher in the herbal group compared to the SSD group (p <0.05). Also, wound appearance was better in the herbal ointment group in all the assessment times. No significant difference was observed between the herbal and SSD ointment regarding the treatment complications.

The herbal ointment containing Rosa damascena, Malva sylvestris, and Solanum nigrum showed more considerable effects on the second-degree burn wounds compared to the SSD ointment.

Satisfaction from health services is an important criterion for measuring the quality of health care and so far, there has been no study on the satisfaction of patients referring to traditional medicine health centers. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, the quality of services in the traditional medicine health center of Shahid Beheshti University was assessed.

The present study is a cross-sectional study, in order to measure patients satisfaction, out of 150 patients referred to Shahid Beheshti University Traditional Medicine Health Center, it was performed in 2016. Samples were examined through available sampling, after obtaining consent, with the researcher-made satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and descriptive and inferential statistical indices.Ethical Considerations: This research is the result of a research project approved by the Research Vice Chancellor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1395.487and all patient information was kept confidential.

Patients' satisfaction with good general health center performance was reported (Mean 4/54). Mean of satisfaction in different dimensions, including The situation of doctors with patients was 4/73, the situation of patients with patients 4/69, the condition of space and health facilities 4/66, the status of diagnostic services, 4/74, the state of health care 4/40, the manner of staffing and staffing 4/59, satisfaction from the pharmacy 4/62 that this range represents a fairly pleasingly satisfactory range. The average of the highest satisfaction among different specialized departments, in terms of the situation of doctors, with patient’s gastrointestinal tract are 4/82. The highest satisfaction rate was observed in the diagnostic services status in the various specialized departments, which is related to the neurology and psychiatry is significant (P=0/039).

Patients' satisfaction fromthe health services provided by the study center was at a desirable level .In order to provide higher quality services, patients need to be more accurately planned.

Oligo/amenorrhea is one of the most common women's complaints. The most frequent pathologic causes of this condition is polycystic ovaries that leads to unovulatory cycles. Because of insufficiency of treatment in conventional medicine, we studied view point of Persian Medicine. We searched main Persian Medicine references to collect important information about wet-cupping and phlebotomy in treatment of oligo/amenorrhea especially in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.  For gathering evidence that establish this idea, we searched main English and Persian language databases for studies about effectiveness of wet-cupping and phlebotomy on menstruation. Excretion blood from lower extremities especially saphenous vein phlebotomy and calves wet-cupping while massive blood excreting is recommended by Persian physicians in Ehtebas-e-tams (oligo/amenorrhea). From the 106 citations identified from electronic searches, at beginning, 3 ones meet our study objectives. These articles showed that wet-cupping effect on menstruation in women with PCOS and fertilization. Although any study didn't find about effectiveness of phlebotomy on menstruation or fertilization, but majority studies show effect of phlebotomy or blood donation on decrease of insulin resistance. More research about treating this condition are needed to confirm the effectiveness of phlebotomy or wet-cupping in treatment of oligo/amenorrhea.

The temperament is a basic concept of maintaining health in Traditional Persian Medicine. The two main grouping of temperament is hot/cold and wet/dry. Many female disorders include infertilities are diagnosed and treated based on the dystemperament therapies. This report describes design of a questionnaire for uterine temperament detection and its use to evaluate the uterine temperament of a population of infertile women.

The uterine temperament parameters derived from main textbooks were used to design a questionnaire which its validity and reliability was proven by statistical methods. The questionnaire was then used to detect the uterine temperament of 54 infertile females. Also full history and physical exam and vaginal sonography was performed in the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle for all study participants.

The mean age was 30.92 ± 5.53 years old. Mean uterine temperament score was 3.21 ± 0.53 for hotness and 4.28 ± 1 for wetness. Mean general body temperament was 138.88 ± 17.61. The general body temperament hotness/coldness was significantly correlated with the uterus hotness/coldness (r = 0.0842); while the wetness/dryness temperament of the body and uterus were not correlated. Moreover, uterus temperament was not correlated with the size of the uterus and ovaries in sonography, but pelvic width was correlated with hot uterine temperament (r = 0.354, P = 0.0145).

In the present study, the most prevalent achieved temperament was cold and wet in patients with infertility complaint. Moreover, the hot/cold temperament of body and pelvic width were correlated with uterus temperament. This may propose new prevention and also treatment methods in the field of infertility, which needs to be further evaluated.

Thirst (Attash) is a diagnostic sign of diseases from the perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM).The purpose of this study is to provide a functional definition for the concept of thirst and its causes in ITM.

In this study, we used the concept analysis (hybrid model) which has three phases; in the theoretical phase, the content related to the definition of thirst and its causes were searched in ITM books and an efficient definition of thirst was presented. In the fieldwork phase, main themes were obtained after semi-structured interviewing of 16 ITM specialists. In the final (analytical) phase, the results of the two previous phases were compared to each other to present the final definition for thirst.

The thirst  is defined as the need for water and any food that is cold and wet, and the increase and decrease in thirst is a sign of disease. For its examination, it is necessary to pay attention to the change in the degree of thirst and the amount of consumed water or cold/wet foods. It is important to differentiate between drinking water as recommended, drinking water as habit, or drinking water because of dry mouth with thirst. Different characteristics of thirst can be used to diagnose the affected organs.

 In this study, using the concept analysis method, a functional definition of the thirst as a symptom was presented and its causes were investigated. The low number of studies on thirst and lack of access to some ITM specialists were some of the limitations of our study. It is recommended to investigate the prevalence of thirst in patients and its relationship with dystemperament in future studies.

Uterus is one of the most important organs of a woman which purifies the blood and carries a fetus and its function is related to the main organs like the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and stomach. Uterine distemperaments are among the most important diseases of this organ and various symptoms are mentioned for them in Persian medicine (PM). Accordingly, the evaluation of these symptoms will help the diagnosis and treatment of different types of disorders related to the female reproductive system.

This concept analysis qualitative study was conducted to collect and classify the symptoms of uterine distemperaments using a hybrid method and included theoretical, fieldwork, and analysis phases. In the theoretical phase, the resources of PM were reviewed, followed by interviewing the experts of PM and patients with uterine distemperament in the fieldwork phase. Finally, the guidelines were provided for diagnosing uterine warm and cold distemperaments.

The signs and symptoms of uterine distemperaments were classified into 5 general categories including menstrual blood characteristics (i.e., volume, consistency, color, smell, temperature, and outgoing speed), uterine discharges, pubic hair characteristics, other characteristics related to the female reproductive system, and the general symptoms. Eventually, the most important concepts were converted to a guideline of “Major and Minor Diagnostic Criteria for Uterine distemperaments”.

In general, the recognition of the symptoms of uterine distemperaments facilitates the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of different types of gynecologic disorders. The results of the current study can be an appropriate basis for designing and standardizing diagnostic tools for uterine distemperaments and related diseases.

Liver temperament (mizaj) is one of the main concepts that have an essential role in all aspects of prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In the Iranian Traditional medicine (ITM) textbooks, a lot of indices for liver temperament and dystemperament are expressed. The purpose of this study is assessment of the views of written sources of Iranian traditional medicine for the diagnosis of liver temperament.

In this review paper, some important textbooks of ITM were studied. Also, scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Magiran was investigated using the keywords of liver and Mizaj or Temperament.

In ITM, various sign or symptoms are used to determine liver temperament, which are in fact, a part of the general temperament of the body. Among these symptoms, color of the body, phenotype, liver or body palpitation, pulse and the status of the vessel, food or air reaction, gastrointestinal symptoms, such as the quality of stool and urinary excretion, digestion, thirst, appetite, etc., and body hair, especially the hair on the abdomen, are more important.

In the ITM textbooks, diagnostic indices of liver temperament have been completely considered, but there is no mention of the diagnostic importance of each of the indices. According to the findings of this study, more clinical studies are suggested to determine the diagnostic importance of each of the symptoms, as well as the design and validation of the diagnostic tool for liver temperament.