rostam fathi

Olive is one of the water-resistant crops that has been cultivated in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy consumption pattern and analyze the environmental effect of olive production.

The statistical sample of the study included 177 olive growers in Ilam province. To evaluate the energy consumption pattern, the indicators of Energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy Gain were used. Also, in order to study of greenhouse gases emission in olive production systems, carbon dioxide equivalent emission coefficients were used for consumption inputs. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods and all data were recorded, categorized and evaluated in Excel software.

Based on the research results, Energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were calculated to be 1.36, 0.12 kgMJ-1, 8.66 mJ/kg-1 and 9175.04 mJ/ha-1, respectively. Direct and indirect energy consumption was 19969.1 and 5319 MJha-1. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions was estimated to be 1185.74 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare.

The total input and output energy in the olive production process was estimated to be 25288.04 and 34463.08 MJha-1 respectively. Electricity input and nitrogen fertilizer had the highest share of input energies with 16.81% and 73.78%, respectively. It is suggested that by using appropriate methods such as using high-yield cultivars, the energy productivity should be increased.

Innovation is a strategy to achieve economic, social and environmental goals that includes the production, dissemination and translation of knowledge and technology in the use of new resources and processes. The purpose of this study was to review the system of innovation and research and development in agriculture in Argentina. The research method was the use of best evidence, which is an intermediate method between the two methods of writing systematic review articles and narrative review. The results showed that in 2020, Argentina was ranked 80th in the world in the overall innovation index with a score of 28.33. The country ranked 97th in organizing, 120th in market sophistications, 75th in knowledge and technology outputs, 71st in creative outputs, and 61st in business sophistications. Argentina had the best performance in human capital and research and the weakest in market sophistications. 14% of all patents, 21% of scientific journals and 17% of citations belonged to the agricultural sector. Effective international cooperation and powerful private associations were strengths and Axis supply, weak monitoring mechanism and innovation gap in different regions were among the weaknesses of the innovation system in Argentina. Establishing a network of Iranian researchers and scholars abroad in order to make the best use of their capacity, as was the case in Argentine agriculture, can lead to the development of science and technology in the agricultural sector of Iran.

Considering that the agricultural sector has a very important role as a platform for economic activity in the country, so in formulating strategic measures and policies related to this sector, using the experiences of other countries can be useful. The purpose of this study was to review trade policies and programs related to Argentina's agricultural sector focusing on the import substitution strategy for the period 1990-2017. The method used in this study was the review of the best evidence, which is a median method between the two methods of writing systematic review articles and narrative review. This type of article is a combination of systematic quantitative methods, focusing on individual studies and substantive issues, and from a narrative point of view, focusing on the best evidence in the field. The results showed that initially the import substitution strategy contributed to economic growth by dynamiting domestic production and consumption, but failed to promote sustainable growth. The imposition of programs such as heavy taxes on various agricultural chains and export restrictions to manage domestic markets had a significant impact on agricultural producers' incomes and reduced technology acceptance, and in the short run had a cross-cutting effect and in the long run reduced motivation Became producers. Focusing on lowering the prices of agricultural commodities was effective in preventing inflation from rising in the short run, but it did not work in the long run because much of the inflation was rooted in the costs of processing and distributing crops. Since 2015, the Argentine government has prioritized fundamental changes, including the elimination and reduction of export taxes.

Conservation agriculture is a relatively new system aimed at enhancing productivity and achieving sustainable agriculture. It represents the main components of an alternative pattern of farm production that necessitates radical changes in production methods. It is the objective of the present study to explore the status of conservation agriculture on a global scale and to investigate its current status in Argentina as one of its successful examples. The research method employed is ‘best practice research’ that is way between systematic review and narrative review. Results indicate that conservation agriculture is winning public acceptance and gaining ground as an emerging system due to its potentials for enhancing productivity and efficiency, reducing production costs, and increasing profitability as well as its higher flexibility toward environmental stresses, soil erosion and degradation, and increased production of soil organic matter; as such the cultivated area under conservation farming rose from 2.8 million ha in 1973 to more than 180 million ha in 2016 the world over. In Argentina, where private associations have played a key role in its development and promotion, conservation agriculture has come to be recognized as one of the most important developments in agriculture over the last few decades. A final finding of the present study indicates that public acceptance of conservation farming presupposes a change in the behavior of all the stakeholders and that such tools as testing, learning, accepting, and adapting play vital roles in its success.

Due to various limitations in order to provide face-to-face training to farmers, it is more important to use methods that can make access to new sciences possible with minimal time and cost. One of these methods is the use of information and communication technology, which is significantly expanding in the agricultural sector. Therefore, it is necessary to know the factors affecting the use of these technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the use of these technologies among farmers in northern Khuzestan in 1399. A sample of 150 people was selected using cluster sampling method and SPSS software and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the age variable has a significant decreasing effect on the use of training based on information and communication technologies and for each year of decreasing age, these trainings increase by 0/03 units. For one hour of increase in extension training, 0/04 units and for each increase of farmer income, use of training increased by 0/14 units. The effect of land size and membership in cooperatives on the use of ICT-based training was insignificant. The predictive sensitivity of the regression model was 0.75.8 and its detectability was 0.81.8 respectively. In general in 0.79.3 cases, the estimated model correctly predicted the categories. Due to the greater impact of farmer income on the use of ICT-based training, it is suggested that the cost of the Internet for web-based agricultural training platforms be reduced as much as possible.

Efficient use of energy is one of the basic goals of sustainable agriculture. Increasing demand for food has led the Increased consumption of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and other natural resources, that has is the adverse environmental impacts on water, air and land. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to increase the efficiency of the use of energy resources and reduce the environmental impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and economic analysis of watermelon production in Chardavol, Ilam province.

The information required for this research was collected through questionnaires and interviews in year 97. The sampling method was simple random. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions in the watermelon production system was calculated using the CO2 equivalent coefficient for different inputs. Energy indices included energy ratio, energy efficiency, energy intensity, and net energy. The energy ratio represents the ratio between the caloric value of the output products and the total energy consumed in the production factors. This indicator is dimensionless and shows the amount of energy obtained per unit of energy consumed for production. Energy intensity represents the energy consumption to produce one unit of product. This indicator varies depending on the type of crop, location and time, and can be used as an indicator to evaluate energy efficiency in different production systems. Energy efficiency is the inverse of energy intensity and is obtained by dividing the amount of product produced by the energy consumed and, in fact, expressing the amount of product output per unit of energy consumed. In these relationships, unit energy ratios, output energy in (Mj/ha), input energy in terms of (Mj/ha), energy efficiency in terms of (Kg/Mj), energy intensity in terms of (Mj/Kg), total The crop produced in the period was in Kg / ha and net energy added in Mj / ha. Also, the calculation of economic indices was estimated based on gross income indices, gross output value, fixed and variable costs, yield, product price and profit-to-cost ratio. SPSS25 and Exel software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the two inputs of irrigation water and diesel fuel were %36.01 and %25.21, respectively. Total input and output energies in watermelon production were calculated 38584.89 and 781115.93 MJ/ha. The ratio of energy, energy efficiency, energy intensity and net added energy were estimated as 2.02, 1.06, 0.93 and 39531.04 MJ, respectively. Total greenhouse gas emissions were 1151.4 kg CO2/ha, the highest amount of which was related to livestock manure and diesel fuel with 489.6 and 476.7 kg CO2, respectively. The profit-to-cost ratio was 3.85.

According to the study, the highest energy consumption is related to irrigation water and diesel fuel. The highest greenhouse gas emissions were related to the use of animal manure with 489.6 kg followed by diesel fuel with 476.79 kg carbon dioxide equivalent. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct researches on applying conservation and low tillage methods to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse effects of fuel consumption. Also, since the profit-to-cost ratio of 3.85 was calculated, watermelon production is economically justified, but attention to the water issue is essential in locating the crop.

To evaluate the role of different levels of exploitation on economic and energy indices of irrigated wheat production in Dehloran city, Ilam province, Iran, this study was conducted and the farms with areas of 1-5, 5-10 and 10-15 ha were surveyed. The sampling method was simple classification and the energy indices including energy ratio, energy efficiency, energy intensity and net energy as well as the economic indices including production cost, gross production value, net income and profit to cost ratio were evaluated. Data analysis of variance and the economic calculations was performed usin SPSS and Excel softwares, respectively. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments at the 1% probability level in term of energy and economic indices. Evaluating the energy indices indicated that for farms with an area of 1-5, 5-10 and 10-15 ha, the energy ratio index was 4.12, 5.20 and 5.77, respectively, while the energy productivity was determined 0.17, 0.21 and 0.23 kg.MJ-1 and the energy intensity was 5.98, 4.81 and 4.44 MJ.kg-1, respectively. The proportion of renewable energies from the total input energy for the studied areas of 1-5, 5-10 and 10-15 ha was stimated to be 17%, 18% and 19% and the proportion of non-renewable energies was 83%, 82% and 81% , respectively. The profit to cost ratio was also evaluated to be 2.16, 2.60 and 2.95, respectively. The results of this study showed that with increasing cultivation area, energy ratio, energy productivity and profit to cost ratio increased and energy intensity and production cost per ha decreased. The best treatment was also determined 10-15 ha. Therefore, it seems that the development and implementation of necessary programs for land consolidation will improve the energy and economic indices and increase the efficiency and productivity in agriculture.

The use of agricultural machinery, fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides render agriculture dependent on energy and have negative environmental effects on water, air and land. Therefore, it is necessary to study the process of energy consumption for producting the different products and take the necessary measures to increase the efficiency and decrease the environmental effect of these inputs. In this study, we calculate the pattern of energy consumption in dryland rape, using energy ratio, energy efficiency, energy intensity and net energy addition and the environmental effects in three districts of Ilam province using the life cycle evaluation. In order to conduct the study, we obtained  the required data by using the questionnaire method to interview farmers and related departments. The results of this study showed that the average ratio of the energy for the dryland rape production in Chardavol, Darrehshahr , and Abdanan districts was respectivelyt 7.91,7.67, and 6.91. Based on the results of the life cycle assessment, diesel fuel had the maximum effect on reduction of inorganic sources, ozone layer depletion and water contanimation. Direct emissions had the greatest impact on acidification, river pollution, global warming and human poisoning.