rudabeh rufchaie

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different levels of olive leaf polyphenol (POL) on salmon. The rainbow is Oncorhynchus mykiss. Number of 120 pieces of fish with an average weight of 6.5 ± 0.1 grams were randomly divided into four treatments with three replications in 100 liter storage tanks and with four diets containing zero, 0.5, 1 and 2 grams (POL) per kilogram. The food was fed for 8 weeks. At the end of the period, growth factors, non-specific immune indices of mucus and serum and the relative expression of immune genes were investigated. Investigation of serum safety indicators, blood sampling from the caudal stem of the treatments was done completely randomly. To measure mucus safety indicators, sampling and collection of mucus from all treatments was done completely randomly. Relative expression of immune genes was investigated from sampled intestinal tissues. The obtained results showed the improvement of growth indices in fish fed with three different levels (POL). In terms of non-specific immunity, the results showed an increase in total serum and mucus immunoglobulin in the groups fed with a diet containing 1, 2 g/kg (POL) (P<0.05). The amount of lysozyme activity of total serum and mucus was also affected by (POL) and fish fed with 1 and 2 grams of (POL) showed a significant increase (P<0.05). The relative expression of the immune gene was also affected by feeding with the above supplement in the mentioned treatments (P<0.05). The highest relative expression of the interleukin gene was obtained in the treatment of 2 g/kg and tumor necrosis factor in the treatment of 1 g/kg (POL). Consumption of 2 g/kg olive leaf polyphenol supplement can have a favorable effect on the growth and rearing quality of trout fry.

Microalgae are simple photosynthetic unicellular or multicellular microorganisms. Their size is generally smaller than 400 microns and they form the basis of the entire aquatic food chain. These microorganisms due to their high adaptability to different ecological conditions; They have a high variety. In the last few decades, researchers and scientists are focused on investigating microalgae for the possibility of their exploitation as a source of energy production and sustainable control of environmental pollutants. On the other hand, this group of aquatic animals has been considered as a suitable nutrient in aquaculture due to the high concentration of proteins, vitamins and fatty acids, antioxidant molecules and pigments. In order to enter the field of exploitation of these microorganisms in the field of biotechnology and aquaculture, the cultivation of a large amount of these microalgae is required. The production of significant amounts of algal biomass in addition to the culture medium used increases the possibility of contamination. The presence of biological pollutants can often lead to a decrease in biomass and sometimes widespread death of microalgae. In commercial cultivation, fungi are one of the main contamination factors. This review is related to the common cases of contamination of laboratory and open algal culture and especially fungal pollutants.

The high price of fish oil increases the cost of fish feed. So, using vegetable oils can significantly reduce its cost. Therefore, this study was investigated the effects of replacing fish oil with corn oil in the diet on the growth performance and biochemical composition of R. kutum fingerlings. In this study, twelve 100-L fiberglass tanks were used, each containing 20 fingerlings (6.05 ± 0.6 g in average weight and 7 ± 0.3 cm in average total length). The fish fed with four diets with the same protein, fat and energy including: T0 (control treatment), 25, 50 and 75% replacement of corn oil (T1, T2 and T3). The fingerlings were fed three times for 8 weeks and based on 3% of body weight. At the end of the experiment, growth rate, physical and chemical characteristics of water and biochemical composition of the carcass were measured. In this study, no statistically significant differences were observed between the treatments in terms of food conversion coefficient, protein efficiency coefficient, specific growth rate, body weight gain, length increase percentage, average daily growth, condition factor, survival rate, initial length, final length, initial weight and final weight (p>0.05). There was also no significant difference between the treatments in terms of carcass moisture and ash (p>0.05). However, significant differences were found in terms of the fish protein and fat among the treatments (p<0.05). Hence, the replacement of corn vegetable oil up to 75% with fish oil does not exhibit any negative effect on the growth performance of R. kutum.

Feeding Frequency can affect various commercially important features such as increased biomass, growth and decreased ratio of foods, increased body weight, increased relative size, and improved tissue composition. Experiments were carried out in 100-liter fiberglass tanks containing 25 grams of 1.2 gram Rutilus kutum with a density of 0.5 g / L. The fish were divided into four treatments including 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Feeding Frequency. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. According to the Tukey test, there was a significant statistical difference between 2 treatment with 3 and 4 treatments, and also treatment 1 Feeding Frequency (P<0.05), considering food conversion rate (FCR), special growth rate (SGR), and weight gain (WG). The results showed that the maximum and minimum amount of weight gain has occurred in treatment3 (mean= 99.09±10.93) .and 1 (mean= 47.12±10.53), respectively. The minimum of the special growth rate (0.64±0.12) was observed treatment 1 and the maximum of that (1.15±0.09) was measured in treatment3. The minimum average of FCR (2.42±0.23) was referred to as treatment3 and the maximum of that (4.76 ±1.03) was referred to as thetreatment1 Feeding Frequency. Overall results showed that feeding three a day, the most appropriate method for growth Rutilus kutum,Fingerling

Over the past years, the aquaculture has had a high rate of meat  production as human population has increased. However, with the growth of dense and semi-dense breeding systems, the increase in the prevalence of epidemics in aquatic animals, which reduces production, is increasing Oncorhynchus mykiss has been expanding rapidly in recent years. Along with such an expansion that calls for increased fish density per unit area, a variety of infectious diseases are spreading more rapidly in the spawning population, So that each year, it injures more than 10% of its annual output to the industry. Phytobiots, A group of natural stimuli that have been considered in aquaculture in the past two decades. These stimulants have a wide range of bioactive materials and have extensive activity, such as: stimulating intake of food, increasing digestive tract discharging, increasing immunity, anti-coccidiosis activity and anti-motility based on their permeability. Since rain bow trout due to marketable and well-culture in pond , the main fish concern of most farmers.in this review, we have studied phytobiotics and their effects on growth factors, bactericidal activity, immunity, blood indices and resistance to common pathogens of rain bow trout in the world.

The Caspian roach, Rutilus caspicus, is considered a new species for sustainable development and increasing the variety of cultured fish species in Iran. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of different levels of gammridae extracts on feed acceptability, utilization, growth performance and salinity stress resistance of Caspian roach. For this purpose, after evaluation of amino acids and fatty acids profiles, extract of gammaridae of Caspian sea shorelines was mixed with distilled water at two concentrations of (1:25 and 1:50) and sprayed on formulated feed by 2% before each feeding. Each concentration was tested in three replicates with a control. The experiment was carried out in 100-liter tanks which were filled by 80%. Twenty fingerlings of the Caspian roach weighted 4.3±0.5 g were introduced to each tank. Fish were fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 8 weeks. The speed of feed intake and effect of extract on feed acceptability were calculated in the first 15 minutes of feeding. At the end of the trial, growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and feed conversion ratio) and resistance against salinity stress (15 mg/l or ppt) were measured. The results indicated that growth parameters significantly improved in fingerlings fed with diets containing gammaridae extract (P < 0.05), although no significant difference was found between two concentrations of extract (P> 0.05). In addition, the study findings showed that survival of fingerlings to salinity stress significantly increased after 72 hours (P< 0.05). The findings of the present study revealed that gammarus extract can increase feed acceptability and improve the growth in the Caspian roach due to its suitable amino acid and fatty acid profile.

Despite a good phytochemical potential, common water hyacinth (Echhornia crasipes) is considered among the worst weeds in the world due to its high reproductive capacity. Since medicinal use of the weeds is new and innovative approach for researchers, the present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aquatic and hydro-methanolic extracts of common water hyacinth on pathogenic agents. The dried powder of common water hyacinth leaves was extracted with 80% methanol and water using soaking extraction. Antimicrobial activity was investigated on two aquatic and three clinical pathogenic species. The zone of inhibition was evaluated employing the agar diffusion test (well) using 5, 20, 100, and 400 mg/mL of each extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the agar dilution method. The hydro-alcoholic extract had the largest zone of inhibition on the aquatic pathogenic species Streptococcus iniae. The aqueous extract had the highest antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli (P≤0.05).Paired comparison of the independent t-test on the effect of solvent type on the studied bacterial species showed that antimicrobial activity significantly increased against E. coli in hydro-methanolic extract and against S. iniae in the aqueous extract (P>0.05).MIC ​​ and MBC were 64-256 mg/mL and 128-512 mg/mL, respectively. The extract of the weed common water hyacinth has antimicrobial effects due to the presence of the effective secondary metabolites belonging to phenolic, tannin and alkaloid groups of compounds, and the type of solvent used is effective on the degree of antimicrobial activity.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of floating and sinking pellets on growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Triplicate groups of 624 carp (average  initial weight 175 g) were stocked in 6 round concrete pond with a density 1/8 kg/m3 and fed to apparent satiation, 4 times a day with interval of 4 h for 75 days. The growth rate of fish was estimated by feeding the extruded and pellet feeds 122.63 and 77.43g respectively. Fish were fed from two type of feed in this culture system had a high survival rate (97-99.5%). Thus, high survival rate of carp in concrete ponds indicate its easy adaptation to new cultural conditions. The results showed that growth and nutrition parametrs included in:weight gain (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased and food conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly when they were fed on floating pellets compared with the fish fed on sinking pellets (p<0/05). Thus, the results showed that carp, despite the oral form and feeding habits of the bed, can easily feed on the floating pellets and have better growth performance.

Phytobiotics are plant derivatives derived from leaves, roots, tubers or fruit plants, solid, dry or essential oils to improve nutrition for livestock and poultry farming. These plant derivatives are well-practiced in aquaculture, such as: stimulating food intake, increasing growth, increasing digestive tract discharges, increasing immunity, anti-coccidiosis and parasitic activity. Existing materials are from bioactive chemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenes and polysaccharides. Various methods are used to extract these effective ingredients. The choice of these methods in terms of plant species, solvent type, use or non-use of heat requires different techniques. In this paper, while reviewing the use of phytobiotics in aquaculture, the introduction of classical and modern techniques in this regard has been considered. Reports indicate that methods Modern due to the reduction of organic and synthetic chemicals and, saving time, efficiency and better quality of the extractive material are of interest to researchers. And given the need to take advantage of these valuable biomass in aquaculture, familiarity with these techniques in the future will be the key to achieving sustainable aquaculture.

Modulation of intestinal microbiota toward potentially beneficial communities (probiotics) positively affects fish physiology and health status. Different prebiotics showed contradictory effects on intestinal microbiota. The present study investigates the effects of different levels of two prebiotics, galacto- and fructooligosaccharide on intestinal microbiota of Caspian roach fry which is a commercially valuable species of Caspian sea. The study was performed as a randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications in which Caspian roach were fed different levels, 0, 1, and 2% of galacto- and fructooligosaccharide prebiotics for 6 weeks. At the end of the trial culture, analysis of intestinal microbiota include lactic acid bacteria levels, total bacteria as well as proportion of LAB were performed by using MRS agar, Plate count agar media. Administration of different levels of galacto- and fructooligosaccharide had no significant effects on total bacteria of intestinal microbiota (P > 0.05). The lactic acid bacteria levels significantly increased compared to control group following prebiotics administration in diet (P > 0.05). LAB levels in galactooligosaccharide treatment were higher than those of fructooligosaccharide treatment. The highest LAB proportion in intestinal microbiota was observed in roach fed diet which contains 2% galactooligosaccharide (P > 0.05).Discussion and The results of the present study revealed that prebiotics can be used for modulation of Caspian roach intestinal microbiota toward beneficial bacterial communities. Also, the results showed that galactooligosaccharide was more efficient than fructooligosaccharide in case of modulation of intestinal microbiota and elevation of LAB levels.

In this study, the effects of different diets on growth rates of Gammarus Pontogammarous meoticus were determined. A biomass of 1.5 g Gammarus with an average length of 7 ± 0.25 mm was transferred to the glass aquaria with volume 900 cm3 (volume 2.5 l). The Gammarus were fed with diets include baked potato (treatment 1), 30 percent yeast and 70 percent potato, (treatment 2), 50 yeast percent and 50 percent potato (treatment 3), no feeding (treatment 4) at rate of 6 to 7 percent of total biomass for 45 days. Results showed that the total production rate (adult and baby), specific growth rate and population doubling time were significantly high in treatments 2 and 3(P > 0.05). The biomass and daily growth rate were significantly higher than yeast fed Gammarus (P> 0.05). Additionally Gammarus in treatment 3 had the highest food conversion ratio. The results of the present study showed that the administration of yeast in diet can improve Gammarus growth rate under culture conditions.