فهرست مطالب saeed hesaraki

Asthma is one of the main lung diseases that is identified by eosinophilic inflammation, mucus secretion, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airway obstruction. AHR is one of the important action of airways in asthma. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regulatory effect on immune response and may be useful to the treatment of asthma. MSCs have low immunogenicity and may be safe in application. Therefore, study effect of mouse bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) controlling of AHR in asthma model was done.

BM-MSCs were isolated and used as treatment in asthmatic male BALB/c mice. To produce asthma animal model, mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. On days 30 and 40, to measure of AHR, Methacholine (MCh) challenge test was applied to determine the Penh value. Finally, AHR were recorded and analyzed.

Treatment of asthmatic mice with BM-MSCs could control AHR in MCh challenge test and it has significant difference (p<0.05) between days 30 and 40.

BM-MSCs are almost non-immunogenic and can be used to treat asthma and control of AHR. Using of MSCs as anti-asthma treatment presents new and applicable strategy to control of AHR in asthma.

Tendon recovery after a surgical operation or traumatic injury is still one of the challenges of rehabilitation. Many recently formulated treatments have been designed to improve these procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on calcaneus tendon healing and regeneration in rabbit models.

This study subdivided 40 mature male New Zealand white rabbits into four groups (n=10 in each). The defect was made under general conditions, and the wound was closed without treatment. The experimental groups included sham (without treatment), bFGF (operated bFGF in the injured area), CAP (used CAP in the injured area), and bFGF/CAP (used both CAP and bFGF) in the injured area. This study used trichrome and reticulin stains to evaluate collagen production and other tissue factors. Also, hydroxyproline levels were measured for better observation of collagen synthesis. Pathological evaluation of the defective tendon was performed on days 60 and 120 after surgery.

The improvement of new and parallel tendon formation was the best in the bFGF/CAP group at both times, especially 120 days after surgery. An increase in hydroxyproline levels was also seen on the sampling days.

The experiment showed that bFGF/CAP combination significantly improved tendon remodeling in the injured areas.

Asthma is a lung disease characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, mucus secretion, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and airway obstruction. AHR is a crucial factor in asthma. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a regulatory effect on the immune response and may be useful in treating asthma. MSCs have low immunogenicity and are considered safe for application. Additionally, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of MSCs on controlling AHR in an asthma model. MSCs were isolated and used to treat asthmatic male BALB/c mice. To produce an animal model of asthma, the mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. On days 30 and 40, to measure AHR, a Methacholine challenge test was performed to determine the Penh value. AHR was recorded and analyzed. Treatment of asthmatic mice with MSCs resulted in a significant difference (p<0.05) in controlling AHR during the MCh challenge test. MSCs are almost non-immunogenic and can be used to treat asthma and control AHR. The use of MSCs as an anti-asthma treatment presents a new and applicable strategy for controlling AHR in asthma.

Mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) can differentiate into the mesodermal lineage. The use of nanocomposite mesenchymal stem cells in the repair of the bone defect of the rat femur. In this study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups on days 15, 30, and 45. The studied groups include Sham; the defect was left without scaffolding, and the area was closed. HA: The defect was first filled and then closed using hydroxyapatite. Autograft: The defect was filled using pieces of bone from the drilled area and the stem cells (MSCs); that was the same as the control group, but the injection of mesenchymal stem cells was done locally at the time of surgery. In this way, a 5 cm long incision was made in aseptic conditions along the right hind limb on the medial diaphysis of the femur. The periosteum was separated from the diaphysis by a periosteal lifter. A defect with a diameter of 2 mm was created in the femur. Bone samples were fixed, decalcified, and processed for histopathological evaluation on days 30 and 45 to grade lesions and repair rate. The restorative effects of using stem cells were significantly different in all cases compared to other groups. It can be acknowledged that the presence of mesenchymal stem cells positively affects the healing process and shows satisfactory bone strength. Mesenchymal stem cells can be widely used in orthopedic surgery and tissue engineering.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a critical neurological condition that may impair motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Spinal cord injury severely affects the independence and quality of life of the injured person and his family. At the cellular level, inflammation, impaired axonal regeneration, and neuronal death are responsible for complications after SCI. Due to the high mortality rate and complications caused by SCI, there is a need for effective treatment. Despite the advances made in SCI repair, the optimal treatment for complete recovery after SCI has not yet been found. The goal of therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury is to prevent the further expansion of the injury and repair the damaged tissue. At the functional level, existing treatments focus on techniques that aim to restore some degree of walking or motor activity. One of these techniques is learning to walk on a treadmill.

In this study, we have investigated the impact of treadmill training on the restoration of motor ability, as well as the myelination and repair of neurons in rats with a contusion model. The assessment involved two groups: the sham group (experiencing a lesion without movement rehabilitation) and the treatment group (undergoing a lesion followed by movement rehabilitation).

Motor rehabilitation with a treadmill improved the motor performance of animals compared to the sham group. However, it did not affect sensory function. The motor rehabilitation group showed a significant increase in the sucrose test compared to the sham group. The size of the spinal cord lesion cavity and nerve tissue repair showed a significant decrease in the rehabilitation group compared to the sham group.

The results of this study showed that motor neurorehabilitation contributes to the restoration and enhancement of cell function, affecting not only functional and behavioral functions but also the tissue and cellular recovery.

The sustained release potential of bioactive materials and drugs is a major requirement in the development of carriers for cancer treatment. In this study, Carboplatin (Crb) as a standard anticancer drug was loaded to immunoglobulin G nanoparticles (IgGNPs) in the absence (Crb@IgGNPs) and the presence of folic acid (FA), ([email protected]) as a targetable agent. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by various techniques. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique indicated that the average hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential values of Crb@IgGNPs and [email protected] were 831.23±4.95 nm; (PDI: 0.980.31), 397.47±22.96 nm; (PDI: 0.780.08) and -2.97±1.17 mV, -7.06±0.72 mV, respectively. The spherical shapes of the nanocarriers showed more particle size distribution in [email protected] are confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of nanocarriers confirmed Crb loading onto IgGNPs and FA.IgGNPs. Afterwards, In vitro release study of Crb and [email protected] was performed that demonstrated Crb was slowly released from FA.IgGNPs (about 61 h longer than only Crb) and the release mechanism was followed by korsmeyer-peppas model with Fickian diffusion. Overall, it was observed that the novel designed drug carrier improved the drug release with the appropriate properties for clinical approaches.

In this research, we evaluated the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Galega officinalis and Cornus mas on spermatogenesis and oxidative stress associated with diabetes in the testes of adult rats.

In this experimental study, a total of 64 adult male Wistar rats were divided into eight equal groups (n=8 in each) as follows: (1) control group, (2) diabetic control group, (3) diabetic group receiving Galega extract daily at a dose of 50 mg/kg, (4) healthy group receiving Galega extract daily at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 14 days, (5) diabetic group receiving Cornus mas extract daily at a dose of 100 mg/kg, (6) healthy group receiving Cornus mas extract daily, (7) diabetic group receiving Cornus mas and Galega daily, and (8) healthy group receiving Galega and Cornus mas extract daily. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). At the end of treatment period, all animals were anesthetized and blood samples were taken to measure the serum levels of insulin, glucose, and oxidative stress markers. Finally, the testicles and epididymis were removed and sperm parameters were assessed.

Galega and Cornus mas extract significantly reduced the oxidative stress, sperm parameters, glucose, and insulin plasma levels (P=0.001). Furthermore, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased in diabetic rats. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes decreased in testicular tissue (P=0.001). Administering Galega and Cornus mas extract significantly improved these parameters (P<0.05).

Our results confirmed the antioxidant effect of administering Galega extract and Cornus mas extract on improving the sperm parameters and testicular oxidative damage caused by diabetes.

Alpha-tricalcium phosphate can be used as a powder component in the preparation process of calcium phosphate cements in hard tissue applications. In this study, the mentioned powder was synthesized through chemical precipitation method using calcium nitrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate as the raw materials. The resulting powder was heat-treated at 1250 °C and quenched at the ambient temperature. The results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of crystalline Alpha-tricalcium phosphate phase and presence of P-O chemical groups, respectively. The Single-component cement was prepared using Alpha-tricalcium phosphate powder with the liquid phase containing 2.5 % disodium hydrogen phosphate. The resulting cement sample had an initial setting time of 17 1 minute and the compressive strength of 21 2 MPa. The XRD and FTIR experiments revealed the formation of a great amount of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite as the resulting cement product. According to the findings, the cement setting occurred through the hydrolysis of Alpha-tricalcium phosphate powders and the formation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite nanoflakes of approximately 500 nm in length. Finally, the cement acellular bioactivity experiment confirmed that the hydroxyapatite was formed on the outer surface of the cement during 14 days of immersion in the simulated body fluid.

Cadmium is a heavy metal harmful to animals and humans. Exposure to it causes inflammation, apoptosis, or necrosis in numerous tissues, including the adrenal.

The present research investigates the effect of cadmium toxicity on the expression of genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Inflammation increases the rate of parenchymal cell death, and fibrosis will only fill the place of dead cells without being able to perform the function of the primary parenchyma.

In this research, cadmium chloride with a concentration of 20 mg/kg was added to the diet of ten mice in two groups of five. On the 30th day of the study, the adrenal glands were quickly sent to the laboratory. The expression of NF-kB/MAPK, hematoxylin, eosin tissue staining, and immunohistochemistry (CD163) were performed.

The inflammation mentioned in others’ research can also be associated with the activation of the nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB) pathway. NF-κB gene products initiate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 pathways. Previous studies indicate that MAPK induces necrosis or apoptosis in tissues. In histopathology, dense and possibly pyknosis nuclei are more common in the cadmium group. The higher expression of the CD163 molecule in the cadmium group reveals the beginning of the fibrosis process after chronic inflammation.

This report provides more basic data to investigate the mechanism of adrenal damage in cadmium poisoning. Cadmium causes the death of cells by affecting the inflammatory pathways. Additionally, the stimulation of the fibrosis process causes greater irreparable damage to the damaged tissue of the adrenal gland.

 Doxorubicin is preferred to cure many malignancies. Its nephrotoxicity is a dangerous nature that is to operate with a warning. Antioxidants accompanied by anticancer could moderate the various side effects.

 Cichorium intybus (C. intybus) has nephron-protective effects. Melatonin stands as an antioxidant equivalent to others. The repairing effects of C. intybus-melatonin against the toxicity effects of doxorubicin on the kidneys were studied.

 Thirty 20 g to 25 g, balb/c mice were divided into 5 identical groups (n: 6). The research was grouped as control saline; DOX with the injection of doxorubicin; Chicory with the administration of the C. intybus complete extract following DOX; melatonin with the administration of the melatonin following DOX; both: with the administration of the chicory and melatonin following DOX. The histopathological study was set to determine degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis.

 The mean of each histological phenomenon in the control group was significantly lower than in the DOX group. In the histopathology, we saw that all the treating groups, including C. intybus extract-received, melatonin-received, both of them received improved better than the doxorubicin-received group. The best improving mean was seen in the latter group. The DOX-induced nephrotoxicity could be improved by using the C. intybus extract and melatonin synchronously as therapeutic care.

 Synchronous administration of the chicory and melatonin has a healing potency against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Doxorubicin is a favorite drug for feasting many malignancies. All organs' hepatic toxic effects are destructive and lead to use with caution. Then, it is necessary to increase antioxidants accompanied with doxorubicin to reduce its toxicity. Vitamin E is an antioxidant with harmful consequences. Omega-3 is an antioxidant similarly. The healing capacity of Vitamin E- Omega-3 was investigated together against doxorubicin.

Thirty balb/c mice have divided a weight of 25 g into five equal groups of six mice each. The groups were classified as Control: normal saline; DOX: Doxorubicin; Vitamin E: Vitamin E + DOX; Omega-3; Omega-3 + DOX; Both Vitamin E- Omega-3 + DOX. The histopathology was set to describe vacuolar degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to estimate the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), demonstrating the inflammation.

DOX-induced hepatic injury and increased TNF-α expression were seen more than alone when co-administered with vitamin E and omega-3. A significant decrease was shown in the ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels compared to the control. The Glutathione peroxidase and Catalase enzyme activities were higher in the co-administered Vitamin E- Omega-3 group than that received Vit E or Omega-3.

Co-administration of Vitamin E and Omega-3 have a more repair capacity with controlling effects on Doxorubicin-induced liver toxicity.

Scaffolds made of three components containing Gelatin (30.3-64.7 wt. %), Tragacanth (23.5-60.6 wt. %) and nano-Hydroxyapatite (9.09-11.67 wt. %) were fabricated through the freeze drying process. Among the scaffolds with the components in the mentioned range, three scaffolds were selected for comparison based on pre-test steps including washout and soaking in SBF for 28 days to evaluate their consistency. At the end, two scaffolds with the maximum and moderate wt. % of gelatin were selected for further studies. The same pre-tests were done to select one of the cross-linkers namely GPTMS, CaCl2, and Glutaraldehyde. As a result, GPTMS with the total amount of 10 % of the total polymers wt. % was selected as the cross-linker. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated through the compressive test, and the one with higher Gelatin content had the highest Elastic modulus. In addition, the biodegradability of the scaffolds was studied by soaking them in the PBS for 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and measuring the weight loss. Higher contents of Gelatin resulted in less degradation. In this research, the biocompatibility of the samples was surveyed by soaking them in the SBF for 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and the formation of the apatite layer on the scaffold surface was studied using the XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. Of note, the apatite layer can be finely formed on the sample with moderate Gelatin content. Other two scaffolds with the maximum and minimum Gelatin contents were completely deteriorated in the SBF.

Doxorubicin is anticancer that is a choice for the treatment of many malignancies. The nature of its toxic effects on the liver and other organs is the harmful character that leads to use with caution. Then, it is necessary to supplement an antioxidant with doxorubicin to reduce its side effects.

Cichorium intybus (C. intybus) is a plant with hepatoprotective effects. Melatonin is an antioxidant similar to vitamins. We investigated the repairing effects of C. intybus -melatonin together against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Thirty balb/c mice in the weight range of 20 g to 25 g were divided into 5 equal groups of 6 animals each. The groups were as Control: normal saline; DOX: doxorubicin; Chicory: chicory whole plant extract + DOX; Melatonin; melatonin + DOX; Both Chicory-Melatonin + DOX. We assessed histopathology to define necrosis, vacuolar degeneration, and inflammation. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the TNFα proving the rate of inflammation.

The mean sum of histological grading in the control group was 0.00 in contrast to severe damage of the hepatic parenchyma grading 11.34 in sum. The mean sum grade of the other groups including Chicory, Melatonin, and Both ChicoryMelatonin were 8.17, 4.18, and 2.49, respectively. We found that the increased liver damage and TNF-α expression induced by DOX could be improved by applying therapeutic care with the coadministration of the C. intybus extract and Melatonin.

Chicory and Melatonin have a healing ability against doxorubicin-induced hepatic lesions.

The in vitro assessments suggested the essential features for the bio screws applications. The effects of bioactive glass nanoparticles (BG) during in vitro studies of the poly (D/L) lactide (PDLLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/BG nanocomposites (PPB) were assessed. The PDLLA/PCL (PP) blends were chosen as control groups. Apatite formations capabilities, weight and pH variations, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and MTT assay were assigned during different immersion times up to 6 months. The XRD and SEM results revealed the superior apatite formation of PPB in simulated body fluids (SBF) compared to PP. The weight loss and pH variation results illustrated the highest values related to PP. Moreover, the MG-63 cells cultures determined the better cell viability of the PPB compared to the PP blends. Although, there are no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In addition, similar trends are shown for the ALP results where these amounts after 2 and 3 weeks incubation are considerable for PPB in comparison to PP. However, there are also no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Overall, the in vitro bioactivity and biodegradability confirmed that the PPB implants can be promised as a proper candidate for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction screws.

The purpose of this study was to prepare and compare a hydroxyethyl cellulose/hyaluronic acid (HEC/HA)-based scaffold with and without gelatin for the treatment of second-degree partial-thickness burns. The scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying method from the aqueous solutions of the mentioned polymers. Microstructural examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the average pore size of 120 and 98 µm for the gelatin-free and gelatin-containing scaffolds, respectively. According to the dynamic rheology measurements (DMA), all the solutions were flowable in which, the loss modulus was higher than the storage one. Moreover, the solutions revealed shear-thinning behaviour at low frequencies, which changed to shear thickening at frequencies higher than 100 s-1. Both loss and storage modulus increased by adding gelatin to the polymer solutions. The scaffolds water uptake was up to 3,000%. The addition of gelatin to the HA/HEC solution increased the polymer network collapse up to 2 hours and led to reducing the scaffolds degradation rate. Cytotoxicity assay in the presence of the scaffolds showed that more than 80 % of the fibroblast cells were viable (compared to the control group), meanwhile, the presence of  gelatin had a positive effect on the metabolic activity of the cells and increased the rate of cell proliferation.  Scratch test results showed the ability of scaffolds to increase the cell migration rate compared to the control sample. The hydroxyethyl cellulose/hyaluronic acid/gelatin scaffold due to the presence of gelatin and improved the cell migration, which indicating the rapid re-epithelialization, reduced wound contraction to   73 % within 24 hours.

 This practice performed to compare the quality of analgesia, hematological parameters, and prevalence of cardiac dysrhythmias following epidural administration of lidocaine, lidocainemeloxicam, and lidocaineMetamizole sodium in cows.

 Fifteen adult Holstein cows aged between 35 years were assigned into three equal groups.

 Each cow received the lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg), lidocainemeloxicam (0.11 mg/kg – 0.25 mg/kg) or lidocaineMetamizole sodium (0.11 mg/kg 4 mg/kg) randomly via epidural injection into first intercoccygeal space.

 Analgesia onset and duration were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and ruminal motility were also recorded at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, Electrocardiograms at 0, 60 and 120 minutes and blood samples were collected through the caudal vein at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Detection of arrhythmias was done by checking 60 seconds of each electrocardiogram.

 analgesia onset in lidocainemetamizole treatment was significantly longer than that of the other groups (p 0.05). Also, the duration of analgesia was significantly longer in lidocaine treatment compared to other experimental groups (p <0.05). There were no significant differences among heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and ruminal motility between experimental groups (p >0.05). Hematological parameters changes were not significantly different and all of the detected cardiac arrhythmias were physiologic among treatments (p > 0.05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:

 Aforementioned dosages could be used in cows without any clinical, cardiac, and hematological side effects. Lidocaine analgesia was reliable; however, the authors were not sure about adequate analgesia resulted after injection the halfdose of meloxicam and Metamizole in combination with lidocaine therefore, further studies should be done.

To study the creep behavior for a series of biodegradable nanocomposites, which are used as implantable devices in the body such as bioscrews, is a crucial factor. In the current paper, we are investigating these biomaterials -short-time creep and creep recover manners- in several classic models.

The creep and creep recovery behaviors of nanocomposites composed of biodegradable polymer blends, poly (D/L) lactic acid (PDLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) reinforced with three different contents of 1, 3 and 6 percent weight percentage (Full name?)% bioactive glass nanoparticles (m-BGn) were modeled. Several theoretical models including Findley power law, Burgers and Weibull models were used to establish the relations between m-BGn dispersion and final creep and creep-recovery behaviors of nanocomposites.

The Findley power law model confirmed that the lowest ‘A’ and highest ‘n’ parameters ( A is the amplitude of the transient creep strain and n is the time exponent) belong to the sample with the highest young modulus and the nanocomposites compared to PDLLA/PCL  blends have the lower ‘A’ and higher ‘n’ which can be related to retardation effect of m-BGn on creep strains. Besides, the burgers model results illustrated that all viscoelastic and viscoplastic parameters for nanocomposites possess higher values than those of the neat PDLLA/PCL blend. It means that the addition of glass nanoparticles leads to decrease creep strain , increasing the Burgers model prediction values which have inverse trend with . Moreover, the weibull distribution model results acknowledge that the introduction of m-BGn into PDLLA/PCL polymeric blends cause decrease  in the viscoelastic strain recovery values. This is due to hindering effects of m-BGn on creep recovery behavior of nanocomposites.

The results obtained from modeling of creep-recovery manners of PDLLA/PCL blend and its nanocomposites approved that the bioactive glass reinforcement nanoparticles play  impeding role on creep and creep recovery behaviors..Level of evidence: I.

Short-time creep behaviorfor aseries of biodegradable nanocomposites, which areused as implantabledevices inthe body, is a crucial factor.The present study aimed to investigate the effect of bioactive glass nanoparticles(BGn) on creep and creep-recovery behaviors of polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blends at different givenloads and different applied temperatures. A series of biodegradable nanocomposites consisted of PLA/PCL blends (comprising 80 parts PLA and 20parts PCL) with different amounts of modified-BGn (m-BGn) fillers were prepared using the evaporated solvent castingtechnique. Creep and creep-recovery behaviors of all specimens were studied at different valuable stressesof 3 and 6MPa and different given temperatures of 25 and 37°C. In all cases, m-BGn improved the creep resistance of the nanocomposites due to the retardation effectduring the creep behaviors of the nanocomposite systems. The obtained results in terms of creep and creep-recoveryproperties determined that the nanocomposites of PLA/PCL/m-BGn can satisfy the required conditions of an appropriateanterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) screw. The obtained results confirmed that the BGn plays an impeding role in the movement of PLA/PCL chainsleading to in increase the creep resistance. According to the results, it was determined that the nanocomposites of PLA/PCL and m-BGn can satisfy the required circumstances of a proper ACL-R screw.Level of evidence: I

Because of the several differences between avian and mammalian physiology and anatomy, avian anesthesia requires to be more attentive. The aim of this study was to determine a safe injectable anesthetic agent that had more compatibility with the avian features.

Experimental study Animals- Twelve male pigeons Procedure- The pigeons weighing 302±35 g (mean±SD) were divided into two groups (n=6). In group 1, midazolam (6 mg/kg,-IM) and in group 2, metamizole (500 mg/kg,-IM) were administrated as the pre-anesthetic agents and thereafter, propofol (8 mg/kg,-IV) was injected as the main anesthetic drug in both groups. The serum enzymatic changes were analyzed before and 1 hour after the last injection. Histopathological examinations of the liver and kidneys were also evaluated in terms of possible damages to the tissue. Results- The results of blood biochemistry evaluation in group 1 showed significant changes in the levels of AST and LDH before and after the injections (p<0.05). Histopathology results revealed significant changes in liver parameters in both groups. However, these changes were seen more prominent in group 1 (p<0.05). Also, none of the drugs of both groups had a negative impact on the kidney tissue (p>0.05).

  Based on the results, metamizole and propofol combination showed that is safer than midazolam and propofol in terms of blood biochemical and histopathological evaluations and is more compatible with pigeons.

Designing and fabrication of biodegradable and bioactive membranes are the important issues in guided bone regeneration while these membranes should maintain their structural integrity during repair, have the required mechanical, physical and biological properties and selective permeability. One of the approaches to achieve this purpose is the fabrication of composite membranes based on biopolymers.  In this research, the fabrication and characterization of composite membranes composed of chitosan-silk fibrobin and polyvinyl alcohol have been performed.chitosan solution and fibroin- polyvinyl alcohol solution were mixed in different ratio and membranes were fabricated by solvent casting method. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and ultimate strain percentage and physical properties including water absorption and degradation rate of membranes were investigated.  The FTIR spectrum of the extracted fibrobin showed peaks at 1650 cm-1, 1530 cm-1, and 1244 cm -1. The XRD and SEM images showed that the synthesized fibrin has the structure of beta plates. The results of physical and mechanical properties of membranes showed that the presence of fibroin in the composition increases the mechanical strength. Increasing the amount of chitosan in the composition increased the water absorption and degradation rate of membranes.  Fibroin is a suitable polymer for increasing mechanical strength, controlling the degradation rate, improving the water absorption ability and is so biocompatible. Solvent casting method with controlling the viscosity of solution and solvent evaporation rate is appropriate method for fabrication the membranes.

The Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) treatment concept advocates that regeneration of osseous defects is predictably attainable via the application of occlusive membranes, which mechanically exclude non-osteogenic cell populations from the surrounding soft tissues, thereby allowing osteogenic cell populations originating from the parent bone to inhabit the osseous wound. The use of membrane to exclude non-osteogenic cells, is a key principle of guided bone regeneration. A large number of membranes have been evaluated in clinical and experimental studies. The object of this study was to review the literature regarding guided bone regeneration and all types of membranes that were used in this technique. 72 articles between the years 1968 through the 2016 from PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar using the related keywords, were selected. Finally, we concluded that the modification of mechanical and physico-chemical properties of membranes could improve the process of new bone growth. However, determination of the exact role of membrane porosity in this process, still needs to be clarified. Optimization the chemical composition of membrane with the focus and attention to obstructive property and bioactivity, is an important point in this research field. Various factors such as flexibility, mechanical strength and degradation rate determine the type of membrane used for bone tissue regeneration

The injectable composites were formulated from melt-derived 45S5 bioactive glass powder and gum tragacanth. The effect of tragacanth concentration (2 and 4 w/v%) and powder to liquid ratio (P/L= 1.5 to 2.5) on rheological properties, injectability, degradation, swelling, and bioactivity the composites was studied. With the increase of P/L ratio and tragacanth concentration, the force required for injection of the composites increased, however, the formulated composites showed maximum injection force of 15 N, which seems to be proper for surgical purposes. The formulated composites showed positive thixotropic behavior and the composites prepared with 2% tragacanth showed greater thixotropy than ones made of 4% tragacanth. The composites formulated by 2% tragacanth showed much more resistance against degradation and swelling. The bioactivity assay confirmed the formation of flake-like apatite nanostructures on the surface of nanocomposites on initial days of immersion in the SBF.

The aim of this study was to use Japanese quail as an animal model to evaluate the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the ultrastructure and the activity of metallothionein (MT) in the liver and kidneys.
One hundred male Japanese quails were randomly divided into two Cd and control groups in 2015. The first group received 100 ppm Cd for 60 days in their feed. The ultrastructural changes of the liver and kidneys of Japanese quails were examined by the transmission electron microscope and the concentration of MT in these organs was measured.
The ultrastructural alternations of the liver included distension of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), mitochondrial swelling and lack of cristae, nuclear chromatin compression, and margination, the increased fat vacuole and damage to intercellular bindings. The kidneys ultrastructural alterations were mitochondrial swelling and damage to the cristae, the increased number of lysosomes, nuclear chromatin compression and margination, the decreased number of microvilli, and cell death. The concentration of MT and Cd in the liver and kidneys of the Cd group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P The use of oral Cd caused an alternation in the ultrastructure and increased the concentration of Cd and MT in the liver and kidneys of Japanese quail.

Objective- The present study was aimed to evaluate repair of a critical segmental defect of rabbit femur using the rabbit’s femoral defects repaired by Zeolite and Zeolite/Collagen scaffolds
Design- Experimental Study
Animals- Forty-five mature male New Zealand white rabbits
Procedures- The animals were randomly divided into three groups of 15 animals each. In the first group (NC) the defect was made and with no treatment the wound was closed. In the second group (ZNC) the nanocomposite of zeolite was implanted into the defect. In the third group (Z/COL NC) the nanocomposite of zeolite/collagen was implanted into the defect. The periost and subcutaneous tissues were then closed primarily. The specimens were taken on days 15, 30, and 60 postoperatively and assessed histopathologically.
Results- Comparison of average scores of union index among groups showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of union in three groups (p0.05).
Conclusion and clinical relevance- The results of this study showed that zeolite and zeolite/collagen nanocomposite could be taken into consideration for grafting for bone fracture healing. It could be concluded that zeolite and zeolite/collagen nanocomposite bear a crucial capability in the reconstruction of bone defects and could be used as scaffold in bone fractures.

Abstract In this paper, the effect of blending and the addition of small amount of bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGn) on the dynamic mechanical behavior were investigated. While the storage modulus of neat PDLLA was decreased from 1.73 GPa to 0.77 GPa with addition of PCL phases, the storage modulus of PDLLA/PCL blends was increased from 1.062 GPa up to 1.66 Gpa with the addition of BGn from 1 wt% to 6 wt%. The intensities of the glass transition peak for PDLLA in the blends decreased 2.78 to 1.84 with the addition of elastomeric PCL phase up to 30 wt%. This is probably because PCL anyway shows extremely low damping as result of its fairly high chain mobility. The intensities of the glass transition peak for PDLLA/PCL blends increases with addition of BGn as nanofiller which were expected because of changes in the polymer chain mobility. The glass transition obtained from E" and tan ? curves indicated that Tg of the PDLLA with addition of BGn in the nanocomposites as well as addition of PCL in the blends was diminished.