فهرست مطالب saeid ahar

Numerous research have attempted to examine how teachers’ interpersonal behaviors are relevant to variability in students’ emotions, behaviors and cognitions within the Physical education context, that most of them have been based on contemporary motivational theories, including self-determination theory. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Physical educator’s Interpersonal Behavior Scale (IBQ-PE) with high School Students. The method of the current research was descriptive and correlational. For this purpose, 536 first- and second-year high school students with an age range of 13 to 17 years completed a 24-question scale of interpersonal behaviors in physical education. First, the correctness of the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the open translation method, and then confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine the structural validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency. The results showed that the goodness of fit index and comparative fit index are higher than 0.90. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale of physical educator’s interpersonal behaviors and its dimensions was above 0.7 (acceptability index value). Based on the results, the Persian version of the IBQ-PE questionnaire has good and acceptable construct validity and internal reliability, and it can be used as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating physical educator’s interpersonal behaviors with high School Students.

Paying attention to physical activity and regular exercise in the military forces can control physical and mental disorders and thus maintain the health of personnel and increase efficiency. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on self-efficacy and psychological well-being of armed forces personnel suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.

 The research was semi-experimental in a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Based on the objective, 40 armed forces personnel suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder were selected purposefully and available in 2021 and were randomly divided into two groups of Pilates interventions and control (20 people in each group). The experimental group performed Pilates exercises for eight weeks (3 one-hour sessions per week), while the control group received no intervention. Sherer's (1982) standard self-efficacy and Ryff's (1989) psychological well-being questionnaires were used in both pre-and post-tests. The findings were analyzed through dependent and covariance t-tests. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 25 software, and a significance level 0.05 was considered.

In this research, 20 people in the experimental group with an average age of 45.11±5.37 and a history of suffering from 26.0±5.3 disorders, and 20 people in the control group with an average age of 43.32±5.09 and a history of suffering from disorder 23.0±9.2 were participated. The results of the research showed that eight weeks of Pilates exercises significantly improved the scores of both self-efficacy (p=0.02) and psychological well-being (p=0.01) in the experimental group of armed forces personnel suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.

According to the results obtained regarding the effect of Pilates exercises on psychological well-being variables and self-efficacy, these exercises are suggested as a cost-effective, accessible, and practical program to improve the psychological factors of male personnel of the armed forces.

Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of referees' role in holding sports competitions and the impact of referees' decisions on the outcome of the game, little research has been done on various aspects of the referees' profession and occupation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees.

The present research, was a descriptive-correlational study. For this purpose, 228 referees of team and individual sports completed the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees. First, using the open-translation method, the accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed, and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used, and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for the time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with the test-retest method was used.

The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than (0.90). Time reliability (0.76) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for self-efficacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained.

Based on the results, the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees has structural validity and internal and temporal reliability desirable and acceptable for referees of team and individual sports and therefore can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the self-efficacy of Iranian referees.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factor validity and validity of the Persian version of Self-Presentation Motives in Physical Activity Questionnaire (SMPAQ) in athletes with different fields. This scale contains 16 questions and 4 supporting, factor-satisfactory, satisfactory-general, and public support sub-scales. The research population was all athletes in Tehran. 261 questionnaires were completed by athletes aged 13 to 19 (106 boys and 155 girls) who were active in different fields. To assess the validity of the structure of the log, a confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the model of measurement. The reliability of the log was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that the Self-Presentation Motives in Physical Activity Questionnaire (SMPAQ) Can be used to measure various types of self-promotion motives in the field of exercise and physical activity, with the appropriate validity and reliability used by researchers, trainers and sports teachers

Motor Imagery provides a special context for representation of movements. This feature has been investigated in typical developing children in several studies, but there is little information in the field of motor imagery in children with autism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate this component in children with autism spectrum disorder aged 8 to 12 years compared to typical developing peers. 40 ASD children and 40 TD children who were age and IQ matched, purposefully and available selected and participated in the research voluntarily. To investigate motor imagery, the hand rotation paradigm in 3D software was used. The task involves two blocks of 12 hand-pattern which rotates randomly three times at six angles. The reaction time and error numbers were recorded as the performance scores of each subject. In order to analyze the data, two analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate and compare the reaction times and the U-man Whitney test used for the number of errors separately for back and palm view of hand. The findings confirmed that children with autism are able to use this feature same TD, although this operation is less accurate and longer. So that in the reaction time and the number of error variables, the ASD group performed worse than TD peers. Although the disorder may effect on cognitive function underlying motor behaviors in these children, nevertheless the capacity required to learn and develop motor skills in these children is developed, usable, and exploitable.

There are significant interactions between motor and cognitive development through life span. Investigation of cognitive processes and behavioral infrastructure is very valuable, so the present study aimed to determine the developmental changes of motor imagery in typical and high functioning autism spectrum disorder children aged 8 to 12 years.

The present study was a semi- quasi one that done in a cross - sectional design. 40 children aged 8 to 10 and 40 children aged 10 to 12 years (in each age group 20 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 20 typical development (TD)), who matched in terms of age and IQ, were selected purposefully and accessibly selected and participated in the research voluntarily. To investigate the motor imagery, the hand rotation paradigm was used in the form of 3-D software. After calculating the reaction time and the number of errors related to the medial and lateral stimuli, repeated measures ANOVA used to analyze the reaction time data and the Mann Whitney U test used to analyze the error numbers data. All statistical tests were performed using SPSS software version 21.

The findings showed that the typical development (TD) group decreased its reaction time (P=0.001) and number of errors (P=0.001) by age increasing, which was not seen in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) group.

It seems that the cognitive and important processes involved in learning and controlling motor skills will not improve by age and will require specialized interventions and coherent programs for this purpose.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of papers in scientific journals of motor behavior and sport psychology in Iran from 2009 to 2017. The present study was an applied research and content analysis method. In this study, a total of 814 papers have been reviewed in six different journals.For this purpose, content analysis was done quantitatively and in terms of subject matter dispersion. After referring to archived published journals and the entry of some raw data in the coding sheet, descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS software and frequency distribution tables were created. The results showed that the Journal of Motor Behavior with the highest number 28% and the Journal of Sport Management Research and Motor Behavior 5.7% had the lowest number of papers. It was observed Sports Psychology Studies Journal had the shortest review processes3.50±2.227 months). The authors of the papers were mostly men 70.9% in PhD degree 11.8% with assistant professor position 20.5%, and motor behavior field 71.4%. We also found that most of the papers have been published in sport psychology domain and motor learning domain was in the second position. Less attention has been paid in paper publications to the motor and control development domains. Meanwhile, topic of emotion 13.3% was the most respected by researchers to study. In the reviewed papers, most of subjects were non-athlete and in terms of skill level they were beginner and only 7.2% were elite. Most of papers were about "health". The major statistical samples of the papers were human, young and healthy subjects, and only 12.5% of the subjects had disabilities. The results showed that English language references were used more than Persian sources in the papers. The highest self-citations of the journal were in the Journal of Motor Learning and development -Sport (124 self-citations) and the most self-citation of the author was related to the Journal of Motor Behavior (146 self-citations). Most researches were practical and used semi-experimental research method. It was also found that Tehran University (477 cases) has the largest share of papers among participating academic institutions. little attention has been paid to community of the elderly and the disables, as well as the imbalance of studies conducted in various areas of motor behavior, the identification of research priorities based on the need-assessment in various journals and informing researchers can be a step towards the elimination of scientific and research deficiencies. The lack of qualitative research, the lack of interdisciplinary studies, the low share of associate and full professors in paper publication, the low tendency for research work on motor control and development domains and low focus on children and the elderly as a research sample are some important weaknesses and limitations in reviewed papers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction with customer loyalty in Mashhad's billiard clubs. The research was a field and of descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of this study consisted of 2000 people who were customers of billiard clubs in Mashhad and had at least 6 months of membership in the club. Billiard clubs were selected randomly using cluster sampling. The sample size (322 people) was obtained using Morgan’s table. After distributing the questionnaires and sorting the flawed ones out, 273 questionnaires were left. Thus, the statistical analysis was performed on the remaining 273 questionnaires. Chin Liu Questionnaire (2008) was used for data collection. 9 Sport Management professors were then provided with the data to determine its content validity. The instrument reliablity was obtained using Cronbach’s Alpha (α=0.92). Descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous multivariate regression were used to analyze the demographic characteristics. The findings of the study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Among the variables of service quality and customer satisfaction, service quality was the strongest predictor of customer loyalty.

Balancing is recognized as one of the most important challenges in the aging period. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of dual and single task training on the balance traits of male elderly people.

Twenty elderly subjects who were available and qualified were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10, including a walking practice group in dual homework conditions and a single practice group. The dual task team performed a specific cognitive task for each individual while walking, and the other group was practicing routine walking. In the pre-test and post-test phases, the selected kinematic parameters of the selected step were measured using the ZBIS analyzer, which included: step width, step length, dual retention percentage, track, velocity, and velocity changeability. The groups performed exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions each 60 minutes a week.

The results of statistical analysis of repeated measuers ANOVA (2 × 2) with intra-group time (before and after training) and the inter-group type of exercise showed a significant intra-group effect. Also a significant different was found between groups in mentioned parameters More analysis revealed the intra-group effect for dual task group for step length parameters, dual stance time, tracks, speed, and velocity variability (P≤0.05). This effect was not seen on the step width (P> 0.05). Also a significant different was found between groups in mentioned parameters

Walking exercises in dual cognitive situations can improve some of the parameters of the step-up in relation to the balance of male elderly.

The aim of this study was to compare the sexual differences in athletic students’ sporting participation motivation. It was a descriptive - comparative field study. The population of this study was the students who participated in girls and boys’ sports events of high schools of Khorasan Razavi province in 2011. For this purpose, 589 boy and girl students were selected as the sample, using stratified Taxonomy sampling method. To collect the data, Gill et al, s question was used and to analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and Mann-Whitney analyses were conducted. The findings revealed there are significant differences between girls and boys in motivation for sport participation (P≤0.001). Also, the results showed significant differences in motivational factors including success, preparedness, relief of energy, finding friends and fun between the girls and boys(P