sahel hemmati

The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Per-sian version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q), a tool based on a retrospective interview with the child.

To this aim, 251 adolescents from four regions of Tehran megacity completed the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined, along with the face and content valid-ity. In addition, the construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

EFA and CFA supported a 4-factor solu-tion including mother’s role scale items, father’s role scale items, maternal behavior scale items, and paternal behavior scale items. The total variance extracted in EFA ranged from 33.9 to 60.7. The internal consistency for mother’s role, father’s role, maternal behavior, and paternal behavior was 0.61, 0.65, 0.86, and 0.9 respectively. Thus, the questionnaire had a suitable fit, as well as reasonable reliability and validity.

The Persian ver-sion of the CECA.Q had adequate reliability and validity as a self-report measurement for childhood experience of care and abuse.

The non-verbal learning disorder is considered as a specific syndrome in learning, even in reasoning. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of non-verbal learning disorder in primary school male students in Karaj City.

In this descriptive-analytic study, a stratified sampling method was used to select 286 male students who were studying in the 4th, 5th and 6th grades of primary schools in Karaj City. All students were individually assessed by using Children Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities Scale. Then, 8 students who got 30 points and higher in the Scale were diagnosed at-risk to non-verbal learning disorder. They were individually assessed by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd revision). Five male students (including 3 persons in 4th and 2 persons in 6th grade respectively) were diagnosed as having non-verbal learning disorder which their verbal intelligence quotient was differed 10 points and higher from their practical intelligence quotient and got 85 points and higher for the total intelligence quotient. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS (version 22).

The results showed that 1.8% of male students have nonverbal learning disorder. In fact, 2.6% and 2.4% of male students in 4th and 6th grades were diagnosed with nonverbal learning disorder respectively.

Regarding to almost high prevalence of non-verbal learning disorder in students, we can accomplish early training interventions and providing professional services to prevent ongoing behavioral and academic, and probably occupation problems in them.

Inclusive Education is as a promising education for young children with special needs. Studies in this more focused on inclusive school-age and less will be discussed in pre-school ages. Inclusive education of children with special needs in kindergarten has been increased during the past few decades and many children who previously been in separate centers, now they are in inclusive kindergartens. Studies in preschool inclusive settings represent many advantages for children with and without special needs. They more success and progress achieve towards children in kindergarten special. However, the main element of making a successful inclusion is availability prosperous strategy and training teachers. Despite strong support for the inclusion system in the kindergarten, unfortunately studies in this field are poor

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopment syndromes with impairments in social communications and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. Neurofeedback is a new method that may regulate neuro and metabolic function in brain. This study is semi-experimental, with pre and post test.
In 26 children with ASD, 40 sessions of Neurofeedback were done. Brain waves were recorded before and after intervention by EEG/ERP 19 channels.
The average of Theta (low frequency) power decreased, but there was no difference in the Gamma of Gamma waves (High frequency).
Our findings showed that the implementation of Neurofeedback sessions improved Theta, which leads to better social communication.

Parasitic diseases are one of the most common infections among school-aged children that have severe side effects such as anemia, delayed growth, and mental retardation. One of the ways to prevent the disease is personal hygiene, This study aimed to evaluate the fingernails parasitic infection in children before entering school. In this cross-sectional study, 195 children between ages 6-7 years of 4 snsory clinics in the Bandar Abbas city were entered into the survey. Designed checklist was completed by parents. Sampling was carried out as a random model and samples were collected with sterile nail clipper, then, the specimens were kept in Potassium hydroxide 10% for 24 hours and finally centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes drop of the sediment was placed on a clean slide and after adding of some lugol were seen using light microscope with 10x and 40x objective lenses, respectively. Data were analyzed with spss.17 statistical software using Fisher's exact test and P-value of ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Of the 195 studied children, 5 cases of parasite eggs were observed (eggs freguency2.56%). The only parasite eggs found in the nail were Enterobiusvermicularis. Of these five children, four were male, and one was female. The prevalence of intestinal parasites under the nail was low, but according to other studies carried out on stool sample and report of further contamination, there is the possibility that the parasite is transmitted through contaminated food and water, therefore, evaluation of drinking water and food for parasitic infections is necessary.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex disorder with no clarified etiology or biological diagnosis.
Symptoms of schizophrenia including positive, negative and cognitive deficits.The neurodegenrative and neurodevelopmental hypothesis are main views about the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neuregulin 1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. NRG1 gene, locating at 8p21.1-22, is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, which allows it to perform a wide variety of functions. It is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart.At least six major types of neuregulin 1 exist in humans. type I, II and III NRG1 are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, as well as astrocytes , and some types (I and IV) can be regulated by neuronal activity.
We studied expression of types I, II, III of NRG1 gene in 31 SCZ patients and 30 normal subjects using quantitative Real time PCR. Also positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) and brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) obtained from patients.
The findings showed significant (p

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life and related factors in mothers of children with Down syndrome.
The study method was correlation-survey (sectional). Sampling was based on the available population. The research population consisted of all mothers of children with Down syndrome referred to the Down Syndrome Center: out of them 70 mothers of children with Down syndrome were randomly selected for study sample. Research tools were the WHO “quality of life” questionnaire, as well as a demographic and background information questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and ANOVA, multiple regression analysis and t-test.
The results showed a significant association of physical health and environmental health with the housing type (P0.05).
People’s negative attitude toward some disabilities and limitations, society’s little information, inappropriate cultural, social, and economic conditions, and insufficient available resources can be the most important factors affecting the quality of life. It is recommended that the relevant organizations provide services and conditions for mothers of children with Down syndrome in order to improve their quality of life and health.

Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause (22% on average) of learning disability. Individuals with Down syndrome show deficits in working memory which is responsible for the storage of information and plays an important role in learning. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of rehearsal strategy on visual short-term memory of educable children with Down syndrome and of 5 to 8 years of age.
In this quasi-experimental study, after obtaining the consent of their parents, 24 children from the Iranian Down Syndrome Charity Association were chosen through convenience sampling, and then, evaluated using Raven's Progressive Matrices. The children were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participants were taught rehearsal strategy in 8 group sessions. All children were assessed using the visual memory sequence test before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using single-factor ANCOVA.
The results of ANCOVA showed that rehearsal strategy increased digit and word span and improved visual short-term memory (P This study reflects that rehearsal strategy is one of the main methods that can be used to improve the quality of visual short-term memory of children with Down syndrome.

Auditory perception or hearing ability is critical for children in acquisition of language and speech; hence hearing loss has different effects on individuals’ linguistic perception, and also on their functions. It seems that deaf people suffer from language and speech impairments such as in perception of complex linguistic constructions. This research was aimed to study the perception of complex syntactic constructions in children with hearing-impairment. The study design was case-control. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty children with severe to profound hearing impairment, aged 8-12 years and twenty normal-hearing children, aged 6-7 years were selected in a simple random sampling from exceptional schools for deaf people and from normal kindergartens and schools for normal cases. The perception of sentences was tested by using a researcher-made task called sentence-picture matching task. At first the content validity was determined and then the reliability was confirmed with Cronbach Alpha Test. Data were analyzed by statistical tests such as Independent Samples T-Test and Mann-Whitney U Test using SPSS. Perception of the group with hearing-impairment was significantly lower than the normal control group. The hearing-impaired children failed to perceive complex syntactic structures. Linguistic function of the group with hearing-impairment on perception of sentences with simple word order was better than on complex sentences. If rich linguistic inputs are not available for children during the critical period of the first language acquisition, the syntactic skill, especially in complex syntactic constructions, will not normally develop. In order to establish a foundation for a healthy perfect development of syntax, at the early years of life, children should be exposed to a natural language.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of life skills training on quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome. This research was done as a semi-experimental with pre-post test and with control group. Statistical population included all children with down syndrome, age from 2 months to 8 years, and their mothers who referred to Iran''s down syndrome society. Thirty six children were randomly chosen and equally assigned to two groups: experimental and control group. The data were collected by using the demographic questionnaire and the short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life. Experimental group was trained for life skills in 12 sessions, each session 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and multivariate analysis of covariance test. The results indicate that the mean score of quality of life in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group after intervention. According to the results, life skills training increased the quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome. Therefore the life skill training can be applied in mental health services for improving the quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome.

This research is compromised emotional maturity in boys’ adolescents with Down syndrome (12-18) years that study in formal and exceptional schools. At first 15 boy’s students with DS that study in formal school matched with 15 students in Exceptional school (IQ,, age, family education and socioeconomic state were same). Then EMS (Emotional Maturity Scale) was tested by researchers. Adolescents with DS in formal schools are significantly different and have better scale in emotional maturity and their fields. (p<0.001). Emotional maturity in adolescents with DS in formal schools is positive and better than peers in Exceptional classs This result is helpful for improvement integrated education system..

One of the problems of children with Down syndrome is their low performance on retention of information and recall of them from memory. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of rehearsal strategy on auditory short-term memory of educable 5 to 8 years old children with Down syndrome. In this quasi-experimental study, 24 children (14 boys and 10 girls) were selected in convenience from Iranian Down Syndrome Charity Association and evaluated by Raven’s Intelligence Progressive Matrices. Then, children were assigned to experimental and control groups randomly (each group contains 12 individuals). Experimental group participated in 8 group sessions (two sessions per week, each lasting 30 minutes) and trained by rehearsal strategy. All subjects were evaluated by Expressive-Auditory Memory Sequence Test before and after intervention sessions. Data were analyzed by multiple analysis of covariance. The results of analysis of covariance showed that rehearsal strategy have led to increase of digit span, word span and auditory short-term memory (p<0.01) in experimental group compared to control group. It can be concluded that rehearsal strategy training is an effective method on promotion of digit span, word span and auditory short-term memory of children with Down syndrome and implies important consequences for their education.

Tourette syndrome is a disease with vocal and motor tics. This disorder is co-morbid with many psychiatric disorders, among which obsessive-compulsive disorder is the most common. During a one-year period, 30 patients with Tourette disorder were studied at an adolescent psychiatry referral clinic. It was an analytical-descriptive study. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling. The control group was selected from students in Tehran schools similar to the first group in terms of age and gender. K-SADS questionnaire was used to examine the existence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in both groups. The results were analyzed with SPSS software. The apparent co-morbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome was seen in this study, such that 53% of patients affected with it had obsessive-compulsive disorder. Statistics obtained was higher compared to earlier data. Although this co-morbidity was somewhat different in the two genders, it was not considered statistically significant (80% girls and 48% boys). More focus should be laid upon the co-morbidity between Tourette and OCD. It is recommended to study patients with Tourette syndromemore extensively in terms of co-morbidity with other psychiatric disorders, especially the obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Community participation as an effective strategy in health promotion interventions Depends on different factors. Determination and management of these factors could facilitate achievement of community participation in communities. Aim of this study was to determine related factors in community participation for health promotion based on local residents’ points of view، in the second region of Tehran municipal. This study was conducted by descriptive analytic approach. 250 residents of the second municipal of Tehran were participated in the study through multi stage randomized sampling. Inclusion criteria include having 18 years of age and more، regional residency and willingness to participation in the study. Data regarding related factors of community participation in health promotion were gathered by 5 trained interviewers based on researcher constructed questionnaire through 12 days. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire evaluated through pilot study. Data was analyzed by T-test، X2 and ANOVA tests. There was a significant relationship between level of education، free time per day، level of community participation and history of community participation activities and overall appraise on related factors of community participation (P≤0. 03). Almost half of participants of the study (n=105، 42%) participated in community health promotion interventions. There was significant relationship between community participation and level of education، marriage status، level of community participation and history of community participation activities and having free time per day (P≤0. 03). Improvement of public awareness and managing contextual factors of community participation facilitate community participation in health promotion interventions through reduction of governmental centralism and motivating and mobilizing of community members.

Tourette syndrome is a disorder with motor and vocal tics, which has many psychiatric comorbidities. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of co-morbid features of this syndrome. The aim of this research is studying Tourette and co morbidity ADHD in school age children. One of our purposes is to identify the range of ADHD in Iranian Tourette patients. Thirty children with Tourette syndrome attended in an adolescence psychiatry disorders clinic studied during one year using a descriptive, cross sectional method. Control group selected from students of Tehran schools matched to first group in age and sex. K-SADS questionnaire used to investigate the presence of ADHD in both groups. Results analyzed with SPSS. A clear pattern of co-morbidity was demonstrated with ADHD. Seventy percent of Tourette group had ADHD; this co–morbidity in both sexes was different (20% of girls and 80% of boys). Although the frequency of ADHD co-morbidity with Tourette is high, but in our study was higher (50-60% versus 70%). Hence every Tourette patients must be studied for co–morbidity. Regarding to small size of studied people, similar studies must be performed with larger sample size.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder and abnormality of the developing brain; and it remains one of the main and prevalent causes of childhood developmental disorder. This study was carried out in order to recognize the types and associated disorders of children with cerebral palsy. This study was conducted on one to six years old children with cerebral palsy in eastern and northern districts of Tehran and the European classification of cerebral palsy was used for classification. Participants were evaluated by medical and rehabilitation team and associated disorders were classified based on symptoms such as epilepsy, speech and language disorder, visual problems, hearing disorders, and cognitive developmental delay. In this study, 112 children with cerebral palsy participated. The mean age was 33.3 months for boys and 24.8 months for girls. The prevalence of cerebral palsy were 36.6% in children with unilateral - spastic cerebral palsy; 43.7% in bilateral–spastic (diplegia in 31.2%, and quadriplegia in 12.5%), 13.4% in ataxia and 4.5% in dyskinesia. Speech and language disorders were observed in 33%, epilepsy in 30.4%, strabismus in 16.1%, hearing loss in 8%, and mental retardation in 7.1% of participants. In this study, unilateral - spastic cerebral palsy was found as the most common type. Therefore, more evaluation to determine the about etiology of this type of cerebral palsy in our population is necessary.

Objectives: Quality of life for disabled children often has been assessed based on functional status or parental perceptions rather than direct reports from the children. The objective of this study was evaluating the quality of life of mothers with disabled children. Method: There is widespread acceptance of the need for disabled children to be fully integrated into society but there needs to be further attitudinal change. Totally forty mothers with a cerebral palsy child and forty mothers with health problems participated in a study. Health Survey was used to assess a mother’s quality of life Results: The mean scores on Health Survey were significantly lower in mothers of children with disabled child than those of the other group. The quality of life scores also was correlated with the severity of disability. Coping strategies were clear correlates of health related quality of life when socio-demographic, disability related and social support variables were studied. The relationship between coping strategies and quality of life was the more revaluation of life values. Conclusion: The results suggest that greater focus needs to be directed to coping strategies and to ways of facilitating adaptive outcomes in rehabilitation. Different coping strategies and psychosocial programmes must be designed and implemented to decrease the burden of care.

In this research we evaluate an individually family-based Dohsa exercise programme of balance in the aged people and its effect on self confidence for performing common daily tasks with less falling could be influenced by training.
From a residential care center, five aged person were participated in this study. They were trained by Dohsa method for six weeks. Two types of Dohsa-hou were used: Relaxation and Tate-kei. Tate-kei was the task which required them to control their body vertically against gravity.
The Dohsa family based rehabilitation program could improve their balance and increase their activity by not falling down. The family based programme can be a useful program for rehabilitation therapists in their therapy with aged people to improve their life skills and well beings.

Different studies have indicated that the Resperidon alleviates the general signs of schizophrenics more than Haloperidol. Since there have not been such researche in Iranian populations, we to compared the efficacy of Resperidon (Iran made) and Haloperidol in reducing the general signs of schizophrenia. Frothy five schizophrenic patients (based on DSM-IV criteria) who had been admitted in Razi Psychiatric Center were studied in a before – after experimental study. After a 2-week washout period the patients were randomly assigned into Haloperidol (15mg/d) and Resperidon (6mg/d) groups. For each patient the general subscale of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and extra pyramidal complication scales were evaluated and recorded at baseline examination weekly for 8 weeks, after initiation of the therapy. The results were analyzed using t-test for paired samples, independent samples t-test and general linear model (GLM) repeated measured as the main variable, two therapeutic methods between subject factor and timing within subject factor in analysis. No significant differences were observe between the mean score of general signs in baseline until fifth week of treatment course (P>0.05). From the sixth week till the end of the study the mean score of general signs were significantly lower in Resperidon group compared to Haloperidol group (P<0.05). Both drug was resulted in mean general score reduction. The pattern of mean general score reduction had a significant difference between two goups and the intensity of complications were significantly lower in patients receiving Resperidon compared with Haloperidol group (P<0.05). Prescription of both Iran made Resperidon and Haloperidol reduce general signs of Iranian schizophrenic patients and Resperidon had significantly better effects in this Reducation. The side effects of Resperidon were significantly lower than Haloperidol.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), although is one of the useful and effective therapeutic measures in psychiatry, should only be used in situations that previous research and references have proved it effective, because it is invasive with some possible side effects. The aim of this research was to determine the reasons of ECT Prescription in Razi Psychiatry Center. In this descriptive study, all the patients who had been admitted at the Razi Psychiatric therapeutic and teaching hospital from 21/3/2003 to 20/3/2004. Case group were patients who had been treated by ECT, and sampling was done by counting all methods. A questionnaire made by the clinician, which was then completed by the physician who had prescribed ECT, and the indications for using ECT and his/her diagnosis were asked. Age and sex of the patients were also asked in the questionnaire. The results were analyzed by SPSS.II S software. The correlation test and chi – square test were used in appropriate times. The most common diagnosed potients at the Razi Psychiatry Center who ECT was used for, were as follows 1) schizophrenia 2) bipolar disorder, 3) schizoaffective disorder. The common reasons for prescribing ECT at Razi Psychiatric Center were: 1) resistance to treatment 2) signs of acute psychosis 3) presence of catatonic symptoms. It was found that sex & age had no influence on prescribing ECT at Razi Psychiatry Center (P>0.05). In regards to the ECT importance and its effectiveness on one hand, and its adverse side effects in the situations, previous research and references not confirming its use on the other hand, it is necessary to emphasis a continuing education for psychiatrists on ECT and also educating the residents of psychiatry and other related groups for the use of ECT.

Down syndrome (Trisomy of 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality which associated with different somatic, psychotic, familial and social problems. This research was done under supervision of the child developmental disturbances group and with support of deputy of research in the University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences with the goal of surveying problems and familial burden of patient with down syndrome. 61 families of the patients registered by the Iranian Society of Down Syndrome were participated (31 families with boys and 30 families with girls patients, patient with the range age of 3-17 years). Expert panel structured questionnaire in 7 domain (each 3 to 6 question) were used. The dates banked and analysis with student spss-pc. This survey found the most problems in 7 Domains including somatic, psychotic, behavioral, social, learning, supportive and communication problems. Mean priority scores in these domains based on family opinion was near and was 19.72 (SD=2.41). The datas showed most of families need education and knowing about supporting centers. %97 of patients were well accepted by their families, 96% of Families worried about their children after their death. In spite of the disabilities in these patients the families accounted their children as an able person. The patients with Down Syndrome are accepted in their families and also adjusted with other family members, so the families Support them and expend all the expenditures. The families attitude about these patients are good and not shameful of their. Then need of education, information, social planning about their vocation, and future is a necessitate based on families opinion.

Schizophrenia has different clinical manifestations, although, it is one disorder patients divided to two groups type 1 and type 2. type 1 who have positive and type 2 who have negative signs. They have chronic schizophrenia and treated at least with one antipsychotic drug. With checklist the signs were controlled. In these chronic patients, hallucinations (positive sign) are seen with almost all of negative signs. In the other hand, (1) Flat affect (2) A logia & volition (3) Social inattentiveness (4) Inability to feel intimacy are seen more than another signs. For these above patients new antipsychotic must be examined.