sajede kharabati

The risk of deterioration and destruction threatens valuable traditional housing in the historical texture of villages. Identifying the architectural types of historical houses and analyzing their sustainability are necessary to protect traditional architectural values and use them in contemporary housing designs. While there are many studies on the typology of traditional houses and the sustainability of rural housing, the analysis of architectural types of houses has been less considered. Also, the architectural types of the valuable houses in the historical texture of Yase Chai Village have not been still extracted and analyzed. Therefore, the main research questions are, what are the architectural types of historical houses in Yase Chai Village? And what is the priority of the architectural types of historical houses in Yase Chai village regarding sustainability? This study also aims to identify the architectural types of houses in the historical texture of Yase Chai Village, Chaharmahal, and Bakhtiari Province and to prioritize them based on sustainability. The rural housing sustainability indicators were extracted to achieve the purpose of the research, first by reviewing research and using the qualitative content analysis method. Then, the similarities and differences of the houses in terms of macro-, meso-, and micro-scale characteristics were examined and based on them, six types were identified. In the next step, the identified housing types were compared and ranked based on sustainability using the analytical network process (ANP) method. The dominant architectural type of the village’s historical texture with the highest frequency has the third-highest rank for sustainability. According to the results, the greater frequency of a particular architectural type in a historical context does not necessarily indicate a preference for using that type in the construction of contemporary houses. In addition, the form and manner of establishing the living spaces and their porches on the first floor, and the number and length of the yards were the most important architectural features that distinguished the types from each other. To improve the sustainability of types and use them in contemporary housing designs, suggestions have been presented, such as granting financial facilities to create living spaces in historical houses and checking the compatibility of the rules of the village guidance [Hadi] plan with the architectural types of housing.

The concept of sustainability has long characterized the rural architecture of Iran. However, today, social and economic changes have brought about developments in rural architecture, as modern villages have focused less on the concept of sustainability. Old rural architecture has valuable sustainability indicators which can be utilized in new designs. This research investigates the component affecting sustainability creation and its representation in the architecture of Armian village. This research was applied in terms of goal and descriptive-analytical in terms of methods. First, library sources were reviewed to determine the effective components. Then, a theoretical framework was presented after the content analysis, as the village of Armian was examined following field studies and analytical methods. Results indicated that social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions contributed to rural architecture sustainability. As regards the social sustainability dimension, such components as social identity, sense of attachment, social interactions, vitality and social security; as regards cultural sustainability dimension, such components as participation and solidarity, cultural heritage and capital, value and cultural value; as regards economic sustainability dimension, such components as the type of material, effectiveness and avoiding nullity, employment and subsistence; and as regards environmental sustainability dimension, such components as an adaptation with the climatic conditions, dynamism and adaptability, respect and preservation of the environment were effective. These components and indicators have been noted in the Armian village fabric and housing. The Armian village architecture is an example of local, sustainable architecture in conformity with the rural life's identity, climate, culture and lifestyle.

The concept of flexibility has been considered in Iranian rural residences since the past. However, contemporary socio-economic changes in the structural have lead to extensive evolutions within the architectural pattern of rural houses; such that it seems the concept of flexibility attracts less and less attention in the present day. Meanwhile, the old rural residence architecture has a number of valuable characteristics and standards regarding the flexibility. Hence, the present study aims to examine the manifestations of architectural flexibility within rural residences. This is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive analytic study in terms of methodology. The main manifestations of flexibility (diversity, adaptability, changeability) are identified through examination of the library resources regarding architectural flexibility; then those manifestations were analyzed and compared within six characteristics patterns in Tazareh village throughout the field studies. This study suggests that all the residential building patterns are flexible in the Tazareh village and in all the micro-spaces of these patterns, there is a manifestation of flexibility, while a higher level of architectural flexibility exists in the plans with higher numbers of yards, floors, porches and entrances. As our results suggest, planning for the elements such as multiple yards next to the building mass or multiple masses next to the yard, various entrances and floors (two storey houses) that allows for division of the building between more than one households or various applications are amongst the most effective factors of a flexible design in rural residences. Therefore, the factor of “changeability” in flexibility is the main design factor in rural houses.

Rural housing, especially in the past, has been a symbol of identity. It reflects the social, cultural, economic, and climatic structures of this country. However, extensive changes have been created in the architecture of rural housing so that most new rural houses are not adapted to the rural lifestyle and climatic and biological conditions. In this regard, the architecture of the old rural housing has valuable characteristics that can be identified and analyzed, and used in the new housing. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the physical-functional characteristics of rural housing. The present study is applied in terms of aim and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For this purpose, first, after reviewing the library resources in the area of rural housing, the factors affecting the formation of rural housing were identified. Then, by using field studies, Garman village of Shahrood was studied as a research case. Then, five samples of Garman village housing indicators were introduced. Then, the physical-functional characteristics in the micro spaces and architectural components of these samples were analyzed. The research results show that socio-cultural, economic, livelihood, and environmental-climatic factors are influential in the formation of rural housing. In the Garman village, socio-cultural factors were influential in the cultural beliefs of the people and their tendency towards simple living and have caused the general form and view of the houses to be simple. Also, due to the people's belief in privacy, public, semi-public and private hierarchies have been created through the definition of entrance corridors or the separate definition of exterior and interior parts. Economic and livelihood factors are influential in the area and number of micro-spaces of the courtyard and entrance, and in the livelihood area, Ghaf Khane (spinning wheel room) has been one of the special micro-spaces of Garman village housing. Also, environmental-climatic factors have been influential in selecting eco-friendly materials, building orientation, and the level of openings. Finally, by analyzing the samples of the Garman village housing index, the design recommendations were explained in the form of a physical-functional framework that is consistent with the rural climate and the social and economic system of the villagers and can be the basis for contemporary housing design in Garman village. Also, this method of analysis on the physical-spatial characteristics of rural housing can be used in new constructions of other villages by explaining the design recommendations.

Rural architecture of Iran in terms of functional nature and response to human needs, forms a homogeneous complex with a special physical identity whose identity derives from the concept of living and living in the village. With the advent of technology in rural life and changes in social and economic structure, the pattern of rural housing architecture has changed and evolved and today most rural houses are not adapted to the climatic conditions, biological and rural lifestyle. Meanwhile, the indigenous and original rural architecture has sustainable values ​​that can be identified and analyzed, as a suitable model in the design of modern housing in the village. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to achieve a rural housing design model. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For this purpose, after studying the library resources in the field of rural housing, first the effective factors in the formation of rural housing have been identified and then by field studies, in a case study of Tazreh village in Damghan. The results show that in Tazareh village, economic factors and the type of family livelihood are effective in the area and number of micro-spaces of the mass, yard and entrance and the existence of long living space has provided the possibility of flexibility of rural housing over time. Social and cultural factors also affect the form of the facade, the entrance hierarchy, the location of the mass in relation to the yard and the number of households living in a house. Environmental factors governing the village of Tazreh have also been influential in the direction of the mass, the formation of the mass of the mass and the yard, the number and width of openings, the number of floors, the zoning of spaces and the type of materials. In the following, five models of housing index of Tazreh village are introduced and then the physical-functional characteristics in the micro-spaces and architectural components of these models are analyzed. Finally, by analyzing the patterns of the old architectural index of Tazreh village, the model extraction is presented in the form of a physical-functional framework that is due to the climatic environment of the village and the social and economic system of the villagers and can be used to design contemporary housing.

Satisfaction with neighborhood environment in historic quarters is a major indicator of livability and urban quality of life in these quarters, yet little research has been conducted on neighborhood satisfaction in historic contexts of Iranian cities. This descriptiveanalytical study aimed to evaluate the level of the neighborhood (outdoor living spaces) satisfaction and determinants contribute to it in Esfanjan historic neighborhood, Semnan city, Iran.

Determinants of neighborhood satisfaction were collected through a comprehensive literature review, organized in a questionnaire form, and distributed among 215 residents of the neighborhood using the convenience sampling method. The Likert scale was used to express satisfaction levels and the Pearson correlation test in SPSS software was used to measure the level of satisfaction and the relationship between influenced factors and neighborhood satisfaction.

The results show that the level of neighborhood satisfaction in the Esfanjan quarter is low and there is a meaningful relationship between all determinant categories and satisfaction. The most significant relationship is related to physical-spatial, functionalstructural, socio-cultural, and individual-contextual factors respectively. Among functional-structural factors, maintenance; among physical-spatial factors, quality of access routes; among socio-cultural factors, social interaction and participation; and among individualcontextual factors length of habitation have the strongest correlation with neighborhood satisfaction.

This study reveals the importance of good design as the chief factor that influences neighborhood satisfaction in this historic quarter. It also suggests some measures and strategies achieve a more livable urban environment in Esfanjan historic quarter based on neighborhood satisfaction.

The principles of Iranian architecture are derived from the culture of this region. These principles have existed in rural Iran in the past. But today, social and economic developments have made changes in the pattern of rural housing architecture and in today's architecture, less attention has been paid to the principles of Iranian architecture. Meanwhile, the architecture of the old rural housing has valuable criteria and indicators that can be identified and analyzed and used in the design of a new housing model. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the principles of Iranian architecture in rural housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For this purpose, by studying library sources, the principles of Iranian architecture were identified, and then by field study, the manifestation of these principles in four housing index models of Kalamo village in Shahroud was examined. The results show that the housing index models of Kalamo are in accordance with the principles of Iranian architecture and in all models, a manifestation of these principles and its components can be seen. In principle, populism has been considered as a component of avoiding identifying and meeting the needs of residents, and in principle, avoiding the futility of moderation in decorations and moderation in the size of the building, and in principle, introversion, prohibition of aristocracy and creating privacy. The model extraction based on the principles of Iranian architecture and its components for contemporary rural housing is presented

Problem statement:

 Flexibility is one of the significant concepts in traditional Iranian architecture and Its role is highlited especially in educational spaces due to crutial need of people. Today, however, the role of flexibility in new schools has diminished. Meanwhile, the architecture of traditional Iranian schools has valuable indicators in term of flexibility that can be considered in the design of new schools.

The present study aimed to study the flexibility of traditional Iranian schools and to investigate the mode of changes in the flexibility of these schools from the Seljuk to Qajar historical era and also to identify the factors affecting the flexibility of traditional schools to use these factors in designing flexible educational spaces.

This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For this purpose, first, data related to the field of flexibility extracted from library resources. Then, after content analysis, the theoretical framework identified and the manifestation of flexibility in case studies investigated by a field study and deductive reasoning methods.

This study shows that in addition to the fact that traditional schools have been flexible in all of these periods; Their flexibility has also changed along with their physical evolution and the addition of physical elements of the vault and nave. In general, in most of the physical elements of the studied schools, the farther we go from the Seljuk period and get closer to Qajar period, the component of functional diversity decreases the spatial diversity, adaptability and changeability become more prominent. Therefore, the flexibility of schools during this period has been a growing trend.