فهرست مطالب seyed mohammad reza hosseini

In today's era, many development planners and policymakers refer to tourism as the main pillar of economic development and believe that the basic method of tourism development is to achieve sustainable development, and the develop ent of sustainable tourism increases tax revenues, exports and economic growth of countries. The aim of the this research was to present a model of sustainable tourism development with an emphasis on technology commercialization in Iran, which was done in a combined manner and is practical in terms of purpose and based on the descriptive-correlation method. Factors affecting the development of tourism were identified with an emphasis on technology commercialization based on in-depth interviews with 11 academic and organizational experts. The output of this stage was 35 components in the form of 4 dimensions: technology, economic, market awareness, laws and guidelines, That were leveled with interpretive structural modeling method and clustered with Mic Mac analysis, which was analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that the economic dimensions, market knowledge, rules and guidelines are in the first level, and the technological dimension is in the second level. The economic dimension is in the dependent cluster, the dimensions of market knowledge, rules and guidelines are in the linked cluster and the technology dimension is in the independent cluster. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that information and communication technology tools should be seen in all official and unofficial tourism.

In recent years, the development of research and technology has provided us with different approaches which show how cancer works and how is it possible to develop different methods of treatment. Nanotechnology and nano-carriers have shown a promising approach toward the treatment of different types of cancer. Nano-carriers based targeted drug delivery have different forms such as lipid-based, polymeric-based, inorganic-based, and hybrid-based, each of them is unique in structure, size, function and ability to deliver the drugs. Therapeutic substances can be used with the help of the applied modifications to the nano-carriers. These particles have shown significant benefits such as effectiveness, safety, low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and the improved quality of the treatment. The therapeutic properties of the nano-carriers can be regulated. This can help to provide an effective treatment in a patient with a specific diagnosed disease. The treatments can be administered either orally, intravenously or by combined route. The overall results of the use of nano-carriers have certainly created an interesting approach and created an opportunity for new treatments that improve the patient’s profile.

Today, start-up businesses are an inseparable part of the transformation process in global markets. Considering that in our country the acceptance of start-up businesses is increasing, we must look for a solution for the end of these businesses in the current highly competitive market, so the solution to this problem can be found in entrepreneurial exit. The purpose of this research is to design an entrepreneurial exit model with an emphasis on job burnout in start-up agricultural businesses.

The present research is of applied type and based on descriptive-correlation method. The method of collecting factors affecting entrepreneurial exit is identified through interviews with 10 experts, and interpretive structural modeling was used to design the model, and Micmac method with Excel software was used for clustering.

The results showed that the components of constant financial tensions, the occurrence of psychological problems, a decrease in self-confidence and excessive perfectionism at the first level and the lack of resilience spirit at the second level and the components of low quality of work life, lack of enthusiasm for work, intolerance of external problems at the level Third, the components of despair and lack of foresight at the fourth level, weak entrepreneurial personality traits at the fifth level, lack of business economic justification at the sixth level, mental exhaustion at the seventh level, components of not having suitable work experience, lack of attention to people's competence and communication challenges at the eighth level. And the components of inappropriate business environment, lack of sufficient knowledge are at the ninth level, and the components of inappropriate business environment, lack of business economic justification, lack of appropriate work experience, lack of attention to people's competence, communication challenges and lack of sufficient knowledge in the independent cluster, perfectionism components are more than limit, lack of foresight, lack of resilience spirit, occurrence of psychological problems, decrease in self-confidence, lack of enthusiasm for work and disappointment in the dependent cluster and components of low quality of work life, constant financial tensions, mental exhaustion, intolerance of job problems Strength and weakness of entrepreneurial personality traits were placed in the linked cluster.

The basis of the entrepreneurial exit model with an emphasis on job burnout in new agricultural businesses are the components of inappropriate business environment and lack of sufficient knowledge. Finally, it is suggested that training courses be held for the managers of start-up agricultural businesses and by teaching them suitable methods of exit, they will be helped to continue their entrepreneurial life and start-up agricultural businesses have turned into dynamic organizations for the participation of employees with high abilities so that they can adapt to the competitive environment.

In the first centuries of Islam, governments practically played a significant role in religious developments. In the fourth century AH, with the emergence of the Shiite states of Al-Buwayh (d. 322-448 AH) and Al-Hamdan (d. 292-393 AH), a suitable ground was provided for the growth of Imami Shiism; In particular, these governments pursued policies to spread Shiism in the territory under their command. Based on this, the question arises that what similar or different policies did the rulers of these governments adopt to spread the Shiite religion? A descriptive-analytical study of the actions and policies of the two governments of Buwayhi and Al-Hamdan shows that some of their policies such as providing security for Shiites, promoting Shiite rituals, rebuilding the graves of Imams, spreading the culture of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in poetry, supporting Shiite scholars and appointing positions The government was similar to the Shiites. At the same time, due to temporal and spatial requirements and historical circumstances, there have been differences in their policies in this regard; In a situation where the Buyids were trying to celebrate Eid-e-Ghadir, and in spite of keeping the Abbasids in the position of caliphate, they had practically limited their sphere of power and influence in favor of the Shiite current. In addition, the jihad and the defense of Islamic Thaghur by the Hamdanians have been effective in promoting the position of Shiism in Shamat.

Digital and software systems are undoubtedly the vital force governing the information society. As it plays a huge role in the economy and employment of the society in the present era, with the expansion of its application in various aspects of life, the category of defects and disadvantages has also arisen in this field. And the software in Islamic jurisprudence, the subject laws of Iran and Europe" and the result is that: the obligation of safety can be obtained from the works of Islamic jurists, because their emphasis is on production without harm and such discussions can be discovered under jurisprudential rules. The presence of safe goods in the market of any countries is necessary for the health and general well-being of the citizens living in that country, therefore the right to safety and having safe digital and software systems is granted among the human rights and also the basic rights of every consumer. Considering the extreme importance of the right to safety, special attention has been paid to this right in the consumer protection laws of Iran and Europe, and various arrangements have been made to guarantee its observance by suppliers - both manufacturers and distributors. At the international level, especially in the European Union, a lot of effort has been made to realize this purpose. However, the situation in our country is somehow different and the existing regulations are not in any ways adequate to the purpose.

Although opportunity identification is a prerequisite for entrepreneurial development in any field and without it, entrepreneurial activity does not occur, but it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial opportunities in order to make the necessary policy to take advantage of them. Despite its many capabilities, the handicrafts sector has not yet been considered in terms of factors affecting its entrepreneurial opportunities. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to presenting an analytical model of components affecting the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities, which has been done on a case study in the handicrafts sector of Golestan province. The research method in this study is mixed (quantitative and qualitative). First, in the quality section, 5criteria and 22sub-criteria affecting the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities in handicrafts were identified based on the opinion of 20 experts and senior experts in entrepreneurship and handicrafts who were selected by snowball sampling method. Then, in the quantitative section, by sampling 171 handicraft activists in Golestan province, the criteria and sub-criteria identified in the first stage were ranked using ANP. The results showed that the sub-criteria of tax laws and regulations, new methods and approaches of handicraft production and upgrading the culture of handicraft education have the most impact and the sub-criteria of social capital, export and product application have the least impact on creating entrepreneurial opportunities in handicrafts, respectively. Examining the total score indicates that social and cultural criteria are more important than other criteria in creating entrepreneurial opportunities for handicrafts

One of the most important factors affecting the quality of physically disabled people’s life is having suitable jobs. Therefore, this study aimed to provide the entrepreneurial model of physically disabled people with a creativity and self-employment approach. This research is descriptive with a sequential-exploratory mixed approach. Research data were collected using field-documentation method. In qualitative section, to identify the components, interviews were conducted with academic experts and managers of non-governmental departments being selected purposefully. The statistical sample in quantitative part included 306 members covered by the associations of the physically disabled being selected by simple-random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and mean extraction variance were used to measure reliability and validity, which were above 0.852 and 0.54 for all dimensions, respectively. Findings show that causal-conditions (readiness for change, complexity of entrepreneurial processes and environmental requirements of entrepreneurial processes) predict 53.1% of changes in phenomena (behavioral attitudes, attitudes of brokers and structural attitudes). Intervening-conditions (top managers' thinking, knowledge of different tools and managerial stability) and contextual-conditions (public sector thinking paradigm, structural issues and regulations) predict 10.7% and 67.4% of changes in strategies (process changes, valuation and entrepreneurial awareness), respectively. Phenomena predict 77.2% of changes in strategies, and strategies 73.2% of changes of consequences (self-actualization, innovation and creativity and thinking of new managers). Therefore, holding specialized workshops to improve the attitude of the country's top managers in the field of abilities of the disabled people is suggested to support their entrepreneurial actions.

Before the advent of Islam, the Jewish migrated to the Arabian Peninsula due to the reasons such as war, migration, commerce, and belief in the appearance of last Prophet at the end of time. Regarding their experience on farming profession, they monopolized the economy of Medina and its surrounding and due to the migration of Muslims to Medina and their lack of specialized knowledge of cultivation, a ground was provided for the Jewish to exploit the Muslims in different ways. Accordingly, to appreciate the way of their economic interactions in the early years of departure, this question should be answered on the reasons of the Jewish dominating the common professions in Medina and the strategies taken by Prophet Mohammad to get self-sufficiency related to cultivation. The finding of this research, relying on the primary sources and the descriptive- analytical method, elucidates that the Jewish were the possessors of professions due to living in the appropriate setting, possessing the prosperous lands, being professional on the methods of farming and various lifestyles. Prophet Mohammad gradually took an appropriate strategy towards the economic development and self-sufficiency of Muslims and encouraged the planting of palms, supervised on the division of water, managed the restoration of arid lands and finally the economic independence of Muslims was provided.

The present article aims to explain and philosophically criticize the epistemological foundations of Huntingtonchr('39')s theory of the clash of civilizations as an Islamophobic paradigm. Huntington believes that the fault lines between the eight civilizations - Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic, Orthodox, Latin American - will be the source of future world conflicts and, as critical points of crisis, will replace the political and ideological boundaries. For this reason, he considers the borders of Islam as a serious threat to the West as well as peace and security, which indicates the need for carrying out a research. The main question of this study is "what are the cognitive foundations of this theory and its contradictions with the documents of Islamic history?"  Using a descriptive-analytical method, the research findings refer to the four components of democracy, human rights, modernity and peace and security.

Making statues, has a long and dark history. At the time of the Islamic revelations, due to the dominating atmosphere, idols and idolatry were forbidden. However, this sanction changed as Islam became more powerful in the course of time and environment. Therefore, the Shiite and Sunni jurisprudents have different views on this issue. They both consider making statue from a living organism as prohibited. The present study attempts to answer whether the prohibition of making statues belongs to the early jurisprudents. What is the role of time and place according to the jurists? The study wants also to probe whether the present Sunni and Shiite jurists also believe in the prohibition of making statues. The study of the historical development shows that at each stage and time, there have been different views on the prohibition of making statues and the religious scholars have had their views accordingly, and this is still a controversial issue.

The biotechnology revolution and the emergence of new ways to change the genetic material of an organism have led to an increased risk of biological wars. Coping strategies against these threats is very important to improve the health of people. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, this study is aimed to review the scope of using biotechnology and genetic engineering in wars and coping strategies in all over the world. In this review study, database includes of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched. The search was limited to reviewed articles in English published between 1990 and 2020. The primary search results generated 148 relevant references. After eliminating the duplicates and articles which were not related to the review of the abstract, 11 references were identified for inclusion in this review. Based on the results of these studies, the advances in genetic engineering can lead to the development of new weapons for other types of conflict and war scenarios, secret operations, and sabotage activities. Rapid developments in biotechnology and genetics have created environmental, ethical, political, and social challenges for many communities. Increasing awareness and sensitivity, monitoring, and building capacity for effective coping are essential. Biotechnology areas that will probably significantly contribute to countering biological weapons include recognizing the human genome, strengthening the immune system, identifying bacteria and viruses’ genome, equipment for biological identification, new vaccines, new antibiotics, and anti‑viral drugs must be monitored.

The main purpose of this study was to provide a model for creating entrepreneurial opportunities for handicrafts. The research method in this study is mixed. The research variables were identified based on the opinions of 20 entrepreneurship and handicrafts experts who were selected based on the snowball sampling method. For the quantitative part of the research, the structural equation method was used using SMART-PLS software. To perform inferential statistics based on Morgan sampling method, 171 people were selected from 307 handicraft activists who each answered a Likert five-choice questionnaire. The result of inferential statistics showed that the psychological components (experience), creativity, progress in success, awareness and risk-taking), economic (capital, market, factors of production - raw materials - human resources, cooperatives and exports), social - Promoting the culture of handicraft education, social relations, social capital and advertising and information), laws and regulations, tax laws and regulations, customs laws and regulations, payment of government facilities and facilitation of workshop (and technological) permits. Methods and approaches New production of handicrafts, modern tools and equipment, application of the product, upgrading the skill level of producers) are effective in creating entrepreneurial opportunities for handicrafts.

The aim of this study was to compare growth performance, carcass characteristics , and economic profits between Holstein -Belgian Blue cross and pure Holstein calves .

This study was carried out in the Mahdasht Milk and Meat farm , Dasht -e Naz Agriculture Company (Sari - Mazandaran ) , affiliated to Mostazafan Foundation of the Islamic Revolution , Iran . Beef crosses were produced by crossing Holstein (H) cows with Belgian Blue (BB ) bull’s semen . The performance of 25 calves of each breed ( 50 calves in total ) was compared in a fattening period of 7 months . Feed intake was measured daily for each group using a residual feed intake ( RFI ) system. Total Mixed Ration ( TMR ) diet was delivered to the animals at 8 o'clock in the morning and at 4 o'clock in the afternoon . Animals weighted monthly in order to obtain average daily gain. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS programs ( GLM and MIXED procedures ) .

The results indicated that average daily gain was significantly higher in Holstein - Belgian Blue cross calves than in pure Holstein calves (1.43 vs 1.33 kg ) . The pure Holstein calves had significantly lower dry matter intake than Belgian Blue crossbred . However, feed conversion ratio in the BB×H calves was remarkably more favorable than Holstein group (6.74 vs 7.04) . Dressing percentage for BB×H crossbred was higher than for pure Holstein . Effect of genetic groups on fat thickness through the front hindquarter, thickness of the fat covering over the back and thickness of the fat through the front hindquarter was not significant. Hovewer, thickness of the fat covering over the loin was significantly different among genetic groups (p < 0.05) . The comparisons of the least square means across genetic groups showed that smaller internal organs (e.g. liver) in Belgian Blue crossbred and largest in pure Holstein . Also, fat depots weight (subcutaneous and visceral) was significantly highest in pure Holstein and lowest in Belgian Blue crossbred (p < 0.05) .

Economic calculations demonstrated that the respective highest profit for the whole fattening period belonged to crossbred of BB×H (38543843 Rials ) , and pure Holsteins (24826300 Rials ) . Therefore, the hypothesis that the calves from Holstein - beef crosses have higher economic productivity than pure Holstein calves is confirmed .

The enhancement of nurses’ risk perception plays a significant role in their preparedness during disasters and emergencies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of educational workshops on disaster risk perception in nurses

This randomized controlled field trial study included 62 nurses working at Razi Hospital, Birjand, Iran. The participants were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group was then requested to participate in a one-day intensive educational workshop based on the current national standards. The workshop content included a combination of lecturing methods, round-table exercises, and film display. The data were collected using the demographic characteristic form and researcher-made questionnaires measuring the nurses’ risk perception during disasters and emergencies. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using independent t-test, repeated measures analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc tests.

The mean total score of risk perception were significantly higher in the intervention group before, immediately, and two months after the workshop session, compared to those in the control group (P˂0.001).

The implementation of nurses’ national preparation program during disasters and emergencies can result in an increase in the nurses’ risk perception during these events. Therefore, regarding the importance of nurses’ preparedness in confrontation with disasters and emergencies, it seems necessary to integrate the National Preparedness Program into the educational programs immediately after recruitment and in the form of in-service courses.

The existence of an intellectual structure for every field is essential for managers and scholars. Intellectual structures provide a comprehensive map of knowledge that can guide researchers and managers to have a better view of their fields. Besides, with high-speed and massive amounts of data and information generation, reading and surveying of all resources are severely tricky. Intellectual maps solve this problem and make a situation for control and monitoring this voluminous and high-speed generated data. Epidemiology is regarded as one of the exciting fields which many researchers focused on it. A study of the structure and criteria of different epidemiological fields has not been done yet. Indeed, there is no serious effort for knowledge discovery of hidden information on epidemiological texts.

In this paper, in order to survey this field, an intellectual structure is provided using co-word analysis. Utilizing co-word analysis discloses relationships and structure among research subjects and topics in a field.

Finally, four main clusters were determined, namely: genetic (with 30.53% of surveyed papers), illness (29.47%), modeling (23.16%), and prevention (16.84%).

According to epidemiology co-word network, epidemiology area has not been studied from enough different areas, especially from novel technologies

 In recent years, the number of individuals with disabilities has increased. Different causes lead to serious paralysis or disadvantages in individuals. Having job opportunities profoundly affects the life quality of individuals with disabilities. A suitable job is a requirement to bring this group back to society. The first step in this procedure is to determine some entrepreneurial patterns for this population. An entrepreneurial pattern is to discover opportunities and using them in different socioeconomic and cultural areas; it is meant to generate the foundation of sustainable development. Entrepreneurship is considered an essential factor in economic growth. Besides, developing entrepreneurial patterns significantly impacts the economic development of societies. Therefore, the current study aimed to design a suitable pattern for individuals with disabilities by considering entrepreneurship approaches.

 In terms of results, this research was basic, because it used data–based theories to find and present entrepreneurial patterns for individuals with disabilities. Furthermore, this was study exploratory research concerning purpose, and a qualitative study given the used data. The data collection tool was semi–structured interviews. To collect the required data, 28 interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs and managers with disabilities as well as rehabilitation center funders and directors. These interviews were recorded and fully analyzed. Sampling in data–based studies is performed by theoretical sampling method, i.e., used in this study, as well. Data analysis was performed in three phases, as follows: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Accordingly, the qualitative pattern of the study was designed. The data analysis method was according to a data–based approach and performed by coding and categorizing. Initially, interviewing the study subjects led to an understanding of the issue, and observing the directors’ performance brought depth to this understanding. Relying on these data, after extracting categories, the conceptual model of the study was generated. Three steps of open, axial, and selective coding were performed on the data. For this purpose, first, the data were read line by line, and open codes, i.e., the words of the study participants were extracted. Next, common categories along with those considered important categories were identified as the final codes. Axial coding connects categories and subcategories according to their characteristics. To discover how these categories were related to each other, Strauss and Corbin′s analysis tools (1998) were used.

 A total of 28 participants (20 men & 8 women) were enrolled in this study. Their mean±SD age was 46±10.43 years. Eight of the study participants held bachelor’s, 10 master’s, and the other 10 held PhD degrees. The present study findings indicated that the extraction of 370 codes or the initial concepts of the interviews, as well as the enumeration of 16 concepts and 6 basic categories, were classified as paradigmatic methods. Basic categories included behavioral, broker, and structural attitudes. In this research, three concepts, including readiness to change, the complexity of entrepreneurship processes, and entrepreneurship environment requirements were the experimental causes that establish causal conditions for the entrepreneurship of individuals with disabilities. In this study, the intellectual paradigm of entrepreneurship section, the structural procedures of entrepreneurship and rules, as well as the regulations of entrepreneurship are considered as the main fundamental characteristics for the entrepreneurship management of individuals with disabilities. Moreover, the thinking styles of pioneer directors, being informed of different entrepreneurship tools, and the stability of administrators are considered as interfering conditions; process changes, the valuation of entrepreneurship, and informing as also strategies. In the end, the self–actualization consequences, creativity and innovation consequences, and new directors’ mindsets are considered as outcomes.

 Based on the present study findings, a designed paradigm pattern by an entrepreneurship approach for individuals with disabilities, could provide job opportunities and job independence for them.

Today, the entrepreneurial value chain of most countries' approach to achieving sustainable development ideals, through the institutionalization of comprehensive organizational entrepreneurship development programs, will take place in organizations. Accordingly, this study aims to validate the dimensions of organizational entrepreneurship based on the entrepreneurial value chain in the company of rural production cooperatives in Golestan province (case of study: the fleshy poultry farmers’ cooperatives in Golestan province). The research method used, in terms of the amount and degree of control, is field and in terms of information collection is descriptive and in terms of time is a one-time research. The statistical comprehensive includes members of active poultry farmers' cooperatives in Golestan province. Sampling method is classification sampling appropriate to organizational entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurial value chain, which is in terms of frequency (number) of cooperatives in Golestan province. The number of statistical samples was 220. In the organizational entrepreneurship section, the standard questionnaire of Antonik and Hisrich (2001) and Scipers et al. (2008) were used. Content and structural validity methods were used to determine the validity. Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability. The results of validity and also the study of the factor load of items showed that research variables and related items and components have appropriate validity. In addition, the results of reliability indicate the reliability of the questionnaires. Considering the results, it is suggested that cooperatives pave the way for organizational entrepreneurship of the employees to be more productive and stay in the field of competition.

The issue of Efk which means falsehood and accusation has been stated by God in Surah an-Nur. Using comparative and critical analysis of arguments in the triplet theory and considering historical and exegetical resources, this study aims to achieve an accurate theory in this regard. Sunni commentators hold that this verse has been revealed as a tribute to Ayesheh, and a number of Shi’ite commentators have also agreed with them. Some other Shi’ite jurists believe that the verse is revealed as a tribute to Mariah Qebtiah, while some others attribute it to the chaste women. Relying on historical references and arguments, this study shows that the third theory is accepted and the verse has not been revealed for any of the Prophet’s wives. Unfortunately, many interpretations in this regard are under the influence of religious bias and political views so that some have attempted to abuse this verse for the sake of their own political intentions.
Received: 2/5/2018   |   Accepted: 5/9/2018

Today, the role of start-ups in the new approach to the modern economy has received much attention. The purpose of this study was to present a model for identifying entrepreneurial opportunities for technology start-ups in agriculture in Northern Provinces of Iran. The statistical population consisted of 318 founders and executives of tech start-ups. Using stratified random sampling method, 130 samples were selected. The data collection tools in this section included a researcher-made questionnaire containing a set of identified markers for effective factors in identifying opportunities. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts' opinions and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.958). The dominant statistical method was structural equation modeling using partial least squares method implemented with Smart PLS software. The results showed that in the process of opportunity recognition, individual capability and previous knowledge on social network and social network on entrepreneurship ecosystem as well as entrepreneurship ecosystem have positive effect on opportunity recognition performance and on opportunity recognition performance on opportunity development, But the impact of prior knowledge and individual capability on the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the impact of the entrepreneurial ecosystem on opportunity development were not confirmed. According to the results, a model has been presented to identify the entrepreneurial opportunity of tech start-ups in agriculture.

Abstract in the late 20th century, it has been a tremendous change in all spheres of business, such as globalization of enhancing competitiveness of information technology development competition attention to the quality of customer and such as these are the administration in the public sector with these serious challenges one of the most important approaches to address these challenges is to address the entrepreneurial debate in society as well as women play an important role in promoting employement and improving the economic situation of the community and it is an important factor in shaping social affairs. First, the analysis of sustainable rural development and sustainable development of women identified by using alpha cronbachs alpha test and sustainable development of rural sustainable development have been used to prioritize the relationship between women's entrepreneurial development and sustainable development of rural sustainable development. Women's activities led to poverty reduction and sustainable rural development.

Attention to entrepreneurship and its education has been raised in recent years at the level of higher education; And the need for entrepreneurial graduates in order to develop sustainable education programs to promote entrepreneurship in the country has increased. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship with the approach of employment of university graduates (Case study: General Department of Technical and Vocational Training of Golestan Province). The method of the present research is descriptive-survey and applied in terms of purpose.The data collection method is field research and library and the sampling method is simple random sampling. The statistical population of the present study was selected to collect data including expert university professors in the field of entrepreneurship management and expert managers in the field of employment and entrepreneurship of the General Department of Technical and Vocational Training of Golestan Province. This study identifies the integrated entrepreneurial education system, entrepreneurial leadership, entrepreneurial development, university entrepreneurial perspective, employability of graduates, the establishment of an entrepreneurial culture, academic infrastructure, individual entrepreneurial character of graduates, and innovative research as the main credentials. Validity and value of t-statistic were used. The results of validity showed that all research variables have appropriate validity. Therefore, it is suggested that the relevant managers create the necessary infrastructure in educational environments by relying on the components and sub-components of this research

The expansion of the conquests in the lands inhabited by its inhabitants was a new issue faced by the caliphate system. It was the arrival of a huge range of Jewish, Jewish, Christian, and Zoroastrian inhabitants residing in these lands.
This research is aimed at answering the question of the social status of the society in the era of the caliphate of Omar and how much their social acceptance or rejection in society was based on what criteria. Omar had two completely different ways of interacting with the people of Dhimma. In some instances, based on the Qur'anic standards, and on the basis of social exclusion, the people of Dhimma sought access to administrative jobs and the establishment of social and religious restrictions and sought to control and monitor their social behaviors. This method of dealing with the conditions geographically, the dwelling place and interactions that were with their followers beyond the borders of the Islamic state and could put the Islamic society at risk.

Corporate governance has defined as a set of regulations and assessment of corporate operation to balance between stakeholder's interests and to guide company's policies toward maximum level of efficiency and profitablity. In this broad sense, corporate governance complies with rules governing running firms.in the narrow sense, corporate governance refers to requirements for governing and accounting public companies that has been introduced after major American corporates scandal which resulted to ratification of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. Studies show, corporate governance requirements can be categorized in three groups: requirements for governing corporation, requirements for accounting and requirements for protection of minority shareholders.
In this study, we introduce requirements for corporate governance (in the narrow sense) and compare Iranian laws and regulations with US and UK. As a result, we found that although there is some regulation for registered public companies in Iran's capital market in this issue, but Iranian law hasnt fulfilled all necessary requirements for better corporate governance. Hence, we suggested some modifications in Iranian commercial code.

This research was carried out to explain a conceptual model for training opportunity recognition by university technological startups in agriculture in Golestan province. This research as a mixed method research has been done in two phases in 2018. The first phase as a qualitative research was performed through descriptive phenomenology method. Semi-structured deep interviews were implemented to collect data. Statistical population of this research consisted of 100 university technological agro-startups in Golestan province (N=100). Through purposeful sampling, 40 students were selected as sample or interviewee. Data collection process was continued until reaching theoretical saturation and usefulness threshold of available information. Based on Colaizzi's method, the qualitative thematic content analysis was carried out to analyze the collected data. In the second phase of research, using, a questionnaire containing characteristics of the respondents and five dimensions of opportunity recognition behavior was compiled based on the first phase findings and filled by respondents for completion. Data were analyzed using descriptive (frequency and percentage) and inferential (non-parametric Friedman tests) with SPSS software. The findings of research led to the extraction of five dimensions of opportunity recognition education: entrepreneurial opportunity features (perception of opportunity); entrepreneurial opportunity assessment criteria; capabilities associated with entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation; determinants of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation; and learning trajectories for entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation. In order to summarize research findings, extraction and categorization of main representative themes of the five dimensions were made in the form of a conceptual model.

Nowadays, Musculoskeletal disorders are of great concern in job health issues due to their prevalence rate which is relatively high among various occupations. Afghan immigrants working in Iran are exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders among Afghan refugees living in Tehran and Qom.
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population included 185 parents of Afghan refugee secondary and high school students living in Tehran and Qom in 2016. Data collection tool was Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 13 for descriptive and statistical analysis.
The results showed that the highest prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders was related to the legs with 49.7%, and the lowest rate was related to the lower back with 17.3%. The results showed that the neck disorder was significantly associated with the three variables of age, sex, and education level; lower back disorder was associated with age, and education level; arm disorder was associated with age; and leg disorder was associated with the level of education (p .05)
According to the high prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders among Afghan refugees living in Iran, the need for educational interventions designed to reduce musculoskeletal disorders seems necessary.