فهرست مطالب seyed mojtaba mahmoudzadeh

The present study aims to explore and understand the indicators for cultural differences in tourists’ perceived authenticity of the destination. This research was conducted using a qualitative and quantitative approach. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews with industry and academic experts (N=18) who were purposefully selected. Then, the quantitative examination of the findings was done by distributing questionnaires among Chinese and German nationalities (N=200). Based on the qualitative findings of the research, nine main themes and 28 sub-themes were obtained from interviews with experts regarding the indicators affecting tourists’ perceived authenticity of the destination. In the next step, the findings were analyzed by distributing a questionnaire among 200 Chinese and German nationalities. First, the model which was presented for tourists’ perceived authenticity of the destination, shows that the perceived authenticity between these two sample populations is mainly different. For Germans, authenticity means visible originality, integrity, and historical antiquity. However, the unique experience impacts the Germans’ perceived authenticity of the destination. In contrast, the Chinese often associate authenticity with unique experiences rather than simply the historical antiquity or integrity of the destination. The difference in these perceptions can be rooted in cultural values, historical narratives, and political approaches prevailing in these countries. In addition, the finding shows that external factors, such as the media portrayal of the destination and diplomatic relations between the country of origin and the destination, are influential in shaping these perceptions.

The Syrian crisis, involving armed conflicts by quasi-military groups and terrorist activities by organizations like ISIS, began in 2011, inflicting countless damages to the national resources and capital. According to the United Nations, over 5,440,000 Syrians were registered as refugees in various countries by December 2017. Considering the population of 21 million at the onset of the crisis in 2011, a considerable portion of the population migrated. Additionally, significant casualties and injuries have been inflicted on the human resources. Syria witnessed 1,949 terrorist incidents from 1970 to 2016, with approximately 1,800 occurring from 2001 to 2016, constituting 92% of all incidents. From 2011 to 2016, 95% of the casualties occurred from terrorist incidents in Syria. Damage to the national infrastructure (physical and economic) is another aspect of the harm inflicted, with an estimated $41 billion in damages to infrastructure in six major cities , according to the World Bank. Economists forecast a 6.3% growth in the tourism sector in 2018 compared to the gross domestic product growth. Given these factors, Syria needs reconstruction of its infrastructure and compensation for the damages caused by the domestic crisis. Therefore, comprehensive planning and the selection of tourism development strategies are considered a strategy for development and compensation for damages caused by years of war and a top priority for reviving the social and economic sectors of Syria. In this regard, the role of Damascus as the national capital, the center of political, economic, and legal decisions, is particularly important. Furthermore, government attention and protection during the crisis have minimized damage to the infrastructure of this city. Consequently, the higher security of this city compared to other regions causes a higher priority and cost for the presentation of the tourism development model with an emphasis on Damascus. The success of Damascus in promoting tourism development goals can serve as a model for other regions of Syria. In general, this research aims to identify concepts and principles to clarify the rapid and cost-effective development of Syria's tourism engine.

This research has an applied methodology and is among the qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews are used for data collection. The statistical population consists of two groups, experts (economic activists and managers in the tourism management sector in Syria) and researchers (professors and students in the tourism field in Syria with a track record of publishing articles and books about tourism). A total of 30 in-depth interviews were conducted. Furthermore, MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the interview data. Grounded theory serves as the theoretical framework for the research.

The tourism functions are at the primary level of the identified themes. These functions include 10 cases. The role of tourism in the national economy (pre-war), tourism and peace, expanding restaurant-dining functions, and the effects of tourism development on the economy are the most important factors. The second theme includes barriers to tourism development, including sub-codes such as infrastructural factors, human resources, political-security barriers, economic barriers, and neglect of tourism branding and marketing. Each code related to barriers to tourism development comprises multiple factors highlighted at various levels. The third theme includes the requirements for tourism development based on interviews. This theme includes three sub-codes: Comprehensive and coordinated tourism development planning, health expansion, pandemic control, infrastructure reconstruction by the government sector, international tourism, domestic tourism, focus on tourist hubs in Damascus, security expansion, tourism expansion, trust as the main premise of tourism development, capital provision through taxation, and tourism marketing and branding. The frequency of repetition of items for the codes is presented in the table below. The fourth theme of the interviews includes target markets. This theme consists of sub-codes such as Arab and Persian Gulf countries, Iranian-Shiite pilgrims, and traditional historical attractions preferred by Europeans. The scores of the first and second sub-codes are presented in the following table. The fifth theme of the interviews covers the types of tourism. These types include sub-codes such as the potential for ecotourism development, urban tourism, dark tourism, and spiritual-religious tourism. The following table describes these items and the number of repetitions for each item.

Six main themes, emphasized by experts and researchers are first identified: The functions of tourism, barriers to tourism development, requirements for tourism development, priorities of target markets, types of tourism, and tourism stakeholders. Each of these themes has been emphasized with various branches. The higher frequency of certain factors indicates their importance. In other words, the barriers to tourism development, with 91 repetitions, have been the most important aspect of Syria's tourism development. Following this theme, the requirements for tourism development with 53 repetitions, types of tourism with 31 repetitions, tourism functions with 19 repetitions, priorities of target markets with 11 repetitions, and tourism stakeholders with 6 repetitions have been highlighted. In general, codes such as "spiritual-religious tourism (not necessarily religious tourism)" with 9 repetitions, "weaknesses in advertising, narration, and branding" with 5 repetitions, "energy constraints in the tourism sector" with 5 repetitions, and "budget shortfall and reduction in government's tax revenue preventing tourism investment" with 4 repetitions have been the most emphasized factors by experts and researchers in the tourism sector in Syria.

Considering the importance of the hotel industry within the tourism sector and the necessity of social responsibilities, this research aims to develop a social responsibility model tailored to Iran’s conditions, as no such model currently exists in the literature. This study employs a mixed-method approach within a survey research framework. In the first phase, interviews were conducted with managers of 4 and 5-star hotels in Tehran to gather insights on influential factors, strategies, and outcomes. These insights were categorized and codified into a model. In the quantitative phase, the model's components were assessed and validated for reliability and validity. The paths identified in the model were statistically examined, modified, and confirmed where necessary. The overall goodness of fit for the model was verified using the SRMR index. According to this model, social responsibility in the hotel industry is influenced by driving factors such as strategic commitment, stakeholder consideration, and moral commitment, which are themselves influenced by contextual conditions. Strategies to achieve social responsibility encompass various fields including human resources, marketing, communication, and green management. These strategies are affected by intervening conditions such as executive and managerial conditions, cultural conditions, media and communication conditions, and government facilitation. The outcomes of implementing social responsibility are seen in economic, social, environmental, and organizational sustainability. The contribution of this research lies in enhancing knowledge through the integration of factors influencing social responsibility, the strategies for its implementation, and the resultant outcomes into a coherent model, which has not been previously studied.

The aim of the current research was to identify the complications in the process of the comprehensive system of tourism education in Iran in the field of entrepreneurship. This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of method, based on semi-structured interviews with experts involved in the supply and demand system of tourism education and the technique of social network analysis. In the qualitative part, the statistical community of organizations involved in the tourism education supply and demand cluster included 238 organizations. In qualitative results, according to two clusters of supply and demand - supply with 160 and demand with 78 units - based on Cochran's formula, interviews were conducted with experts of 177 organizations using random sampling. Then, the aforementioned interviews were coded and entered into the process of analyzing social networks in the form of scrutinized problems. In the quantitative part, social network analysis method and Gephi software have been used. In this software, existing relationships between actors are set based on input matrices and network analysis indicators, the existing situation and the most important actors have been extracted according to the test of the average degree of input and output. The results have shown that the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts and universities active in tourism have the highest number of problems from the side of other actors. This actors have been the most influential actors of the network. Also, the Ministry of Heritage, the Foundation of the Underprivileged, and the tour guide community, with a high degree of output, have more power in the network. Diagnosing the current state gives the experts the opportunity to identify the most important problems and actors, clarify the scope of duties of each organization and use its capacities to improve the system.

The present study was developed with the aim of entrepreneurially examining the governance of tourism destinations, as an alternative approach that brings increased participation of all stakeholders, competitiveness and the realization of tourism governance. This research is of a descriptive-analytical type, and in terms of methodology, it is in the category of qualitative research based on interviews using thematic analysis method. The participants in this research are 20 managers and officials of tourism organizations, tourism practitioners and activists, academic faculty members of universities. In this regard, the findings were analyzed using thematic analysis method and 111 open codes, 77 central codes and 10 selective codes were identified, which were categorized into 3 main dimensions. To determine the reliability of the done coding, the P-Scott coefficient was used, and the correlation of the data of these two evaluators was 0.82, which indicates high reliability between the two coders. In order to measure the validity of the done codings, the done codings were given to 6 professors and subject experts, and the opinions of the experts and evaluators were applied and the network of themes was finalized. In this way, the components of integrated management, the macro-infrastructural approach to tourism and tourism management in terms of structural-institutional factors; The components of tourism development obstacles, tourism business environment, tourism culture, entrepreneurship in tourism in the dimension of tourism ecosystem; And the components of governance indicators, governance levels and destination management organization were placed in the dimension of governance in tourism.

The operational departments of organizations are always one of the main pillars of their policies and strategies, which can greatly affect the organization's stakeholders. Operational departments consist of street-level bureaucrats in public organizations and frontline employees (FLEs) in public organizations. FLEs account for the operational level of any organization that is in direct contact with customers. FLEs are usually responsible for introducing new service innovations to customers. These employees are fully engaged in strategic plans that aim to draw boundaries between the company and customers. They may also operate as a stimulant or an impediment to the customer's eventual awareness and acceptance of the innovative services offered by the company. Therefore, customers’ evaluation of FLEs can somewhat determine organizational performance. This study aimed to propose a model for customers’ subjective evaluation of FLEs in a PSP. Since the authors sought to discover something new, this was a qualitative study based on thematic analysis. Results showed that customer expectations shape FLEs’ expectations and behavior through a feedback loop, which in turn influences how the organization and its employees behave. Ultimately, customer expectations are adjusted in response to these behaviors.

Cultural tourism is one of the most favorite kinds of tourism in the world and different countries are establishing too many plans to develop it. The development of cultural tourism depends on the interaction of many components. Politics affects the ingredients and process of cultural tourism and Cultural heritage is the constructive source of cultural tourism. In this regard, they need to be highly interacted for the success of cultural tourism. From this point of view and to cultural tourism development in Iran, this article aims to assess the interaction between politics and cultural heritage in the Islamic republic of Iran and elicit factors can lead to optimized interaction between these components as a pattern. So researches tried to attain these factors by using of thematic analysis: interview with experts and related documents. Results shows that interactive factors can be classified as organizational area of cultural heritage and ultra-organizational area of cultural heritage. Organizational area includes heritage interpretation dimension and organizational enhancement dimension. Ultra-organizational area includes ideology based dimension, politics based dimension and culture based dimension. Also ultra-organizational area is more important than Organizational area in the creation and improvement of this interaction.

Human resource management affects the recruitment, empowerment and retention of productivity and effectiveness of the organization. Given the nature of knowledge-based companies and human resources working in these companies, identifying strategies to retain these knowledgeable people within the organization is essential so that the organization can use the capabilities and expertise of these people to achieve their goals. The research method consists of two parts: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative part analyzes the subject literature and interviews with CEOs of knowledge-based companies, and the quantitative part analyzes the confirmatory factor of the components of the identified variables. Key variables affecting the retention of key employees in academic knowledge-based companies: salaries and benefits, company profit sharing and rewards and shareholding of key employees, work independence, work life balance, motivational job and job satisfaction, organizational commitment, vision and goals Support for management and leadership, learning opportunities and career advancement, organizational culture and communication, and participation in decision making. The results show that all components and strategies identified based on the results of data analysis have been effective on the retention of key human resources, but organizational strategies have shown the greatest impact on the retention and also the component of rights. And the advantages in service compensation strategies, the component of learning opportunity and progress in organizational strategies and job motivation and job satisfaction in job strategies have had the greatest impact on the organization.

In order to connect with entrepreneurship, the tourism education system needs to interact with them as a system full of actors with different interests. If this interaction is lacking, the ability of the process of this system to meet the needs of the beneficiaries will face problems. Prevention of such a situation requires planning to strengthen the interaction between the actors of this system and solve their problems. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to find out the most important problems of the process of this system in Iran in the field of entrepreneurship from the point of view of actors in this field. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of method. In the qualitative part of the research, a number of 177 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the experts of the supply and demand system organizations of tourism education in Iran, and the results of these interviews were analyzed and considered as the input of the quantitative part of the research. The reliability of the closed questions in the semi-structured interview was calculated using SPSS software and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, 0.78 .In the quantitative part of the research, the input topics were entered into the social network analysis software-Gephi- and the indicators extracted from the software were used to analyze the state of the comprehensive system of tourism education in Iran. The results of the research showed that according to the indicators of social network analysis, the subject area of "academic problems" with a high degree of weighted input has the highest score of the subject areas and has the most important problems from the actors' point of view. Four other thematic areas of problems, including organizational relations, systemic view, private sector and infrastructure, have been prioritized in the next level. The inconsistency between academic education and implementation in the field of tourism has the highest centrality of the entry level in the subject area of "academic problems", which indicates its centrality.

The process of tourism education system in Iran in order to achieve its goals requires new theoretical and managerial perspectives with an entrepreneurial approach to create the possibility of making changes in the existing conditions. The aim of the current research is to analyze the problems of the process of this system in the field of entrepreneurship from the point of view of actors in this field. The current research is exploratory-explanatory in terms of purpose and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of method, based on a semi-structured interview with 177 experts from organizations of the supply and demand system of tourism education in Iran, which is a random cluster sampling were chosen. The collected data were analyzed using the social network analysis method through Gephi software and the indices of degree centrality, weighted input degree centrality and weighted output degree centrality. The results of the research showed that the most centrality of the degree, which corresponds to the most important actor of the network, is the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts, and then the state universities active in the field of tourism. This result has more significant differences after applying the problem labels. Analyzing the problems allows the experts in this field to define the future goals of this process with the necessary knowledge and provide the basis for the comprehensive, integrated and balanced development of this sector.

Employer brand as a strategic activity for organizations shows how to manage human capital. As a result, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the dimensions and components of the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education with using the multiple attribute decision making method.

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was mixed. The population of the research qualitative part was the professors of the department of educational sciences of Farhangian University and Tehran universities and the executive directors and consultants of the Ministry of Education in 2020 year, which according to the principle of theoretical saturation number of 15 people of them were selected as a sample with using the purposeful and snowball sampling methods. The population of the research quantitative part was the employees of the Ministry of Education in 2019 year with number of 872,000 people. with considering the classes based on the type of educational, administrative and service jobs. The research tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview.

The findings showed that for the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education were identified 28 components in the 7 dimensions including the recruitment strategy, employee recognition, employer brand position, management style, human resource management system, brand strategy and brand promotion and enhancement. Also, among the dimensions of the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education, respectively the dimensions of the human resources management system, brand strategy, recruitment strategy, management style, employer brand position, employee recognition and brand promotion and enhancement had a higher rank and priority. In addition, among the components of the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education, respectively the components of talent management and practical styles were in the first rank, competent human resources, infrastructure program of recruitment, attraction and employer system were in the second rank.

According to the identified dimensions and components for the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education and their ranking, the experts and planners of education can design and implement programs to improve employers.

The purpose of this study is to design an employer brand model of the Ministry of Education in order to attract and retain talented and specialized human resources. The purpose of this research is applied based on the purpose and based on the nature of the data, it is a quality that the main tools of this research are data collection, library studies, web browsing and interviews. In the qualitative phase of the research, a group of experts is considered as a statistical population and a combination of purposeful judgment methods and snowball is used for sampling. The number of samples was determined based on sample adequacy and theoretical saturation of 15 people. The results show: The brand model of the Ministry of Education in order to attract and retain talented and specialized human resources, including: 64 indicators, 28 components and 7 dimensions, whose dimensions are: human resource management system, employer brand position, employment strategy, brand strategy, Management style, brand promotion is the knowledge of employees. Also, the results of ranking the dimensions of the employer brand model of the Ministry of Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran showed that the human resources management system in the first place, brand strategy in the second place, employment strategy in the third place, management style in the fourth place, employer brand position in the fifth place. Employee recognition is in sixth place, brand promotion and promotion are in seventh place.

In recent years, the importance of social responsibility in hotel industry has been considered by researchers and activists all over the world and several studies have been conducted on this subject. Although researchers have studied the dimensions and effects of social responsibility in various researches, but the factors originating the industry’s social responsibility have not been demonstrated in a model so far. In this study, we used a systematic review  in order to extract related researches from indexing databases.  Then, we went on to analyze data through open coding applying Maxqda software. In next step we used meta-synthesis approach to identify the causal, intervening and contextual conditions and strategies of implementing social responsibility in hotels, such as improving the level of employee responsibility, green marketing, green management, saving, social participation.. Beside these factors, improving stakeholder satisfaction, improving hotel performance and increasing the level of social welfare, branding and sustainability of the hotel were recognized as the consequences of implementing these strategies.

The purpose of this study is to identify the underlying factors of the impact of the mentoring on women's career advancement in Tehran Municipality.The research method used in the study was a qualitative method with an exploratory nature that is performed using Constructivist Grounded Theory method. For this purpose, eighteen interviews were conducted and analyzed using a constructivist approach.The research population consists of specialists participating in the mentoring in Tehran Municipality. For sampling, Judgmental sampling was used and data from field studies were coded using grounded theory method that consisted of four stages of coding. The analysis of the findings shows that Underlying factors of the impact of mentoring on women's career advancement include eight categories Individual requirements, Mentor requirements, demographic requirements, mentor requirements, cultural requirements, extra-organizational requirements and interpersonal requirements. Implementing mentoring can help women's career advancement in organizations. In this regard, organizations must consider the requirements for proper implementation of mentoring and improvement of results.

The purpose of the current research is to identify and rank the dimensions and components of the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education in order to absorb and retain talented and specialized human resources. The current type of research is applied based on the purpose, based on the data collection method, documentary-survey and descriptive-analytical based on the nature. The method of data analysis in the qualitative phase was theme analysis, and in the quantitative phase, confirmatory factor analysis was used. In order to rank the dimensions and components of the pattern, the Multiple Attribute Decision Making method and the SAW technique were used. The findings of the research, which led to the identification of the dimensions and components of the employer brand pattern of the Ministry of Education, include: 7 dimensions, 28 components and 64 indicators. The results of the ranking of the dimensions of the pattern showed that, after the human resources management system, the brand strategy is the second and brand promotion and development ranks seventh. Therefore, according to the first rank of the human resources management system in the ranking process of the dimensions of the pattern, systemization and continuous movement within the framework of this system and structure should be defined and explained in accordance with scientific, efficient and capable management in the field of human resources management of the Ministry of Education.

One of the main indicators for measuring the development of tourism in cities is their competitiveness, which also plays an important role in the general development of tourism in the country. The purpose of this study is to measure Iran cities tourism competitiveness by considering destination management as a moderating variable. In this study, using a progressive approach based on the capabilities of Iranian cities for tourism development, first the initial conceptual model based on research literature was developed and then a questionnaire was reviewed and revised with the opinions of academic experts. This questionnaire was then provided to experienced tour guides in order to test the conceptual model with PLS-based route analysis method. The results showed that the competitiveness of tourism in Iranian cities is not in a favorable position in any of the indicators of competitiveness based on capability, including tourism standards, tourism growth capacity, competitiveness of tourism enterprises and futuristic tourism, and the scores obtained in all indicators are below average. That is, the number is 3. Also, regarding the competitiveness of tourism in Iranian cities, the moderating role of destination management on the variable of demand conditions was confirmed, but regarding other variables, it was rejected.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the dominant discourse on texts related to human resource development strategies in the banking industry that represent the reality of education and learning. In fact, in addition to identifying the type of dominant discourse, we examine key concepts in discourse order. This research is based on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis (CDA) method. The theoretical framework that Fairclough introduces, involves a variety of concepts that have been used for research purposes. Fairclough analyzes these concepts in a three-dimensional model. According to this model, the selected text, which is a "comprehensive system of education and human resource development" in the banking industry, was analyzed in detail at the three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. The results of the analysis showed that the dominant discourse on human resource development strategies in the banking industry is articulated through the discourse elements of integration perspective, performance-based approach and guided learning activities and the order of discourse dominates the whole of this discourse.

In recent years, some countries and destinations have used brands to describe themselves; As "tourism nation branding" has become one of the main focuses of tourism marketing studies. On the other hand, tourism development depends more on tourism policy-making than the known underlying factors, which imply the determination of governments to develop this industry, and it reflects in high-scale documents and laws and as well as in monitoring their proper implementation. This study is designed to analyze the branding approach in macro policies of tourism. The research is descriptive-analytical and qualitative. After reviewing the research background, tourism nation branding policies were extracted from the content of the selected documents by thematic analysis. Then 229 primary codes were categorized into 63 basic themes, 21 organizing themes, and four global themes entitled (1)Nation tourism branding, (2)Components, (3)Effects, and (4)Factors affecting it. Finally, the thematic network was drawn and the results were interpreted.

The heart of the organization is organizational resource management, and human resource development is of particular importance for today's competitive age. Many strategies have been prescribed for human resource development and various models, based on theories, have considered different dimensions for human resource development, but still, human resource development faces challenges due to the role of employees' understanding and decision in development. It is their self, their organization and their profession. Combining neuroscience with management and its influence on human resource practices can help to better understand how human resource development strategies are implemented. This research is of inductive-deductive type and has used the multi-grounded theory approach (Goldkuhl & Cronholm version) which is a combination of grounded theory and meta-synthesis approach. According to the multi-grounded theoretical approach, first 59 studies were selected from 453 related studies for meta-synthesis and the relevant codes were identified. The statistical population included all executive and academic experts familiar with the concept of human resource development and neuroscience. Sampling was done theoretically and then using 14 Semi-structured interviews in the form of multi-grounded theory, the final concepts and categories were extracted, which are the perceptual core of employees (including justice, ethics, creativity, motivation and trust), employees' performance body and Executive shell of human resource development process. The results confirmed that neuroscience can be used to promote the management and development of individuals more effectively and of course the application of neuroscience findings in human resource methods and processes is still in its infancy. However, it is a new perspective to continue research and implementation of human resource development.

Iran is one of the countries that have various capabilities for tourism development with its various tourist attractions. However, the existence of these attractions alone has not been able to bring success for Iran's tourism and increase the competitiveness of Iran's tourism industry compared to other tourist destinations. Since the development of a country's tourism competitiveness depends on the competitiveness of its domestic destinations, it is necessary to primarily develop the competitiveness of Iran's domestic tourism destinations. In this direction, there are various challenges that Iran cities are facing and they must be identified. The purpose of this study is to identify challenges facing Iran cities in the field of tourism competitiveness and provide integrated solutions to strengthen their competitiveness. First, the initial conceptual model of competitiveness of Iran touristic cities was developed by reviewing the research literature. Then, using a questionnaire approved by experts, the conceptual model of the research was tested with the opinions of experienced tour guides and a path analysis method based on PLS. Research findings including demographic data, descriptive statistics of variables and inferential findings were analyzed. Solutions and suggestions for each of factors that have challenged the competitiveness of Iran touristic cities were presented.

Competitiveness is one of the basic components of tourism development in cities that can also lead to the general development of tourism in the country. The purpose of this study is to explain a model for tourism competitiveness in Iranian touristic cities. For this purpose, the initial conceptual model of the research was developed by reviewing the literature. Then, a questionnaire approved by experts was used and the conceptual model of the research was tested with the opinions of experienced tour guides in 184 cities. The conceptual model of the research was tested by PLS-based path analysis method using Smart-PLS software. In order to analyze the research findings, the validation of the measurement model, structural model and general research model was performed and the model of localized structural relationships of Iranian touristic cities was developed. Findings indicated that destination management has had the greatest impact on tourism competitiveness of tourist cities in Iran. Other influencing factors were tourism services, supporting factors and conditions, demand conditions, main resources and attractions, and infrastructures, respectively.

Public-private partnerships have been a concern for researchers in a variety of fields, including the tourism industry. On the one hand, limited resources, lack of capital, lack of expertise, lack of access to manpower, etc., and on the other hand, the duty of governments to meet public needs has led governments to view the private sector as a significant partner. Meanwhile, what is certain is that recognizing the different dimensions of this partnership between the private and public sectors will increase their chances of success in any industry - including tourism. From this perspective, the aim of this study is to provide a framework for public-private partnership in tourism based on the findings of previous works. The best way to integrate the interpretations of previous findings is Meta-synthesis. Therefore, this method was utilized by following six steps. The statistical population of this study was the studies conducted in the field of tourism private public-private partnership, which identified by searching in the top related databases; 244 articles were available. After that, the articles were screened based on the title, abstract and content. Finally, the text of the selected articles (41 articles) was analyzed and coded using MAXQDA10 software. The findings showed that a set of factors affecting public-private participation in tourism can be considered in the form of two main categories of internal and external factors. Internal factors are directly related factors to public-private partnership. Internal factors include concepts such as the content of the partnership, the stakeholders, the goals, the duties of each party, and their interests. But external factors are controllable and not directly involved. External factors include technological-information factors, socio-cultural factors, legal factors, financial-economic factors, environmental factors and political-governmental factors.

Religious tourism plays an important role in Iranian cultural and economic sustainability. Due to the special nature of the Iranian political establishment, this type of tourism provides many potentials for tourism development in different parts of Iran. Making the best use of these capacities requires recognition of the barriers and challenges lying ahead of the development of religious tourism. Therefore, this study set out to identify the challenges facing religious tourism, using thematic analysis (TA) and interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Moreover, the relationship model between the influential factors involved in this regard was extracted at three levels via the thematic network. Finally, MICMAC analysis was conducted to measure the influence power and dependence of the factors. The required data were collected through library research and administering a questionnaire on 15 experts familiar with the subject matter who were selected through purposive sampling, out of whom 11 experts completed the questionnaire. The findings of the study indicated that variables such as lack of attention to the chain of providing religious tourism services, lack of programming, policymaking, and monitoring the religious tourism process, and not allocating budget and financial supports for religious tourism development in Iran played essential and key roles in the non-development of this type of tourism. These variables were placed at the third level of the model that affect the second level variables. It was also found that the variables such as inefficient management of religious tourism facilities and services, inefficient management of religious attractions and events, and improper management of religious tourism marketing were dependent variables that were placed at the first level of the model.

The analysis of the quality of the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship is one of the most important preconditions for improving the tourism business environment. In this regard, the new institutional economy, which focuses on the institutional environment, interprets the relations of tourist actors, which undeniable influence of government, laws and governance structure is undeniable. In this research, an explanation of the factors influencing the institutional environment of the tourism sector has been attempted with the concept of institutionalism and a qualitative approach (thematic analysis). Therefore, through in-depth interviews with 24 economic and tourism experts, institutional factors affecting the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship were identified and explained. The results of the research identified three main themes: the legal system, government policies and science and technology with their sub-themes, It was identified that the business environment of tourism is affected by them and the management and organization...

This research aims to prioritize the satisfaction indicators of museum visitors. To do so, the researchers studied the literature review and identified museum visitors’ satisfaction indicators through studying the customer satisfaction measurement models, then investigated the indicators using the Akama Model. 385 questionnaires were gathered from Iran National Museum visitors. Then descriptive and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Results show that all studied indicators, except Price and Perceived value, are influential in museum visitor satisfaction. And Reliability is the most influential indicator in Iran National Museum visitors’ satisfaction. Empathy has the least influence from the visitors’ point of view. Reliability, responsibility and tangible elements stand in places 2 to 4 regarding the importance in visitors’ satisfaction.