فهرست مطالب seyyed ali reza golshani

Mrs. Dr. Soghra Azarmi (1914-1973) is one of the most influential female doctors in Iran’s contemporary history. She was the first pathologist and the pioneer of the cytology database, making a significant impact on the lives of many women suffering from cancer. Various experiences marked her life, and she navigated through the stages of career progression with genuine merit. Dr. Soghra Azarmi initiated her secondary education in Hamedan, located in western Iran. Following a teaching period, she pursued her medical studies at Tehran University. Later, she ventured to the United States, where she worked at Women’s Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. There she pursued her studies in Pathology. Subsequently, she obtained a research opportunity in Melbourne, Australia, and furthered her studies in cytology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Upon returning to Iran, Dr. Soghra Azarmi joined the National Cancer Society, where she played a crucial role in saving the lives of numerous cancer patients. This research gives an introduction to the pathology department at Tehran University and subsequently reports the scientific and research journey of the esteemed professor in the pathology department.

Rhazes, or Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (854-925 CE), was an Iranian physician, philosopher and chemist. He learned medicine more through the hospital and so-called clinical observations and, therefore, spent more time on his studies; this can be seen in his works and writings. He used the writings of medical predecessors and cited them in his writings. He followed and completed their works and sometimes wrote critiques on their works. In his written medical works, Rhazes has paid special attention to various diseases, notably tumors and cancer. It is noteworthy that over a thousand years ago, a skilled physician presented his explanation and treatment strategies for nasal cancer and tumor status.

The version of the treatise "Hal-e Moama dar Adab Hudus-e Maraz-e Vabba" in Persian language, is written by an unknown person known as Hakim Haq Nazar, one of the traditional physicians of the Qajar period (1789 to 1925 AD). This unique lithography copy is available in the Astan Quds Razavi library with the registration number 4410, and was completed by Abdul-Rahim Shirazi on the September 21, 1867 AD. This medical treatise is to pay attention to the effect of celestial objects and stars on the possibility of disease outbreak, which is proved by using Quranic verses and Nahj al-Balagha, and it deals with the possible justification of the outbreak of cholera in the Qajar period, which can be seen as a scholarly work of the Qur'an and a religious and religious approach in dealing with cholera.

This research was done in an analytical-descriptive way and with a library-document method; After collecting enough information about the version of the treatise "Hal-e Moama dar Adab Hudus-e Maraz-e Vabba" to achieve the goals of the research, the collected information was analyzed with a Qur'anic-narrative approach.

The use of poems by famous Iranian poets such as Ferdowsi Tusi, Saadi Shirazi and Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī is also one of the interesting points of this medical treatise, which shows the literary taste of the anonymous author of this medical treatise, in other works, the approach of Qur'anic and literary culture to medicine is less discussed.

In this research, we first investigate the possible author of this medical treatise in the Qajar period, and then we deal with the scientific and literary correction of the version of the treatise "Hal-e Moama dar Adab Hudus-e Maraz-e Vabba ".

Dr. Haidar Mirza Shahrokhshahi,also known as Dr. Haider Mirzai (died in 1922 AD), was one of the Afshari princes and the descendant of Shahrukh Shah Afshari. He wasa student at Dar al-Funun, andwas fluentin French.He wasone of the talentedstudents of Joule Richard, Mirza-Reza Khan, the first French teacher of Dar al-Funun schoolwho lived in 1816-1891 AD, and Dr. Joseph Désiré Tholozan, a physician and an epidemiologist living in the Qajar erain 1820-1897 AD. He obtainedhis medical degree under the supervision of Dr. Tholozan.Dr. Haidar Mirza Shahrokhshahi was one of the doctors of the Naseri and Mozaffari eras, who wasthe head of the preservation of quota in the Azerbaijan region and the representative of the National Assembly in the second round. A work named "Grape Treatise" was writtenby himunder the name of NaseruddinShah. This treatise is a translation of the works of several French doctors such as Mr.Olmon, Mr.Baripe,and Mr.Faisin-Gerre, andwas collected in the style and manner of traditional Iranian doctors.In this research, the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach was used. We also applied correcting the manuscript and the method of collecting material in the form of bibliography.The present study is the correction and re-reading of the treatise Grip (Influenza) by Dr. Haidar Mirza Shahrokhshahi in February,1894,which describes and restatesthe epidemic that had occurred in 1889-1890,and mentions the treatment some solutions for the disease.

Typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by a series of bacteria called Rickettsia that is transmitted by insects such as lice, fleas, and ticks. This disease has appeared several times in Iran and caused many casualties. There were some therapeutic measures taken by European physicians in Tehran and medical graduates of the Dar al-Fonun school or expatriates who had studied medical courses in Western countries, even though the taken steps were not enough. Due to the lack of sanitation and cleaning products after the outbreak of World War I in March 1917 and its synchronization with the swift outbreak of Typhus in 1918, heavy casualties followed. In this study, we first examine the prevalence of Typhus in the Qajar dynasty in Iran, and will then focus on the pathological importance of this disease history in Iran. After that, we will study the role of Typhus prevalence and World War I in the Persian famine, malnutrition, and food poverty. Moreover, we investigated the role that this great war had in strengthening the spread of this disease and its role in the death of many Iranian people.

Mirza Abdolhossein Khan Bin Mohammadhasan Philosoph Al-Dawlah Zanozi (1866–1941 AD) was an apprentice of the French physician and epidemiologist during the Qajar Dynasty, Dr. Joseph Désiré Tholozan (1820–1897 AD). He wrote a book, entitled “Resaleh dar Maraz Anfeluaanza (Gerip)”, which was dedicated to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1831–1896 AD). Describing the Iranian influenza epidemic in 1890 and 1891 AD, this book is written using the method of European medical books but with the approach of Iranian traditional physicians. The present study is the correction and revision of “Resaleh dar Maraz Anfeluaanza (Gerip)” (1309 AH/1892 AD). The studies show that the treatise “Gerip” is the first Iranian scientific text that scientifically deals with influenza. Subjects, such as causes and origin of the outbreak, types of the disease, treatment methods, and manifestation of symptoms in the affected individuals are some of the distinctive and notable points of this work.

One of the educational practices in medical knowledge, Clinical and hospital methods, is Dar al-Hekmeh and Self-reading Style. This method has a fascinating history; in fact, its formation was due to the religious restrictions of scholars of Hanafi jurisprudence in schools and mosques In Transoxiana region during the Samanids (874-1004 CE).

Scrutinizing works which concern Iran civilization including primary written resources as well as newly conducted studies, not only did the present research attempt to investigate this important historical era but it also aimed to present the general scheme of medical education in the way of self-reading of during the Samanids through categorizing the garnered information.

Contrary to the notion that the creation of this constraint caused scientific stagnation, by examining and summarizing the existing material, but this limitation has deepened the medical knowledge. Even this has led to the development of equipped libraries and the access of scholars of science and doctors to these libraries, and this ultimately led to the study and research many books and writing useful books on medicine and pharmacy.

A fleeting glimpse at medical education or other various methods existing in the era of Islamic Civilization reveals the importance this teaching procedure assumed in during the Samanids, whose considerable attention to the subject of medical education for Clinical and hospital methods, Dar al-Hekmeh and Self-reading Style expanded its influence in other parts of the world, thereby fundamentally evolving methods and mechanisms employed in history of the world so as to teach medical sciences.

Spanish flu outbreak is one of the historical catastrophes in southern Iran, Kerman provinces, and citie Kerman, which wiped out most of the population. The epidemic began on October 29, 1918 and continued until 1920 in several waves. Within three years, the population of Kerman due to a Persian famine and disease was reduced from 50,000-60,000 to around 25,000-30,000. In rural areas of Kerman province, there were up to 100% deaths. It effectively killed half the population of the city and caused serious damage to its demographic context and economic development. A rather unpleasant remnant of the epidemic is Tandarestan Cemetery in Kerman, which is the burial place of a large number of people and celebrities such as Nazim al-Islam Kermani (1861-1918), a famous historian, writer and journalist. This article explores the importance of local medical history in Kerman, the effects of the flu outbreak, World War I, and the presence of the British that led to a man-made famine, and malnutrition, and finally the role played by this colonial government in amplifying the flu outbreak, Wrong prescription of opium and decimation of the city. This study examines the type of Spanish flu in Kerman, the death toll and the treatment of British troops for the people.

The land of Tabarestan (present-day Mazandaran) in northern Iran is one of the knowledge-raising regions of the world. Abu Abdullah Tabari Nateli, one of the Iranian mathematicians, logicians, sages and botanists around the fourth century AH, who was one of the masters of Avicenna (980-1037 AD) in Bukhara, the purpose of the outhors of this article is a fundamental review of Abu Abdullah Tabari Nateli`s life and biography, Although, unfortunately, we don`t have any information about the year of his birth and the time and place of his death in historical sources.

The method used in this research is the method of library and internet resources have been compiled is a historiographical view and method that it is common in the humanities, to critique and review of the sage Abu Abdullah Tabari Nateli`s life and effects.

In This research, by examination the geography of natel in mazandaran, his effects, writings, thoughts and Abu Abdullah Tabari Nateli`s idea, we tried to clarify the scientific life of this precious sage and wise master Avicenna.

In this research, despite the numerous writings of this anonymous scientist, less attention has been paid to the historians of the history of science that in research, in addition to describing his life and religious beliefs and in traducing his effects and writings, we also paid some attention, and cause Hakim`s familiary with the topics of pharmacology, botany, philosophy, logic, mathematics can be concluded was proficient in all sciences and knowledge of his time this skill and innovation is reflected in many medical, pharmacological and philosophical effects of scholars, scientists and physicians of his time and even after time.

As a comprehensive and dynamic school, traditional Persian medicine is a collection of theoretical and practical sciences that Iranian scholars have used in different centuries to prevent and treat diseases and maintain health.Persian medical books refer to the benefits of Khadab and its preventive and therapeutic recommendations. One of the leading physicians is the Hakim Seyyed Isma’il Jurjani, who has discussed the effective combination of products in making Khadab and talks about the effects of Khadab on the beauty, health and strong hair. The use of Khadab is an ancient form of treatment in Iran. In fact, the employment of Khadab is a perfectly natural process used to improve skin and hair health and heal ailments. This study examines the prescriptions and combinations related to the types of Khadab and Hakim Seyyed Isma’il Jurjani’s recommendation on Khadab in Persian medicine. According to Hakim Jurjani, Khadabs are classified into several categories: those that turn hair into black, those that turn hair into red, tan or gold, and those that whiten hair.

The Spanish flu spread from September 23, 1918 to 1920. This disease was one of the historical catastrophes in Iran, and a large number of people in Tehran were infected. Evidence also shows that 5000–10000 out of the 250000 infected people died in Tehran over three years. Besides, an increase was detected in the prevalence of other diseases such as pericarditis, orchitis, mastoiditis, meningitis, optic neuritis, paralysis of the palate, mania, cholera, and dysentery. Overall, five percent of the city were destroyed, and the population and economic development were severely damaged. This study aims to evaluate the importance of the history of local medicine in Tehran, the spread of Spanish flu, World War I, and presence of Russian, Ottoman, and British troops in Iran during the flu outbreak. The critical role of Britain in artificial famine, malnutrition, and drug embargo was assessed, as well.

Indo-Iranian medicine dates back to a couple of centuries ago. The Gurkanies’ movement from Iran and Transoxiana to India introduced the Persian language to India, and the scientific language changed from Arabic and Sanskrit to this language. Iranian medicine has had a remarkable influence on the Indian Subcontinent, a sign of which is the elevated medical literature written in this language. Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan was born in 1813 AD.  His ancestors were great sages of Khorasan (in north east of Iran) and then migrated to Afghanistan and India. Since he lived in the late 19th AD century, he had access to many Iranian traditional books. He provided rich sources of traditional medicine for the next generation by publishing traditional medicine books and traditional pharmacology. He wrote great books such as the Exir Azam (a comprehensive medical encyclopedia), Romouz Azam (a general book on medicine), Qarabadin Azam (Pharmacopeia). With his profound 19th century orientalist approach that emphasized safeguarding the Persian language, he created numerous works in the field of medicine, making him the most serious custodian of Indo-Iranian medicine in India. The present study reviews the scientific life of a contemporary famous author of Indo-Iranian medical literature written in Persian Language.

Isma’il Ibn Hassan Ibn Mohammad Ibn Ahmad-e-Hosseini, known as Seyyed Isma’il Jurjani (1042-1137 AD) is a renowned physician of Iran and the Islamic world in 11-12 centuries. Although considerable research is conducted on him and his scientific achievements, a clear picture of his geographical origin and place of residence is not given mainly because of the similarity existing between the names of the two cities in the region of Jurjan or Gorgan city (Jurjan) and the other in the Chorasmia (Khwarazm) region (Urgench city). Also, based on linguistic evidence, Urgench shows the real birthplace of this great scientist in Transoxiana and Khwarazm. The present article aims to provide a clearer picture of the geographical origin and the environment of Jurjani’s life according to historical, geographical, and linguistic evidence. Based on the findings of this article, Jurjani belonged to Jurjaniyeh (Urgench) in the Chorasmia region and his assignment to the Gorgan region (Jurjan) is not consistent with historical evidence.

Spanish flu was one of the harshest historical pandemics in the northeastern Iran, which killed many local people. Its first outbreak in Mashhad dates back to August 3 and 4, 1918. This disease continued until 1920 in successive waves. The death toll of this disease in Mashhad (with a population of 100,000 people at the time) was possibly as high as 3,500. Moreover, this disease caused outbreak of other diseases. In fact, it killed five percent of this city’s population and resulted in huge deaths in this city. This paper takes the importance of Mashhad’s medical history into consideration and at the same time investigates the outstanding role of Spanish influenza, World War I, and the presence of Russians who were the main cause of this outbreak in Mashhad, and the reaction of Iranian and foreign physicians to this disease and the medicine they prescribed, as well as the significant role of British in fake Persian Famine, opium addiction, and food poverty.

The Spanish Flu was one of the disasters in the history of Iran, especially Southern Iran, which led to the death of a significant number of people in Iran. It started on October 29, 1917, and lasted till 1920 – a disaster that we can claim changed the history. In one of the First World War battlefields in southern Iran in 1918, there was nothing left until the end of World War I and when the battle between Iranian warriors (especially people of Dashtestan and Tangestan in Bushehr, Arabs, and people of Bakhtiari in Khuzestan and people of Kazerun and Qashqai in Fars) and British forces had reached its peak. As each second encouraged the triumph for the Iranians, a flu outbreak among Iranian warriors led to many deaths and, as a result, military withdrawal. The flu outbreak in Kazerun, Firoozabad, Farshband, Abadeh, and even in Shiraz changed the end of the war. In this article, we attempt to discuss the role of the Spanish flu outbreak at the end of one of the forefronts of World War I

Ancient Greece was involved in conflict and civil war from 431 to 404 BC. On one side the Peloponnesian League accompanied by Sparta, and on the other, city-states league of Athens and its allies were facing each other. Perhaps the economic, social, and cultural splendor of Athens compared to other city-states can be considered as the reason of civil war. Moreover, naval supremacy of Athens was probably one of the main factors contributing to the ignition of civil war flames in Greece. At the same time as the Peloponnesian War, Artaxerxes I of Persia (465-424 BC) succeeded Xerxes and supported Sparta. The Achaemenid emperor put the policy of disunion and discord among Greek city-states on the agenda of his foreign policy. It should be noted that the Greek civil war ended with the decisive conquest of Sparta and the surrender of the Athenians in 404 BC. This paper aims to examine the plague from 429 to 430 BC, at the time of the first phase of the Greek civil war from 431 to 421 BC.

This historical research is carried out as a desk study and studies the Peloponnesian War and its effect on the outbreak of the plague in Athens from 431 to 404 BC through histography, which is specific to natural sciences.

Plague of Athens was one of the most common diseases in Athens during the Ancient Greece and caused many casualties. In this article, various aspects of this disease are examined with the help of historical sources, New research and scientific articles.

Some believe that the outbreak of the plague started from Egypt while some others believe that it started from the east. In any case, the damages of this contagious and horrific disease, which wiped out a large number of Athenians, indicate the significance of this issue. The outbreak of this disease ended when Hippocrates cured it.

Malaria is a disease caused by single-celled microorganisms of Plasmodium group and is transmitted to humans by a female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria was a disease native to Iran and accounted for 30-40% of annual casualties. The disease had spread to Khorasan, Mazandaran, and Kerman in a dispersed manner. Fars region which is located in the southern Iran is an area that is not addressed well enough on this matter. Geographical spread of malaria began from Shiraz, as the weather in Shiraz was hot and infected in the summer, causing a variety of diseases such as malaria that used to be rampant in this city. Other parts of Fars where malaria was most prevalent included a vast area from lands in the northern Fars, where dates grew, to the shores of the Persian Gulf, and this disease was more prevalent in the southern parts, especially in Bandar Bushehr [Bushehr Port]. There were many disease-carrying insects in Lar and Larestan.

This historical research is carried out as a desk study and studies malaria in Fars during Qajar era with a histographic perspective through a narrative method, which is specific to natural sciences.

Malaria was one of the most common diseases in Fars province during the Qajar period and caused many casualties. In this article, various aspects of this disease are examined with the help of historical sources, newspapers and documents. Ethical Considerations: The Ethical Committee of Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Dr.Ali Shariati of Ferdowsi University approved the study.

This paper addresses malaria in Fars during Qajar era (1789-1925). It initially emphasizes on pathological importance of malaria history in Iran and then analyzes the role of malaria outbreak as a factor causing human casualties in the southern Iran and Fars.

One of the historical periods of Iran that can be studied for contagious diseases and how they spread, is the late Qajar period. The city of Mashhad, after Tehran and Tabriz, had a special place among Russian and English governments in the Qajar period as one of the significant religious, political and economic centers in Iran due to Imam Reza’s holy shrine, a large population and great geographical scale. The central governments’ incompetence in preventing the outbreak of contagious diseases and lack of essential amenities, caused many lives to be lost all over Iran and especially Mashhad during the Qajar period. Hence, the neighbor governments such as Russia, ordered for quarantines to be set up at the borders and dispatched doctors to stop diseases’ from reaching Russian lands. However, these attempts did not prevent the deaths of people in the border areas, especially in Mashhad, from diseases such as cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus, flu and other diseases. In this study, we investigate and explain the subjects: disease outbreaks, the problem of commerce, quarantine and its outcomes at the end of Qajar period, between the years 1892 and 1921 AD in Mashhad, with the help of historical and documentary sources using an analytical and medical historiography method.

One of the most glorious historical periods of ancient Rome is the era of the reign of several Roman emperors between 192 to 196 AD. known as the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. During the reignof Antonius, several successive kings, namely, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus, took political power. With the exception of Commodus, all of these people did their best to develop the prosperity, administration and the welfare of the people of the empire. It is at this glorious era that scholars and scientists such as Galen emerged. The essence of this article sheds some light on the demise of Trajan in 117 AD. in Cappadocia, Anatolia, due to an unknown disease after the occurrenceof the winter earthquake of 115 AD. which devastated the city of Antioch to the ground. Subsequently, the article addresses the plague of 165 AD. which broke out during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD.) and prevailed to the last years of his reign to the extent that this pandemic wreaked havoc on his emperor. In this article, we try to examine the plague outbreak during the era of Antonius or Galen and its consequences on the societies and peoples of the Roman Empire and adjacent regions such as Syria, Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, parts of the Parthian Empire, as well as the role of Galen in the epidemic.This epidemic continued until 189 AD in Mesopotamia, Iran, and the eastern part of the Roman Empire, and suddenly disappeared. In this study, we examine the prevalence of this epidemic, which is probably smallpox, and the possible causes of this disease and its consequences.

 

Background and purpose:

Hakim Najib al-Din Samarqandi is one of the Iranian scholars of the Thirteenth century AD. He was a physician, pharmacologist, ophthalmologist, and psychologist. The purpose of this study is to study his life and medical works.

Methods and Materials:

This Research was carried out by a library and historical research methodology. We examined the life and medical works of Najib al-Din Samarqandi.

Due to Najib al-Din's knowledge about medical, pharmacological, ophthalmological and psychological topics, it can be concluded that he has mastered all his sciences in a way that his skills and innovations reflected in many of the medical works by scholars, scientists and physicians after him.

  One of the great physicians in Iran who had expertise in medicine, surgery, and pharmacy was Sadid al-Din Kazeroni. He was a 14th century physician. No information is available on his birth and death – only “Al-Mughni”, a book, has been left to make him famous in surgical and medical knowledge. We used desk and historical research methods in this research, with a historical approach. This commonly used research method in human sciences was used to criticize and study the birthplace and works of Sadid al-Din Kazeroni. Results and Sadid al-Din Kazeroni discussed the exact issues in the field of anatomy, surgery, and gynecology. He was fluent in pharmacology. In his pharmacology book, for the first time, he named drugs considered necessary before and after surgery. In this study, we reviewed the biography and introduction of the works and reviewed “Al-Mughni”, a book on breast cancer.    

The knowledge of medicine underwent a revolution in the Qajar period, especially during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1831–1896 AD). The dispatch of students to Europe, establishment of Dar ul-Funun, Hafez al-Seheh Assembly, and clinics, entrance of European teachers and physicians to Iran, approval of medical rules by the parliament, introduction of a new therapeutic style, and translation of medical textbooks into Persian were some of the changes that occurred during this period. As a result, modern medicine influenced the Iranian-Islamic traditional medicine. An educated Iranian physician, Mirza Ali Doctor Hamedani was one of the physicians of this period, who traveled to France, studied the European medicine and considerably contributed to the evolution of the modern medicine along the traditional medicine. The present manuscript describes the scientific personality and contributions of this physician to the science of medicine