shohreh ghorban shiroudi

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on the self-knowledge of vulnerable adolescents under the welfare of Tehran. The research method was an experiment with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all vulnerable teenagers covered by the welfare department of Tehran in 1400. Using the available sampling method, 60 people were selected and randomly assigned to the intervention groups of positive psychology and dialectical behavior therapy and the control group. The score obtained from Kettle's Self-Knowledge Questionnaire (1998) was included in the initial screening as a pre-test. Then, the intervention of positive psychology and dialectical behavior therapy was presented to the experimental group for 10 sessions of 90 minutes each, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Then all three groups were measured in the post-test. Also, after one month, the follow-up period was carried out by implementing a self-knowledge questionnaire. Data analysis using mixed variance analysis showed that positive treatment and dialectical behavior therapy were effective on the self-knowledge of vulnerable teenagers under the welfare of Tehran city (P<0.001). Also, the effect of positive treatment was greater than dialectical behavior therapy in improving self-knowledge (P<0.001). The results were maintained in the follow-up phase. The results of this research reveal the need to pay special attention to the issues of vulnerable teenagers.

 The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mentalization-based treatment on alexithymia and internalizing behavioral problems in adolescents of divorce.

Methods and Materials: 

This applied research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, a control group, and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of adolescents of divorce in the first secondary school stage of Education District 14 in Tehran during the academic year 2022-2023. In this study, 36 adolescents of divorce were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental (19 participants) and control (17 participants) groups. The experimental group received mentalization-based treatment over eight weeks in 8 sessions of 90 minutes each. The questionnaires used in this study included the Alexithymia Questionnaire (AQ) and the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI). The data obtained from the research were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance with SPSS23 statistical software.

 The results indicated that mentalization-based treatment had a significant impact on alexithymia (P<0.0001; Eta=0.61; F=52.83) and internalizing behavioral problems (P<0.0001; Eta=0.59; F=48.48) in adolescents of divorce.

 Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that mentalization-based treatment, by employing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with mindfulness, can be used as an effective method to reduce alexithymia and internalizing behavioral problems in adolescents of divorce.

The family, as the most fundamental cultural and social institution, has the most stable effect on its members, so that people's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and emotions are deeply influenced by the family context. The bricks of a family are based on the emotional ties and personal trust of each couple, which is not only comfort for the individual, but also for the whole family. The absence of each parent in the family environment due to divorce disturbs its balance, weakens the functions of the family, and reduces social supervision and control. As a result, addiction and delinquency, physical problems, psychological and social disturbances, and disorders of behavior increase in children. Children of divorce face intellectual, emotional, identity and social challenges in groups of friends due to receiving social stigma, which forms the basis for behavioral disorders in them. Therefore, The present study was conducted to develop a psychological capital training package and evaluate its Effectiveness on the alexitimia of the Students Engaged in Divorce with Externalized Behavior Disorder.
 
The research method of the present study was thematic analysis through comparative method in the qualitative part and quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group design and two-month follow-up period in the quantitative part. The statistical population of the present study included the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder who were studying in the first high school in the academic year 2020–21 in the city of Isfahan. 40 students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder were selected through the purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 20 students). The experimental group received ten 75-minute sessions of psychological capital training over two and a half months. 3 people from the experimental group and three from the control group quit participating in the study. The applied questionnaires in this study included alexitimia questionnaire (AQ) and children and adolescents behavioral inventory (CABI). The data from the study were analyzed through a mixed ANOVA via SPSS 23 statistical software.
 
The results showed that the psychological empowerment package enjoys suitable content validity from the experts’ viewpoint. Furthermore, this package has had an effect on the alexitimia (f = 17.02, eta = 0.35, p≤0.001) of the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder. In addition, the results showed that the effect of the psychological empowerment package was stable on the alexitimia of the students engaged in divorce and the externalized behavior disorder of the patients with follow-up stages. After carefully examining the descriptive findings, it was found that the psychological empowerment package reduced the alexitimia of the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder in the pre-test and post-test stages.
 
According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that psychological capital training can be used as an efficient method to decrease alexitimia in the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder through employing the fundamentals of resilience, optimism, hope and self-efficacy. In addition, it should be said that psychological capital is introduced as a structure beyond social and internal capital and includes your identity in the direction of "what you are" and "what you can be". This process can cause changes in people's emotional processing and reduce their alexitimia.

Psychiatric interventions for individuals with complex grief are essential; therefore, this study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on experiential avoidance in individuals grieving due to COVID-19.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The population of the study consisted of all families grieving due to COVID-19 during 2020-2021 in the city of Chalus, from which 45 individuals were selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental and one control) of 15 members each. The first group received 9 sessions of Greenberg's (2017) emotion-focused therapy, the second group received 9 sessions of Beck's (2011) cognitive-behavioral therapy, and the control group received no intervention. The Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ; Gámez et al., 2011) was completed by participants at three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, for data collection. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results indicated that both emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are effective in reducing experiential avoidance in grieving individuals, and moreover, in comparing the two therapies, emotion-focused therapy was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in controlling experiential avoidance (p<0.05).

The findings of this study suggest that emotion-focused therapy can be utilized to improve experiential avoidance in grieving individuals.

Extramarital relationships are among the factors that challenge family health and are the most important threat to the performance, stability, and continuity of marital relationships. The purpose of this study was to model structurally the trust in couples affected by infidelity based on emotional schemas with the mediation of communication patterns.

Methods and Materials: 

The research design was correlational of the structural equation modeling type. The study population consisted of all couples affected by infidelity who attended counseling centers in the cities of Noushahr, Chalous, and Tonekabon from May to August 2021. The research sample comprised 300 individuals from among men and women affected by infidelity (240 women and 60 men) selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included the Emotional Schema Scale (ESS-P) by Leahy 2002, a 37-item version, the Communication Patterns Questionnaire, and the Trust Scale in Interpersonal Relationships. All analyses were performed using structural equation modeling with the assistance of SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. For analyzing mediating relationships, the bootstrap method in the Preacher and Hayes (2008) MACRO program was used.

The results showed that adaptive emotional schemas indirectly affected trust in couples affected by infidelity through the mediation of communication patterns (P<0.01).

The results of this study can provide useful intervention strategies for improving the communication patterns of couples and assessing their emotional schemas.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment based on cognitive behavioral therapy, schema therapy, and meaning therapy on psychological well-being and marital burnoutin women experiencing emotional divorce.

 Methods and Materials:

The method of this study was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test and post-test design witha control group. The study population included all female clients who attended counseling centers in Tehran, diagnosed with conditions of emotional divorce in their marital life in the year 2021. The study sample consisted of 30 women experiencing emotional divorce, who were selected through stratified random sampling and placed into the educational group based on transdiagnostic treatment involving cognitive behavioral therapy, schema therapy, and meaning therapy (15 participants) and the control group (15 participants). The measurement tools used in the research included: the Psychological Well-being Scale by Ryff (1989), Marital BurnoutScale by Pines (1996), Marital Conflict Scale by Barati and Sanaei (1999), and Emotional Divorce Scale by Gottman (2008). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS software version 20.

The results indicated that the treatment based on transdiagnostic cognitive therapy, schema therapy, and meaning therapy has an effect on reducing marital burnout(F=109.71, P<0.001) and increasing psychological well-being (F=19.44, P<0.001).

Therefore, it was concluded that transdiagnostic treatment based on cognitive behavioral therapy, schema therapy, and meaning therapy is effective in reducing marital burnoutand increasing psychological well-being.

The purpose of the present study was to propose a structural model of body image based on gender schemas, personality type, attitude to eating with the mediation of perfectionism in individuals with cultural pathology and body dysmorphic disorder referred to the beauty clinics of Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the research embraced individuals who referred to the beauty clinics of Mazandaran province (Amol, Babol, Sari and Qaimshahr cities). The sample included 330 participants whom were selected through purposive procedure. The method of the current research was correlational of structural equation modeling (SEM) one. Data was collected by implementing Tan Sooto and Garcia's (2002) Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, Cyranowski (1994) Sexual Schema Questionnaire, Costa and McCrae's (1996) Personality Type Questionnaire, Mintz et al.'s (2000) Eating Attitude Questionnaire, Terry-Shorte et al. and Perfectionism Questionnaire (1995). To analyze the data structural equation modeling was applied via utilizing SPSS22 and Amose23 software. The results of the research showed that there was a significant relationship between gender schemas and body image in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder with the mediation of perfectionism. The results also indicated that personality type was significantly correlated to body image in participants with body dysmorphic disorder through the mediation of perfectionism. There was also a significant correlation between eating attitude and body image in subjects with body dysmorphic disorder, with the mediation of perfectionism. Finally, the findings revealed that body image was significantly related to all the investigated variables, and in fact, it could be concluded that since the appearance of a person is a part of a person's personality and identity and it appears in cultural and social situations dissatisfaction with it provides a risk factor for many disorders.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting marital commitment based on communication beliefs with the mediation of sexual satisfaction and self-control. The research method was correlational and structural equations type. The statistical population is all women who referred to counseling centers and health homes in Tehran in 2020-21 and 380 people were selected as a sample using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was Adams and Jones' Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1997), Idelson and Epstein's Relationship Beliefs in Married Life (1982), Larson et al.'s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), and Tangeny et al.'s Self-Control Questionnaire (2004). For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS 14 and SPSS 24 software. The results showed that the direct effect of communication beliefs on sexual satisfaction (β=-0.13), self-control (β=-0.47) and marital commitment (β=-0.46) is significant. The direct effect of sexual satisfaction on marital commitment (β=0.22) and self-control on marital commitment (β=0.54) is also positive and significant. Meanwhile, self-control can play a mediating role in the relationship between communication beliefs and marital commitment (P≥0.001). communication beliefs, communication patterns, sexual satisfaction and self-control, if formed in positive and efficient dimensions, can increase and maintain couples' commitments.

schema therapy and meaning therapy and to determine its effectiveness on the level of psychological well-being, marital burnout and marital conflict of women involved in emotional divorce. It was done with the design of uneven groups (experiment and control) with pre-test-post-test. It included all women eligible for emotional divorce in Tehran city who referred to Atiyeh Psychology Clinic in 2017, the sampling method was available. According to the opinion of the psychologists and consultants of Atiyeh Clinic in 2017, they were eligible for emotional divorce, and also their score in Guttman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire was one standard deviation higher than the mean (29 points), and 132 people were selected as the initial sample size. The initial sample size of psychological well-being, marital distress and marital conflict questionnaires was given, among these people 132 people who answered the questionnaires (psychological well-being, marital distress and marital conflict) in the pre-test conditions. 73 people had the screening conditions. Among the screened people (73 people), 30 people were randomly selected and replaced in the meta-diagnostic training group based on cognitive behavioral therapy, schema therapy and meaning therapy (15 people) and the control group (15 people). The research included: Riff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, Marital Discomfort Questionnaire, Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (MCQ), Gutman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire. To analyze the results of the methods of descriptive statistics (prevalence,frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics: to investigate the research, a pre-test and post-test design with a control group was used, and the analysis of covariance statistical test was used to test the hypotheses. spss20 software was used for statistical analysis of data. The results indicated that the research hypotheses were confirmed, which means that the effect of treatment based on meta-diagnosis of cognitive therapy,

The present study aimed to present a model of trust in couples affected by marital infidelity based on emotional schemas with the mediating role of emotional expression. The current research was descriptive-correlational based on structural equation modeling (SEM). In light of these considerations, the statistical population of this study comprised all couples affected by marital infidelity who were referred to the counseling centers of Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon between May and August 2021. , 150 couples (300 people) were selected using the available sampling method, and Rempel et al. (1985) Interpersonal Relationship Scale (IRS), Leahy's (2002) emotional Schema Scale (LESS), and King and Emmons’ (1990) emotional expressiveness Questionnaire (EEQ) were completed. At the conclusion of the study, adaptive and nonadaptive schemas directly have a significant effect on couples' trust (P<0.05). Also, adaptive schemas through the mediation of positive emotion expression and nonadaptive schemas through the expression of positive emotion and expressing intimacy had an indirect and significant effect on couples' trust (P<0.01). The findings of this study suggest that the model of trust in couples affected by infidelity based on emotional schemas with the mediation role of emotional expression has a good fit, and the use of this model could be effective for experts in the determination of extramarital relationships.

Body image is a multidimensional structure broadly defining the mental and internal manifestations of physical appearance and bodily experiences. It is associated with weak self-esteem, weak gender identity, and depression. Therefore,  the current research aims to develop a structural model of body image based on the attitude towards eating with the mediation of dysfunctional beliefs in people with body deformity disorder referring to the beauty clinics of Mazandaran province.

The current research method is correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the research was made up of people who were referred to the beauty clinics of Mazandaran province (the cities of Amol, Babol, Sari, and Qaem Shahr). According to Klein's opinion, the sample size was 330 cases selected in a purposeful and random way. The data collection tools included Sooto and Garcia's (2002) body image satisfaction scale, Connor et al.'s (1979) eating attitude scale, and Wiseman and Beck's (1982) dysfunctional beliefs scale. In this research, SPSS (version 22) and Amose (version 23) software packages were used to analyze the information obtained from structural regression equation modeling.

The results of the research demonstrated a relationship between attitude toward eating and body image with the mediation of ineffective beliefs in people with body deformities. Moreover, the data analysis showed the appropriateness of the indicators and indicated a very good fit for the research model at a significant level.

One of the prerequisites of behavior is attitude; in other words, every behavior that comes from a person is associated with some kind of attitude. According to this point of view, any particular attitude towards a special subject or phenomenon creates a certain readiness in people to perform behavior. Many diseases, including body image disorder, are directly or indirectly caused by a person's attitude towards eating or are affected by it, or at least, a person's attitude plays a role in its aggravation and durability.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting marital commitment based on Internal religious orientation with the mediation of sexual satisfaction and self-control.

The research method was correlational and structural equations type. The statistical population is all women who referred to counseling centers and health homes in Tehran in 2020-21 and 380 people were selected as a sample using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was Adams and Jones' Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1997), Allport Religious Orientation Questionnaire (1950), Larson et al.'s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), and Tanji et al.'s Self-Control Questionnaire (2004). For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS 14 and SPSS 24 software.

The results showed that the direct effect of Internal religious orientation on sexual satisfaction (β=-0.31), self-control (β=-0.40) and marital commitment (β=-0.28) is significant. The direct effect of sexual satisfaction on marital commitment (β=0.17) and self-control on marital commitment (β=0.64) is also positive and significant. Meanwhile, self-control can play a mediating role in the relationship between Internal religious orientation and marital commitment (P≥0.001).

Internal religious orientation, communication patterns, sexual satisfaction and self-control, if formed in positive and efficient dimensions, can increase and maintain couples' commitments.

 This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of integrated systemic couple therapy on differentiation and marital disillusionment in couples affected by extramarital relationships. 

 The study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages, along with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women affected by extramarital relationships who sought counseling in Babol city centers during the first nine months of 2019. Thirty individuals were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of fifteen for the experimental and control groups, respectively. The experimental group underwent Feldman's (1990) integrated systemic couple therapy protocol in twelve 90-minute group sessions, while the control group did not receive any training. Data were collected using the Pines' (1996) Marital Boredom Scale and the Skowron and Friedlander (1989) Differentiation of Self Inventory. Data were analyzed using repeated measures tests. 

 Results indicated that integrated systemic couple therapy had a significant effect on differentiation (F = 30.01, p < 0.001) and marital disillusionment (F = 78.86, p < 0.001) in women affected by extramarital relationships at the post-test stage. Additionally, the effectiveness of integrated systemic couple therapy on differentiation and marital disillusionment was sustained at the follow-up stage (p < 0.05). 

 Given the findings, this research suggests that group-based integrated systemic couple therapy can aid in improving differentiation and marital disillusionment in women affected by extramarital relationships.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of executive functions training on the emotional knowledge and empathy of the children with low self-control. It was an experimental study with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of the study included primary school children with low self-control in Tehran in academic year 2021-22. 26 children with low self-control were selected through multi-stage clustered sampling and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight seventy-five-minute sessions of executive functions training. The applied questionnaires in this study included Children’s Self-control Questionnaire (CSQ) (Kendal and Wilcox, 1979), emotional knowledge Questionnaire (EKQ) (Rieffe et al, 2007) and empathy Questionnaire (ES) (Jolliffe, Farrington, 2006). The data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni Follow-up test. The results showed that executive functions training has significant effect on the emotional knowledge and empathy of the children with low self-control (p<0.001). According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that executive functions training can be used as an efficient method to increase emotional knowledge and empathy of the children with low self-control through employing techniques such as increasing attention, concentration and accurace, organizing activities, avoiding response and controlling impulsivity.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of executive functions training on the self-control and social competence of children with low self-control. It was an experimental study consisting of pre-test, post-test, control group, and two-month follow-up period. In the academic year 2021-2022, the statistical population of the study consisted of Tehran primary school children with low self-control. 26 children with limited self-control were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups through multistage cluster sampling. The experimental group received eight 75-minute executive functions training sessions. This research employed the Children’s Self-control Questionnaire (CSQ) and the Social Competence Questionnaire (SCQ). Using SPSS-23, the data were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni Follow-up test. Executive functions training has a significant effect on the self-control and social competence of children with limited self-control (p<0.001). Using techniques such as increasing attention, concentration, and accuracy, organizing activities, avoiding response, and controlling impulsivity, the present study concludes that executive functions training is an effective method for increasing self-control and social competence in children with low self-control.

The review of the researches shows the existence of the problem of location of health control and adherence to the treatment of type II diabetes patients. The aim of this study was the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on the place of health control and adherence to treatment in people with type II diabetes.

This research was an applied and quasi-experimental research using pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population in this study is all people with a diagnosis of type II diabetes referred to Imam Hossein Clinic in Sari who according to the diagnosis of an endocrinologist have type II diabetes. From the mentioned community, during a public call (Imam Hossein Clinic located in Sari), people who were eligible to participate in the research were called; Individuals wishing to participate in the study were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the control and control groups. The equivalent of 15 people in each group was estimated. The research instruments included the Multistage Scale of the Wallston et al Health Control Center (1978) and the General Compliance Scale (GAS) of Madanlo et al. (2013). Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results of data analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in improving internal and external control and adherence to treatment (P <0.01).

To improve mental and physical health in patients with diabetes, it is recommended to use acceptance and commitment based therapy.

Development of a psychological capital training program and evaluation of its effectiveness on the impulsivity and psychological flexibility of students engaged in parents’ divorce with externalized behavior disorder was the purpose of the present study. In the qualitative portion of this study, the researchers employed a comparative method of thematic analysis, and in the quantitative portion, a quasi-experimental design with a pretest, posttest, control group, and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the present research consisted of divorced students with externalized behavior disorder attending the first high school in Isfahan during the academic year 2020-21. Forty students involved in a divorce and diagnosed with externalized behavior disorder were chosen using a purposive sampling technique and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ten 75-minute psychological capital training sessions over the course of two and a half months. Three participants from the experimental group and three participants from the control group withdrew from the study. This investigation employed the Impulsivity Questionnaire (IQ), the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (PFQ), and the Children and Adolescents Behavioral Inventory (CABI). The study’s data were analyzed using repeated measurement ANOVA and the SPSS-23 statistical software. According to the results, the psychological empowerment packagehas sufficient content validity from the perspective of experts. In addition, this program had an impact on the impulsivity (F=62.07, Eta= 0.66, P≤0.001) and psychological flexibility (F=100.88, Eta= 0.74, P≤0.001) of students with externalized behavior disorder who were going through their paernts’ divorce. According to the findings of the present study, psychological capital training can be used effectively to reduce impulsivity and increase psychological flexibility in students with externalized behavior disorder who are going through a divorce.

 The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of family empowerment training based on self-compassion on self-care and fasting blood sugar in female patients with type 2 diabetes. 

 In a randomized clinical trial study with a control group and pre-test and post-test, 60 women with type 2 diabetes who referred to the endocrinology department of Imam Hossein (AS) hospital located in Tehran province in Fall 2021 were selected by random sampling method. became Then the subjects were randomly assigned in two experimental and control groups through Excel office software. The experimental group (n=15) (under self-compassion-based family empowerment training for 8 weekly sessions of 90 minutes each session) and the control group (n=15) underwent routine hospital training. The data collection tool of diabetes self-care scale questionnaire and fasting blood sugar were collected in three stages of baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up. The data was entered into SPSS statistical software version 21 and analyzed using multivariate repeated measure analysis of variance. 

 The findings showed that in the group under family empowerment training based on self-compassion, the average score of self-care is significantly higher than the control group. In addition, women with diabetes in the experimental group decreased significantly in the average fasting blood sugar score compared to the control group (P < 0.001). 

 The results of this research showed that teaching the family empowerment model based on self-compassion can be effective in improving self-care and reducing fasting blood sugar in women with type 2 diabetes

This study aimed to compare the effect of training choice theory principles and training ACT principles on self-differentiation in high school students. The method was experimental with pre-test, post-test with control group and follow-up. The statistical population consisted all high school students in Rasht in academic year of 2019-2018. After assessing, 45 students who had self-differentiation below the cut-point were chosen and then randomly divided into three groups of 15, two intervention groups and a control group. For the first intervention group, the choice theory and for the second group ACT principals were taught in 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any training. After 3 month groups had follow-up. To determine the effect of the intervention program, a pre-test, post-test and follow-up were conducted using the Skowron & Schmitt (2003) Self-differentiation Test. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) analysis. The findings showed that intervention groups were significantly different in the post-test, compared to the control group in self-differentiation. The rate of self-differentiation increase after intervention and the size of this increase was higher in the choice theory group. The result showed that choice theory training has greater effect than ACT training on increasing self-differentiation.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the patients' physical conditions and limiting their activities. Patients with MS are more intolerant of uncertainty than the general population. This construct includes beliefs about anxiety, negative orientation towards the problem, and avoidant coping style. Psychological helplessness is another psychological problem that manifests itself in people with inflammation. Psychological helplessness refers to a specific distress and emotional state that people may experience temporarily or permanently in response to the pressures and problems of life. Emotional self–regulation is one of the strategies to deal with psychological problems caused by chronic diseases, specifically multiple sclerosis. People with MS experience more problems in emotional regulation than healthy people, which predicts lower quality of life. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on psychological helplessness, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional self–regulation in women with MS referred to the MS Society of Tehran City, Iran.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised women with MS referred to the MS Society of Tehran in 2017 for counseling and treatment. The number of these people was 4816. Thus, according to the list provided by the Tehran MS Society to the researcher, 357 people entered the study voluntarily. The required number of samples was calculated based on similar studies, considering the effect size of 0.40, confidence level of 0.95, test power of 0.80, and the rate of loss of 10% for each group of 15 people. The inclusion criteria include women aged 20 to 45 years, with minimum diploma education, who have suffered from MS for at least one year, and whose illness was diagnosed by a qualified physician, with the results of diagnostic tests such as MRI in the case of MS Confirmed. Also, people whose disease had reached a severe stage or those absent from the intervention sessions for more than three sessions were excluded from the study process. The study participants responded to the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) (Freeston et al., 1994), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and Emotional Self–Regulation Questionnaire (Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010) in the pretest and posttest phases. The schema therapy group received group intervention in 8 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Centrality and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. The independent t test and univariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. The mentioned statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 24 software. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed that schema therapy reduces the variable components of psychological helplessness, including stress, anxiety, and depression (p<0.001), relieving the variable components of uncertainty intolerance, including the stressfulness of indecision, the inability to take action, the negativity of unexpected events and their avoidance, and uncertainty about The future (p<0.001), and the increasing of emotional self–regulation variable components, including secrecy, compromise and tolerance (p<0.001) in the women of the experimental group with MS.

Based on the research findings, schema therapy effectively reduces psychological helplessness and uncertainty intolerance and increases the emotional self–regulation of women with MS. This treatment can improve the psychological problems of patients with MS.

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between addiction to online games and social anxiety in teenagers. The statistical population of the research consists of all the students of the first secondary level of Tehran city in the second semester of the academic year 2018-2019, of which 320 people were selected based on the Morgan table and available sampling method. The measurement tool in this research was Wang and Chang's online game addiction questionnaire (2002) and Jarbak's social anxiety questionnaire (1996). Data analysis was done in two descriptive and inferential sections (Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression analysis) using SPSS-22 software. The results of the research indicated that social anxiety is a significant predictor of addiction to online games in high school students and positively predicted addiction to online games at a significance level of 0.01 with a beta coefficient of 0.14.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of schema therapy on emotion cognitive regulation and psychological resilience in the veterans’ wives. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. Two-month follow-up period was administered too. The statistical population of the present study included the wives of the veterans with neurological and psychological complications in the city of Tehran from May to July of 2020. 30 veterans’ wives were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 women). 27 women (13 in the experimental group and 14 in the control group) remained after the exclusion. The experimental group received ten ninety-minute sessions of Schema therapy during two months. The applied questionnaires in this study included emotion cognitive regulation (Garous and John, 2003) and psychological resilience. The data taken from the study were analyzed through ANCOVA method. The collected data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that the Schema therapy has had significant effect on the emotion cognitive regulation and psychological resilience of the veteran’s wives (p<0.001) and led to the improvement of their emotion cognitive regulation and psychological resilience. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that schema therapy using techniques such as cognitive techniques, challenge with schemas, emotional techniques and practice of effective coping behaviors can be used as an effective treatment to improve cognitive emotion regulation and psychoanalytic resilience in Veterans’ Wives.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and mutual behavior analysis on communication skills of couples applying for divorce.

The research method was a semi testing a type of control group with pre-test, post-test and three month follow up.The statistical population of this study included all couples applying for divorce who were referred by the family court to counseling and psychological service centers licensed by the Psychology System Organization of Rasht city from October to January of 2018 due to severe conflict. forty five qualified people were selected based on the entry and exit criteria and by purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.The data collection tool was Quin dam's Communication Skills Questionnaire (2004).Both the experimental and control group were pre-tested using research tools. 

The results of the research showed that schema therapy is more effective than mutual behavior analysis terapy in Communication Skills.

Therefore, it is suggested that in order to improve communication skills, the use of schema therapy methods should be taken into account more than before

To promote general health in patients with hepatitis, it is vital to develop effective interventions to improve the lifestyle of these patients. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on the lifestyle of patients with hepatitis B.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. A sample of patients with chronic hepatitis B was selected from all patients visiting specialized clinics in Tehran -Iran in 2021. Thirty patients with hepatitis B were selected and randomly allocated to two experimental and control groups (15 patients per group). Eight sessions of group CBT (one 90-minute session per week for two months) were performed, and the post-test was then administered to both groups. The data was collected by the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) and analyzed via the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and t-test in SPSS 26.

There was no significant difference between the lifestyle mean score of the groups in the pre-test stage. The mean post-test score of the experimental and control groups were 133.42±6.28 and 94.76±5.68 respectively (P<0.001). The group CBT increased health promoting lifestyle indicators, including health responsibility (P=0.029), physical activity (P=0.050), nutrition (P=0.045), spiritual growth (P=0.045), interpersonal relations (P=0.002), and stress management (P=0.001) in the patients with hepatitis B.

The findings indicated the effectiveness of group CBT in improving the health-promoting lifestyle of patients with hepatitis B. CBT can thus be used by clinical psychologists and psychiatric nurses to promote a healthy lifestyle in these patients.