فهرست مطالب soheila sadeghi fasaee

Women’s fears in public accompany special consequences, which can be classified form personal habits to social and restrictive behaviors. Although, there is no congruence between the women’s fears and the objective status, which opposes them, the relationship between these two factors is still under question. The consequences of fear are serious and restrictive for women. The objective of the present study was evaluating the women’s experience and their strategies in facing fear and phobia. The present study was a qualitative research the data of which were obtained using 46 semi-structured interviews. The women’s fear can be classified into three categories, including case fears, fear of sexual harassment and fear of males’ ruling. The women’s strategies in facing fear can be classified into innovative – active behavior or passive- reactive behavior. For every one of these fears, women use unique strategies. In innovative – active behavior, women try to manage their fears and face the fears logically, in so doing they make use of all their resources. In passive behavior, women make use of strategies like silence, surrender, seclusion, prudence and change in personal habits. Since the participants were selected non-randomly, the results of this study are not generalizable at all.

Homicide is one of the most serious offences that can create serious damage to all those affected، to the murderer، the victim، their families and members of their local community، and it can also challenge the feeling of social safety. By applying the phenomenological approach and concentrating on data which is collected by a semi deep structured interview from 14 murderers، including 12 men and 2 women، the present research tries to understand and identify the risk factors which could explain why and how murder took place. The concluding points of in-depth interviews، reveal that to understand homicide، one needs to pay attention to the sequence of antisocial behavior and to those risk factors that have affected the life style at the individual، family، community and societal level. The issue of how deviant behavior from an early age has developed and turned into something else during the course of a person’s lifetime، is also looked in to. In other words، the behavior which is a cornerstone which affects other behavior، should be recognized، even if it is non-criminal behavior that could be drawn into criminal behavior later in life or implied to be a deviant behavior. In-depth interviews indicate that the majority of respondents in their childhood، are somehow involved in various anti-social behavior such as vagrancy، truancy، pigeon game، aggression، harassment، animal abuse and evil and deviant behavior which has developed during the course of their lives، so the identification of risk factors and the interaction between them is an important factor.

Social norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members Based on the process of social control, the level of political legitimacy and procedural justice practices in the areas of governance, social order is guaranteed. In this study, the independent variables associated with three domains of social control, procedural justice and social capital to Norm compliance of the dependent variable and the four dimensions (commitment conformity, expedient conformity, forced conformity and habitually conformity) are discussed in Tehran. Method of survey and questionnaire techniques are used. Statistical population of people over 18 years living in Tehran and the Cochrane formula that is based on a multi-stage cluster sampling probability, finally 400 were selected. Results showed an average rating of 2.81 out of 5 is the norm compliance. The independent variables were age, economic status - social, formal control, informal control, self-control, certainty of punishment, procedural justice, political legitimacy, religious commitment, social capital and individualism are having a significant relationship with the dependent variable. Regression analysis showed that the independent variables religious commitment, self-control, individualism, political legitimacy, procedural justice and the certainty of punishment 0.429 of the total amount of variance in the dependent variable explained to Norm compliance in Tehran.

Nowadays the press has a key role in the public arena and is the most important news source for many people. Daily, the press through news production and creation stories about crime tries to shock people, scare them or make fun and newspapers now more than ever as gray literature of research are discussed. Although this idea is very common that the media plays a key role in issues designing and its contents are part of the public discourse, but the matter does not match the reality. In other words, we can say that they are able to give a skew picture of guilt that based on criminology and media theories can have an impact on social security and consequently on the social order in the society. This paper uses quantitative content analysis of 200 articles from the news of the Citizen newspaper in the first six months of 1389 as selected by systematic random sampling and study data. The findings and results of this study show that a true reflection of a crime in newspapers in some areas are accompanied with bias and is sometimes inconsistent with reality. The results also showed that on the construction of the lower economic group as the primary group of offenders was approved by the press. Exaggerated representation of violent crimes in the newspapers were confirmed that newspapers, unlike crime rates in the official statistics, specified about 50 percent of the crimes reported frequency to violent crime.

This study tries to show how gender as a discourse construction has been formed since decades before the Islamic Revolution in Imam Khomeini’s words differently from then language system capacity, power and residence relations embodied in the traditional discourses, pre-revolution modernization period, in a context of political and social events and how it has stabilized or transformed the customary and determining boundaries of women and men. For this very purpose this paper studies the signified meaning of masculine/feminine in Imam Khomeini’s words as the most important political and symbolic elite in religious and revolutionary modernism discourse in relation with focal signifiers of then opposition in the context of political confrontation including official position of Pahlavi regime against traditional clerics, applying Ruth Wodak’s method of historical discourse analysis. As a result ‘woman’ in the words of Imam Khomeini in connection with subjects such as Islamic Values, humanity, freedom, equality, bravery, rights, taking part in self determination etc., is an active subject in contrast with two conceptual systems: traditions and modernity. And women are not opposite men but beside them and not in a specific field but in their whole private, social and political lives they are responsible for establishing and maintaining a political system based on Islamic values.

Fore a long time, traditional extremists and radicals dominated discussions about issues which influenced women and their roles in the society. In this respect, some radical feminists related “the suppression of women” to motherhood and claimed that women’s most common problems were due to their biological capability for reproduction. Traditional extremists, too, emphasizing on unreal solutions, limited women to traditional roles such as homemaking and taking care of children. Both traditional and radical feminists have cheated modern women. Placing women in a limited and tense ideological situation, they have shown that they are unaware of the needs and problems of modern women. This paper evaluates the subject matters, challenges, and limitations of motherhood and the writer, emphasizing on the fact that motherhood is not merely a biological feature but that it is a social matter, tries to place her sociological analyses in a policy-making environment and come to the conclusion that how social policy-makers can improve women’s conditions with respect their experience of life.

Shahryar Mohammadi This paper tries to deal with cybercrimes from a criminological perspective. Then, itexamines national and international practices for fighting these crimes at the nationaland global levels. Finally, the paper will explain the social, moral and juridical challengesfor defining and fighting such crimes