somayeh rahmani

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) can lead to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). The sixth most common cancer in the world is OSCC. This study aimed to describe the demographical and clinical characteristics of OPMD patients and their risk factors registered at the Oral Medicine Department of Shahid Beheshti Dental School in 2019-2021. The observational-analytical study was conducted using the dental records of 96 consecutive patients using a web-based registration software (OPMDs registry). Information including demographics and clinical features, the type of OPMD, and risk factors were extracted. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, T-test, and Fisher’s exact test with SPSS version 21. In this study, 96 patients (average age: 52.41±14.87) including 52 women and 44 men, participated. The most common OPMDs comprised 69 Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) and 15 leukoplakia. The most common location of lesions was the buccal mucosa (74%) with erosions and plaques being the most common morphology types. Most patients with leukoplakia were male, however, majority of the patients with OLP were female (p=0.001). In patients with leukoplakia, 66.5% were smokers; hence, a significant relationship between smoking and OPMD was observed (p=0.001). Patients with OLP commonly presented with burning symptoms, while patients with leukoplakia were mostly asymptomatic (p=0.004). A significant relationship was observed between gender, clinical symptoms, location of lesions, morphology, and type of OPMDs. Most patients with OPMDs were women with OLP in their buccal mucosa, suffering from burning sensation.

National security and related crimes are an important part of the concern of any political system, which has gained new dimensions due to the expansion of cyber space. Security is the bedrock of any society's growth, and people have always used all their material and spiritual tools and resources to achieve it, and with this motive, they have formed a government. The need for security is the most basic human need after physical needs, and it is only by having security that individual and collective growth and advancement can be realized. For this reason, important concepts such as national security, citizens' security, and security in political, social, cultural and economic dimensions, etc., have cast a shadow on the literature of international relations. National security is a multi-dimensional concept, complex and has different elements and signs that every political system from the point of view of ideology, constitution and attitude of political leaders towards the people, the political systems in the world and the international system, has a special perception of it has Several definitions of national security have been presented, most of which classical definitions refer to the absence of war and military threats against a country or the protection of borders from physical threats. This means that national security is achieved when a country can maintain its basic values while avoiding war. But over time and with the change in the ways of realizing security and the expansion and multiplication of threats, new definitions of national security have been presented, which have paid more attention to the civilian aspects and include environmental security, collective security, cyber security, technological security, etc. have presented as new dimensions of national security. This means that if a political system cannot establish cyber security in a good way, it will raise many threats against that country. In this case, defining national security in today's world is a difficult task and requires consideration of time and place and effective tools in providing security on the one hand and ways to provide it in the current situation on the other hand. In any case, every political system to ensure its national security is faced with tools that can be both threatening and considered an opportunity to promote and strengthen national security. One of these important tools is virtual space. A tool that, with the help of the Internet and communication media, has made cyber and virtual security one of the basic concerns of political systems in the contemporary era. This means that an important part of the threats and opportunities related to national security comes out of cyber space. A simple event in a country, which few people knew about before, quickly spreads in different parts of the world and starts a wave of threats against that country. Specifically, this procedure is also applicable to the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Due to the ethnic, religious, linguistic and social diversity of the Iranian society, as well as the specific political procedure that governs the society, there are many threats in cyberspace. Therefore, an important part of these threats seek to create a crisis and threaten national security. This means that by highlighting the existing problems and their permanent plan in the virtual space, they double the social costs of a problem. Considering the above, dealing with crimes against national security becomes doubly important. However, according to the current research, dealing with threats to national security does not always require a criminal and judicial mechanism, but there are also social, deterrent and citizen role-playing methods that can be used to reduce crimes against national security. Or prevented them from happening. One of these tools is capacity building of citizenship rights. Also, citizenship rights, as one of the influential components in the society, also affects the process of crimes against national security in cyberspace, which is the focus of the present research. The question is, what capacities do citizens' rights have to deal with crimes against national security in cyberspace? In this article, the descriptive and analytical method is chosen as the research method and the data collection tool is library. Considering these cases and the importance of citizen's rights in dealing with crimes against national security in cyber space, it should be said that the findings of the research have shown that based on the rights of citizens in the constitution and taking into account rights such as freedom, security and the rule of law It is necessary to consider special rights for ethnic and religious groups, to consider legal and legal considerations such as smart filtering to prevent the formation of a second (lawless) government in cyberspace, and also to use the capacity of celebrities to deal with threats and crises. Internal and external. In addition, the results of the research show that based on the use of the capacities of citizens' rights to deal with crimes against national security, we need to consider the three aspects of governance, public and people, and pay attention to the role of specific groups (political and socio-cultural). This means that it is possible to use the capabilities of citizen rights such as security to justify the effective role of the government in smart filtering, dealing with crimes against national security and criminal content as a form of governance. In the next stage, the role of citizens and their participation can be used as a public resource. This means that if cyber citizenship can be considered as an effort for the presence of citizens in a new context, the responsibility of citizens in this field will also undergo changes. Considering the legal participation of citizens in dealing with cyber threats and crimes against national security, "internet patrolling" is necessary to monitor anti-national security activities that even violate principles 24 to 26 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The design of this solution is due to the compatibility of the solution (cyber citizen internet browsing) with the risks that occur in cyber and virtual space. In other words, threats also require countermeasures of their own kind so that, in addition to the participation of citizens, the dangers caused by crimes against national security can be brought to the attention of legal and judicial authorities as soon as possible. But the other side of dealing with crimes against national security from the perspective of citizen rights is to ward off potential threats in areas that need more attention due to social and political consequences, which have turned into concrete dangers today thanks to the expansion of cyber space. Therefore, identifying ethnic groups, making their demands and demands in the virtual space and using media capacities is an important measure to create a kind of national cohesion and deal with threats against national interests and security. It means that by linking national and ethnic identity through granting special rights and respecting ethnic plurality and diversity through the right to use the mother tongue for teaching or having a national media to ward off threats against national security. Another measure is to use the capacity and position of reference groups such as celebrities or other reference groups so that they can connect the general public to support the national identity in critical situations. In this way, it should be said that all three aspects of governance measures, public and considering the role of special groups in dealing with crimes against national security are important and vital from the point of view of citizen's rights.The composition.

Subjectivity is the reflexive experience of awareness and individual agency in interaction with oneself and with others in the real, symbolic, and institutional realms. This study aims to comprehend the social and semantic complexities of the subjectivity of Kurdish women. The research employed theoretical sampling and in-depth individual interviews with 43 Kurdish women, supplemented by the formation of a focus group consisting of six individuals, within the interpretive-constructivist approach and grounded theory method framework. The findings reveal that the subjectivity of Kurdish women can be grasped through the central phenomenon of suspension. This experience was categorized into four concepts: suspension of cognition and agency, suspension of lived experience, conscious suspension of fear, and suspension as a strategy. Contextual conditions and institutional relations encompass normative institutions, regulatory institutions, minority status, and economic status while intervening conditions include experiences of subjugation, social connections, and available resources. Three types of strategies emerged: protection strategy, resistance strategy, and negotiation. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the intricate nature of subjectivity in Kurdish women's experiences, depicting it as fluid, mixed, and multifaceted, and existing within three categories of female subjectivity, passive-unembodied-internal subjectivity vs. embodied/active subjectivity, and delocalized subjectivity.

Electronic banking or online banking is a service provided by many banks and credit institutions and allows banking transactions to be conducted on the Internet using information and communication technology. The continuation of technological innovations and competition between existing banking organizations and new entrants has made a wider range of banking services and products available, but the rapid development of electronic banking capabilities, in addition to benefits, also brings risks. Modern banking goes hand in hand with new crimes and dealing with these crimes and criminal policy in dealing with these crimes is as necessary as the importance of banking. An important question that was raised and examined in this article is how to evaluate Iran's criminal approach to electronic banking crimes, especially phishing? The method of the present article is descriptive, analytical and library-based to investigate the mentioned question. The findings of the research indicate that in Iran's criminal law, there are no special laws in the field of banking crimes, and mainly, the law of computer crimes governs electronic banking crimes. In Iran's criminal law, the crime of phishing is punishable by imprisonment and a fine.

Industrial property rights are important issues that play an important role in the technological and industrial development of countries. Criminal guarantee for the protection of this type of intellectual property rights and its examples such as trade secrets and trademarks have received less attention and investigation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the criminal guarantee for breach of trade secrets and trademarks from the perspective of jurisprudence and Iranian law and French law. This article is descriptive and analytical, and it has investigated the mentioned subject by using the library method. The findings indicate that in French law, the punishment of imprisonment and fine is determined as a criminal sanction for the violation of trade secrets and trademarks. In Iranian law, unlike French law, there is no criminal protection of trade secrets and there are no comprehensive laws in this regard. Trade secrets are not mentioned in any of the articles of the patent law, and only the law of electronic commerce and the law of computer crimes and the law of publishing and free access to information have implicitly and limitedly mentioned and supported this right. Violation of the confidentiality of trade secrets is mentioned in the laws of Iran in scattered laws and in a vague and incomplete manner. Another point is that the French law for the violation of trade secrets and trademarks has determined a monetary penalty of up to one million francs, which is in line with decriminalization and reducing the motivation of industrial property crimes, which are mainly financial, because the economic benefit of committing the crime is largely eliminated.

The accident of flight number 752 of the Boeing 737 plane of Ukraine Airlines, which occurred in the sky of Iran in January 2018, has wide legal dimensions in addition to the political-security dimensions. The purpose of this article is to investigate the criminal responsibility caused by the Ukrainian plane crash in the sky of Iran and its effects.
This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.
Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.
The findings of this investigation indicate that the unintentional error of the Iranian air defense operator caused this accident. Therefore, due to the fact that the error of Iran's air defense is a clear example of the criminalization contained in Article 714 of the Islamic Penal Code and Article 54 of the Armed Forces Crimes Law, and the criminal fault and the causal relationship between the fault and the loss are also visible, therefore, the guilty person is responsible and The convicted person is recognized and subject to the guarantee of legal executions, including the payment of ransom.
Conclution: In addition to the criminal responsibility for the perpetrator of this accident, this accident has the ability to spread to the government of Iran and is the basis for the plan of responsibility for the government. Because, in principle, in crimes committed by the armed forces, the effect of the committed crimes, along with the individual agent, returns to the respective government.

Nowadays, esthetic appearance plays an important role in the field of dentistry. Discolorations and pigmentations of the gingiva reduce the appearance of a healthy-looking smile. On this occasion, the use of lasers shows a promising approach for a fast and non-aggressive treatment in this field. Different laser wavelengths are being used for gingival depigmentation this clinical study aimed to investigate the effect of the novel laser wavelength (445 nm) in this field and compare it with an 810 nm diode laser.

Two diode laser wavelengths (445 nm and 810 nm) were used for depigmentation. The laser output power chosen was 1 W. An optical fiber with a diameter of 400 μm was used. 21 patients with pigmented gingiva were selected. Depigmentation was carried out in a split-mouth design for a direct comparison of the clinical effect. Outcomes were documented by photograph after one month and six months of follow-up.

For each wavelength, 21 volunteers evaluated 21 clinical cases of depigmentation, which means that 441 comparisons were carried out in total regarding the color change from brownish to pinkish. A 100% clarification was achieved for 445 nm. In the 810 nm group, the color change in 44 of 441 cases (10%) could not be clearly identified. No statistically significant difference in pain experience was reported for both laser treatments.

The clinical evaluation showed that within the limitations of this study, most of the clinical outcome parameters were highly acceptable by the patients due to mild pain and discomfort for both laser systems.

Using lasers in melanin depigmentation is one of the main fields of interest for dental practitioners and patients. However, it is important to know what would happen inside the tissue and how the cells would interact inside the tissue with a laser.

In this study, we used both wavelengths of 445 nm and 808 nm on sheep gingiva to find out the effects and side effects of these diode lasers while using them for gingival depigmentation.

After microscopic evaluation, we concluded that 808 nm and 445 nm lasers with a power of 1 W are safe enough to use in the depigmentation of gingiva, and both lasers are highly effective in melanin pigments which are located in basal membrane.

The 445 nm blue laser produced a less thermal effect, which means it is safer to be used in gingival hyperpigmentation than a diode laser.

High quality of married life has a supportive role for people, on the other hand, low quality of married life plays the role of a high-risk factor, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of alexithymia and spiritual intelligence in predicting the quality of married life.

The current study was descriptive-correlational, the research population was all married female educators of the elementary school of one vineyard district in the academic year 202-2023 (260 people), according to the table of Kejarsi and Morgan (1971), 150 people qualified according to the method Available sampling was selected; And they answered the alexithymia questionnaires of Bagbi et al. (1994), the spiritual intelligence of Farhoush et al. (2014) and the quality of marital life of Busby et al. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and stepwise regression using SPSS version 18 software.

The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between alexithymia and quality of life (r = -0.467) and a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and quality of life (r = 0.572) (P < 0.01). Spirituality and alexithymia could significantly predict 36.2% of changes in quality of life.

The findings of the present study indicated the importance of alexithymia and spiritual intelligence in explaining the quality of women's married life

The right to health of women and children is one of the important issues that need to be explained and analyzed from the point of view of human rights and humanitarian rights. This is important because women and children are the most victims of conflicts. Based on this, the aim of this article is the extent of protection of the right to health of women and children in regional conflicts from the perspective of international human rights and humanitarianism.

The mentioned article is descriptive and analytical and library method is used.
Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present research, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Wide support for women's and children's right to health includes many examples such as the right to access drinking water, sacrificial substances, and access to referees and medical services. But while the suspension is subject to compliance with conditions and conditions, including being in a "state of emergency", in practice, some governments involved in the conflict use the suspension contained in human rights documents as a tool to violate human rights; Therefore, we are witnessing the instrumental use of this condition by the governments and in practice, the claim of the state of emergency is used in every case as a legal tool by the parties to the conflict to violate human rights.

Despite the protection of humanitarian law for the rights of individuals in regional conflicts, it is difficult to determine an appropriate, independent and automatic legal framework to protect human rights during armed conflicts, especially regional conflicts.

Please cite this article as:Rahmani S. The Extent of Protection of the Right to Health of Women and Children in Regional Conflicts from the Perspective of International Human Rights and Humanitarianism. Medical Law Journal. 2023; 17(58): e45.

Orofacial outcome of oral cancer, and its management can effect on patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to design and compile oral health self-care education program for oral cancer patients.

The research design was a qualitative and descriptive review study. Research articles and text books from international databases including: PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ISI web of science, and authenticated textbooks of oral medicine and maxillofacial surgery were used to find relevant topics by means of MeSH keywords such as "oral care”, "education program", “oral cancer”, “consideration”, “rehabilitation”, “self-management”, "self-care”, “complication”. Thereafter, English-language articles published from 2000 to 2021 were appraised. Self-care education program were analyzed by 30 experts in the fields of oral diseases, maxillofacial surgery, oncology, and radiotherapy. The content of the instructions in the areas of clarity and comprehensiveness, educational concept, patient awareness, implement ability and usability, and adequacy were evaluated quantitatively and from a score of 0 to 10.

Self-care education program were developed in these areas: mucositis, secondary infections, decay, pain and tooth sensitivity, halitosis, dry mouth, taste disturbance, bleeding, trismus, osteoradionecrosis, and nutritional instructions. The overall agreement of the experts in all areas was more than 9 points. In the areas of comprehensiveness and clarity of sentences and adequacy of coverage of instructions, there was the highest and lowest agreement, respectively (9.9 ±0.22), (9.3 ± 1.3).

According to the findings, this education program is recommended as a practical self-care guide for oral cancer patients.

Cross-efficiency method is a useful tool for efficiency evaluation of decision-making units in data envelopment analysis. The issue of non-uniqueness of optimal weights in the cross-efficiency evaluation has reduced the usefulness of this powerful method. This paper introduces a new method for selection of weights profiles as the secondary goal in cross-efficiency with stochastic data. The issue of zero-weight which implies the exclusion of some variables from the assessments, is also addressed in the new proposed method. The provided weights selection method also reduces the weight disparity in the achieved weights profile. In the peer-restricted stochastic cross-efficiency evaluation, the new approach guarantees that different DMUs should not attach very different weights to the same variables. As the result, a common set of weights using the idea of similarity between sets of weights is achieved in the proposed computation method. Some numerical examples are also used for illustration and comparison purposes.

Oral cancer accounts for 3% of all malignancies. Progression to malignancy occurs with a gradual process. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are associated with the development of malignant transformation toward oral cancer.

This registry aimed at introducing an exact data gathering method for detecting, managing, and monitoring patients with OPMD to decrease the occurrence of oral cancer.

In this registry, all patients with OPMD such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral lichen planus at Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Tehran, Iran were included. Patients’ information including demographics, clinical, and histopathological features, the type of OPMD, treatment measures, and lesion changes in follow-up intervals were recorded in the registry software. In addition, a quality assurance team supervised and guaranteed the quality control of the entire registry process.

The following measures have been accomplished so far: development of an ethically-approved proposal, development of a comprehensive data form, development of web-based registration software, development of a manual of operation, signing of a collaborative contract with more than 8 dental schools throughout Iran, identification of 100 eligible patients, signing a contract with the Research Deputy of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and codification of a verified and ethically approved quality assurance proposal. This registry is getting the advantage of being supervised and sponsored by the Disease Registry Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.

The prospect of this registry is to provide patients with OPMD with a nationwide diagnostic service and continuous monitoring protocol through a collaborative network of all dental schools in Iran.

The present article seeks to answer the question of what are the legal responsibilities arising from the non-fulfillment of certain international obligations by governments, towards other governments and also towards the people? Findings indicate that according to the International Covenant on Human Rights, in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the provision of health care by governments is not limited to nationals and peoples in their own country, but a commitment to international cooperation in this field. Is particularly important; On the other hand, with the spread of the corona virus and the outbreak of the emerging and deadly disease Covid 19 in the world, governments have begun to provide compulsory treatment services to people, especially those with the disease; The necessity of services is contrary to human rights rules. The provision of these services, in addition to violating some individual and collective rights, has in practice led to the violation of some of their international obligations, but given that these measures are optional and temporary, governments can not talk about the impossibility of full implementation of their treaties in international forums. To justify the violation of their international obligations because the effects of the Corona crisis on the inability to implement treaties are different. By emphasizing the rule of "force majeure" in Article 23, the subject of international responsibility of states, they prevent the admission of guilt resulting from the failure to perform the treaty and absolve themselves from the responsibility of breach of obligation.

This article analyses the experience of Kurdish women's silence based on their understanding and interpretation of gender and their position in the fields of work, family and education. The aim is to show the social and semantic complexities of the phenomenon of Kurdish women‘ silence. This study was conducted using theoretical sampling and individual interviews with 20 Kurdish women, as well as focus interviews in a group of six, in the framework of interpretive-constructivist approach and the thematic analysis technique. The results have been framed under the two main themes of hegemonic silence and strategic silence, and also sub-themes. They show that women give different meanings to their silence by their silence in different situations while use different strategies. The consequences of each of these types of silence can include those silences that re-establish or disrupt the hegemonic meanings of gender and domination. This study shows that the experience of silence lies in a range of subjugation on the one hand, and subjectivity and agency on the other. Moreover, the boundary between victim and agent cannot be considered as a clear and inflexible boundary.

The social concepts of the Holy Quran as the most important religious book of Muslims in various fields of human knowledge, especially Persian literature and sociology have often been neglected. Among the topics discussed in this heavenly book is the concept of social patience and its components, which has been proposed as the most effective way out of difficulties. The hardships of life are not unwise, and behind the problems and hardships of life is the divine wisdom. During social life, a person faces many problems and difficulties, passing them are a great challenge for human beings. The present research is descriptive-analytical and has been done by library method. This study examines the impact of the poems of Maulana, Saadi and Hafez on the Holy Quran with emphasis on the concept of social patience in verses 5 and 6 of Surah Al-Sharh: ﴾So, verily, with every difficulty, there is relief(5) Verily, with every difficulty there is relief﴿.

In the present study, the removal of heavy metals (in the case of cobalt removal) from contaminated water using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles and the effects of pH factors, time, cobalt concentration and temperature on cobalt removal were investigated and to describe the data obtained Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherms have been used for absorption experiments. The experiments were designed with the Taguchi method in the Coalition software, which uses a partial factorial method. Nanoparticles are synthesized by co-operation in the laboratory, and then experiments are performed on four levels of each factor on a simulated solution containing cobalt, and the results are analyzed with the aid of the Coalytic software using the Taguchi standard analysis method. The highest cobalt adsorption rate is 81%, pH is equal to 9, 15 minutes, initial concentration of cobalt is 7 mg / l, and 60 ° C. Also, according to the analysis, the optimum conditions in pH state are 9, the remaining 10 minutes, the initial concentration of cobalt is 25 mg / L, and 20 ° C. The rate of yield in cobalt adsorption is expected to be 383/86 percent. At the end, the result of the experiment under optimal conditions on real industrial waste water contains 36 mg / l of cobalt 60 with an absorption rate of 6.7%, which is 17.1%, due to changes in experimental and actual conditions. The data obtained from adsorption isotherms are consistent with the two models and are more fitted to the Freundlich model.

The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of normal and modified UASB reactor for the treatment of dairy wastewater. To conduct research, two reactor units with a height of 120 cm and a volume of 48 liters have been used on a laboratory scale and a tank septic tank and an additional sludge blanket have been used to optimize the UASB reactor. Initial inoculation of the reactor was carried out using sewage treatment sludge (active sludge method) slaughterhouse, along with fresh cow discharges and feeding using dry milk. The research lasted for fourteen periods for 154 days, the first period for 30 days including the design and construction of the reactor, the second period for 40 days including starting, forming granules and measuring PH, the third period for 40 days including the continuation of the process The formation of granules and sludge blankets, pH measurements, and preliminary analysis of the removal efficiency of COD and the fourth period for 44 days include the continuation of granulation sludge measurement, PH and the evaluation of COD removal efficiency. The organic loading during four periods was 5.2-11.4 kgCOD/m3.day, and the reactor temperature was in the second to third period in the mesophilic temperature range and during the fourth period at the mesophilic and psychrophilic temperature range. The retention time in the studied period is 24 hours. The output COD yields four to for normal reactor 75-60% and a modified reactor of 94-60%.

In cloud computing, virtual machine placement is the decision making process of selecting a destination physical machine to host a virtual machine, according to virtual machine requirements and physical machine available resources. Virtual machine placement is one of the main sub-problems in the virtual machine consolidation process which faces different challenges. Burst-aware placement plays a key role in improving performance in cloud computing systems and hence, requires special attention and investigation. Therefore, in this study, we will develop a virtual machine consolidation process model by proposing an efficient method for virtual machine placement. The proposed method consists of two burstiness-aware algorithms for initial and reallocation of virtual machines. By presenting these algorithms, we aim to minimize the negative effects of workload bursts on the process of making decisions about the placement of virtual machines. We use the random and real dataset and CloudSim simulator to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results confirm the advantages of the method regarding performance compared to benchmark methods.

Reactive Red 198 is a mono azo dye widely used in the textile industry of Iran. The toxicity of reactive dyes is higher than other dyes and causes disorders such as irritation, cancer and mutation in humans. The overall objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of a Constructed Wetland pilot system with conventional and baffled horizontal subsurface flow to remove reactive red 198.

In order to remove Reactive Red 198, two cells were constructed in parallel with 2 × 0.6 × 0.5 m. In the conventional and baffled cell, native straw of Phragmites australis was used. In the research process, COD concentration and reactive dye concentration were investigated. The effect of retention time and type of plant on the efficiency were also investigated.

The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of the reactive red dye 198 was obtained at 100 mg/L inlet pollutant concentration and 3.5 days retention time, which was related to the baffled cells. Also, the presence of the baffles in the constructed wetland system increased the removal efficiency. The presence of straw in both cells was directly affected the removal efficiency. The effect of the retention time in the conventional cell was more effective in removal efficiency than the baffled cell. The pollutant inlet concentration was also inversely correlated with the removal efficiency.

According to the results, it can be concluded that the baffled and conventional horizontal subsurface constructed wetland can be used for low concentrations and at low retention time as a well-functioning system in the removal of reactive Red 198.

Today, along with the relative expansion of public health around the world, various diseases such as AIDS, malaria, etc. are increasing in human societies. In this regard, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most important industries that should be supported so that the inventors of new drugs have enough motivation to produce more effective drugs. On the other hand, the undeniable benefits of supporting pharmaceutical inventions pose a serious threat to developing and less developed countries, and may endanger the public health of these societies. In such situation, we should know which of these two principles is preferable to other and should be given priority: Public health as a basic human right or protection of pharmaceutical patents as an exclusive right of its owners? One of the most important issues discussed directly and indirectly in the World Trade Organization is ”public health”, especially the drug trade and the protection of pharmaceutical patents, and this organization has always protected the rights of drug inventors to maintain a balance between public health and freedom of access to medicine. Therefore, any legal system that wants to join this organization may face problems due to these two issues. This study aims to investigate the conditions and challenges of supporting pharmaceutical patents in legal systems in case of accession to the World Trade Organization.

The purpose of choosing this topic is to understand the meaning of the will and its differences and commonalities in Iranian and British law, which is a descriptive and analytical method to answer the ques ti on of the questions and what are the differences between the Iranian and British law? It is a hypothesis that, by reviewing intention and consent, and the pros and stages of intention create legal action, it is not only to recognize the concept of the will of its formation, but also to be better in the Iranian and British law. The will in the word means to ask for it. In the so - called Iranian law, it can also be called will. The will in the word means to ask for it. In the so - called Iranian law, it can also be called will. Therefore, when discussing the psychological condition of transaction in the Iranian law, it is based on the analysis that comes from mental states and its various stages as legal rules, for the will or the will of two separate internal states. One is consent and the other is the intention, which is interpreted as the intention to write. In order to fulfill any legal act, the intention to write is necessary. In th is a rticle, an attempt has been made to examine and explain the general views (of jurists) of Iran and Britain in each issue

The present article seeks to answer the question of what are the legal responsibilities arising from the non-fulfillment of certain international obligations by governments, towards other governments and also towards the people? Findings indicate that according to the International Covenant on Human Rights, in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the provision of health care by governments is not limited to nationals and peoples in their own country, but a commitment to international cooperation in this field. Is particularly important; On the other hand, with the spread of the corona virus and the outbreak of the emerging and deadly disease Covid 19 in the world, governments have begun to provide compulsory treatment services to people, especially those with the disease; The necessity of services is contrary to human rights rules. The provision of these services, in addition to violating some individual and collective rights, has in practice led to the violation of some of their international obligations, but given that these measures are optional and temporary, governments can not talk about the impossibility of full implementation of their treaties in international forums. To justify the violation of their international obligations because the effects of the Corona crisis on the inability to implement treaties are different. By emphasizing the rule of "force majeure" in Article 23, the subject of international responsibility of states, they prevent the admission of guilt resulting from the failure to perform the treaty and absolve themselves from the responsibility of breach of obligation.

In this study relationship between customer-base concentration and company's performance is examined by three criteria namely financial (return on asset), economic (refined economic value added) and operational (inventory turnover ratio). Customer-base concentration is defined as factor to reduce selling cost including cost to attract customer and improve customer's performance. For this purpose, multivariate regression model is estimated for panel data. Intended data are collected from 104 companies accepted in Tehran stock exchange during 1386- 1393. The result of current study represents meaningfully negative relationship between customer-base concentration and financial performance with criterion of return on asset. Also it shows lack of meaningful relationship between customer-base concentration and economic performance with criterion of refined economic value added and operational performance (function) with criterion of inventory turnover ratio.

The studied area is located in east of Nahavand which is a part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The petrographic and geochemical investigations show that, these rocks consist of basalt, andesite-basalt, andesite, trachy-andesite and dacite. Porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic, microlitic, hyalomicrolitic and comb textures are the common textures in the studied volcanic rocks. Two alteration zones including: argillitic and sericitic zones developed in this region. Alteration products are sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, hematite and calcite. Copper mineralization has occurred primarily in these rocks as filling voids and fractures. Malachite, covellite, magnetite, hematite and bornite are found within the veins. The geochemical data show that these rocks are related to calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magma series. Enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion in HREE and HFSE with negative anomalies of Ti, Nb along with other evidences, such as high Th/Yb and their position on the tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate that the volcanic rocks in discussion were emplaced into the subduction zone related to an active continental margin setting. The Nahavand volcanic rocks lie in young and immature volcanic arcs or in the initial stages of volcanic arc formation. This situation is consistent with geological history of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone during the Jurassic to the Cretaceous ages.