tahereh bagherpour

Neural, hormonal, and mechanical factors regulate the expression of fast-twitch isoforms in developing and mature muscle fibers. The transcriptional mechanisms responsible for regulating the gene expression of myosin heavy chain types are not well understood. This study aimed to determine the effect of a single session of intense resistance exercise with glutamine supplementation on the relative expression of the alpha and IIX isoforms of the myosin heavy chain gene in male rats.

This experimental study was conducted on 30 adult male Wistar rats divided into three groups: control, intense resistance exercise (first experimental group), and fierce resistance exercise combined with glutamine supplementation (second experimental group). The exercise groups participated in a single session of resistance climbing on an inclined plane with 4 sets of 5 repetitions, 30 seconds of rest between repetitions, and 2 minutes of rest between sets. Glutamine supplement powder was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water at a dose of 0.5 grams per kilogram of body weight and administered daily via gavage for 5 days. The expression of alpha and IIX isoforms of the myosin heavy chain gene was examined in the extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue.

The relative expression of the alpha myosin heavy chain gene in the fast-twitch muscle fibers increased significantly in the first experimental group (1.93±0.298) and the second experimental group (1.65±0.195) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The relative expression of the IIX motor unit gene in the fast-twitch muscle fibers also increased significantly in the first experimental group (1.42±0.239) and the second experimental group (1.26±0.190) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The increase in the relative expression of the alpha myosin heavy chain gene in the first experimental group compared to the second experimental group was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, the increase in the relative expression of the IIX motor unit gene in the first experimental group compared to the second experimental group was not statistically significant.

Our study concludes that a single session of intense resistance exercise, with or without glutamine supplementation, significantly increases the relative expression of the alpha myosin heavy chain gene and the IIX motor unit gene in the fast-twitch muscle fibers of the extensor digitorum longus muscle in adult male rats. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular

 The pathogenesis of obesity is very complex, and a number of factors are involved in its occurrence. To treat or control obesity and diabetes, various treatment methods, such as the use of natural and synthetic drugs or lifestyle modifications, are recommended for obese people. Exercise is an active lifestyle that can have beneficial effects on obese people. Due to people's concerns about the side effects of chemical drugs, including drug resistance, today in medicine, the use of herbal compounds with different properties, including cinnamon, has been considered by everyone.

 In the current work, simultaneous application of cinnamon extract (CE) and aerobic practices were studied on the expression of the resistin gene (RG) in adipose tissue of male rats on a high-fat diet.

 The influence of 5 days a week of aerobic exercise for 6 weeks, along with a simultaneous high-fat diet (as an emulsion with the rate of 150 mL in excess of the routine diet) and consumption of CE (200 mg/kg), were studied. The expression of the RG in adipose tissue of male rats that received a high-fat diet in their daily food was assessed. Independent variables of the present study included performing 6 weeks of aerobic exercise, consumption of CE, and high-fat diet as the underlying variables. The mRNA expression of the proteins was evaluated using real-time PCR. The effect of variables on between-group and within-group changes was assessed using a one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test.

 Different patterns, including high-fat diet, cinnamon, and combinations of high-fat diet/cinnamon, high-fat diet/aerobic exercise, and high-fat diet/aerobic exercise, were significant on resistin in adipose tissue.

 The best results in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of diet on the expression of RG were observed for a combination of six weeks of exercise and CE. Therefore, the simultaneous utilization of aerobic exercise and CE is recommended.

This articl, which was carried out in order to identify and prioritize media strategies to develop social responsibility in national sportsmen, was applied thematic analysis research with a qualitative approach. The method was library and field and the statistical population encompasses all experts in the field of media and sports, including professors, managers, sports experts and students in three scientific, executive and sports groups. Sampling was done purposefully and theoretical saturation was achieved during 18 interviews. In the present study, retesting was used to determine the reliability of the conducted interviews. The validity of the questions has been reviewed and confirmed by 12 relevant experts. From the data analysis, 45 open codes, 8 central codes, and 6 selective codes were obtained, which included advertising, executive policy, research, motivational, culturalization, and personal development. Considering the results of this research, it is possible to take a step towards policy making and institutionalizing media aspects of social responsibility in sports in general and among sports stars in particular, which of course requires the formulation of strategic plans and laws.

 Diabetes leads to some motor function dysfunction. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of eight weeks of strength training, water exercise, and omega-3 consumption on the motor function of diabetic men with peripheral neuropathy.

 Among the diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy (30-60 years old), 80 people were purposefully selected and then randomly divided into four groups, including 8 weeks of taking omega-3 supplements, 8 weeks of strength training, 8 weeks of water training, and control (20 people in each group). Eventually, a one-way analysis of variance was used for the group comparison of variables.

 In terms of simple reaction time, strength training (P=0.03) and water training (P=0.01) were lower than the control group. In addition, the water exercises (P=0.04) and strength training (P=0.04) were lower than the consumption of omega-3. However, in terms of the balance score, strength training (P=0.001), water training (P=0.001), and omega-3 consumption (P=0.01) were higher than the control group. Similarly, water exercises (P=0.02) and strength training (P=0.03) were higher than the average consumption of omega-3. Regarding the leg muscle strength score, the strength training (P=0.001), water training (P=0.001), and omega-3 consumption (P=0.003) were higher than the control group. Finally, the strength training (P=0.012) was higher than the mean consumption of omega-3 (P=0.012).

 In general, strength training, water exercise, and omega-3 consumption improved motor performance in diabetic neuropathy men.

The use of herbal remedies can be helpful in the prevention and treatment of obesity, overweight, and disorders related to these conditions. However, it is still unclear how aerobic exercise and curcumin supplementation interact with adipose tissue. This study sought to determine how leptin and adiponectin gene expression in visceral adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet would be affected by aerobic exercise and supplementation with curcumin extract. For this study, 50 male rats were divided into five groups of equal size: control, high-fat diet, curcumin and high-fat diet, aerobic exercise and high-fat diet, and aerobic exercise and curcumin and high-fat diet. Five sessions per week of aerobic exercise were performed for six weeks at a speed of 25 to 29 meters per minute for 20 to 45 minutes. Rats were given high-fat food emulsion in the amount of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight per day for six weeks in order to simulate high-fat food groups. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were employed in SPSS22 to analyze the results. There is no difference between the short-term effects of aerobic exercise, a high-fat diet, and curcumin extract on adiponectin gene expression in male rats (P=0.05). The short-term effects of aerobic exercise, a high-fat diet, and curcumin extract on the expression of the leptin gene in adipose tissue in male rats are comparable and not significantly different. The findings of this study demonstrated that consumption of curcumin, an antioxidant, and brief exercise have an impact on how the fat gene expresses itself. As a result, when either agent is consumed alone, the expression of the adiponectin and leptin genes in fat decreases or increases, and when both agents are consumed at the same time, the expression of the adiponectin and leptin genes in these cells' fat tissue increases.

This research aims to identify and validate Iranian sports entrepreneurs' optimal use of crowdfunding.

The research method is mixed. In the qualitative section, the participants included 16 sports management professors, entrepreneurship management, sports entrepreneurs, and sports business people in the interview, and the data were analyzed by Maxqda version—2020 software. Furthermore, 360 participants participated in the survey during the quantitative section, and the data was analyzed with Smart PLS software.

The findings showed casual elements, including entrepreneurial attitude, human capital, and policies. The background conditions include the institutionalization of entrepreneurship, business management transparency and improvement, a customer-oriented culture, and cultural and social factors. Also, the intervening factors comprised laws and regulations, financial and economic elements, protective laws, and information technology factors. The practical strategies also included expert forces, trust building, creating supportive and monetary policies, and communicating with entrepreneurs. Finally, the results showed the growth of sports businesses, distribution of justice in financial resources, economic productivity, and positive attitude toward sports entrepreneurs as social capital. According to the results, the identified factors can provide the necessary ground for collective financing by sports business entrepreneurs.

Originality: 

Funding has always been one of the main challenges of entrepreneurs, and crowdfunding can be an effective way to provide the capital a start-up company needs. The purpose of this study is to optimize collective capital by sports entrepreneurs by a quantitative study.

In this study, concentrations of some blood biochemical factors in male powerlifting athletes were compared through 6 weeks of weight training with combined beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and creatinine (Cr) supplements and 2 weeks of non-training. Thirty-two male athletes aged 21-30 years were randomly divided into four groups of eight individuals: Cr, HMB, HMB + Cr, and weight training. The training program was designed for 6 weeks and four sessions per week. The HMB group consumed 3 g of the supplement on training days and 1g on  non-training days, the Cr group  consumed  three servings of  5 g on  training days and 5 g  on non-training days, and the HMB +Cr group consumed the same amount of HMB and Cr supplements as the HMB and Cr groups.  During 2 weeks of non-training, the HMB, Cr, and HMB + Cr groups received daily 1 g, 5 g, and 1 g of HMB + 5 g of Cr, respectively. The hypotheses were tested by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were no significant differences in Cholesterol (Chol.), Triglyceride (TG), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels after the post-test and 2 weeks of non-training. There were significant differences in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in post-test between groups of weight training and HMB (p = 0.000), weight training and HMB + Cr (p = 0.002), Cr and HMB (p = 0.000), and Cr and HMB + Cr (P = 0.001). The weight training and HMB (p = 0.000), weight training and HMB + Cr (p = 0.003), Cr and HMB (p 0.000) =), and Cr and HMB + Cr groups (p = 0.001) were significantly different in 2 weeks of non-training. Six-week weight training with combined HMB and Cr supplement and 2 weeks of non-training can significantly change the concentrations of some blood biochemical factors in male powerlifting athletes.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of optimal use of crowdfunding by Iranian sports entrepreneurs based on grounded theory. The research methodology used were analytical and qualitative for this purpose. The research strategy was grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The participants in the study included 16 university professors in the field of sports management, entrepreneurship management, sports entrepreneurs and activists in the field of sports businesses. Content analysis of the interviews and coding were used to analyze the data. The research tool was open interviews and the results were analyzed based on the three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The results showed that 109 open codes and 22 axial codes were identified. Causal factors included the central codes of entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial human capital, and entrepreneurial policies. Underlying conditions included the institutionalization of entrepreneurship, transparency and improved business management, the existence of a customer-oriented culture, and cultural and social factors. In addition, the intervening factors consisted of laws and regulations, economic and financial factors ahead, protection laws and technology and information technology. Effective strategies included expertise, confidence building, supportive and financial policies, and communication with entrepreneurs. Finally, consequences included the growth of sports businesses, the distribution of equity in financial resources, economic productivity, and a positive attitude toward sports entrepreneurs as a social asset. It can be concluded that crowdfunding is a means of improving business in the field of sports, which should be considered by entrepreneurs in this field and entrepreneurs to provide the context.

The aim of the present research was to identify and validate the effective strategies for the development of e-sports clubs in Iran. The research method used a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach for data collection. The qualitative population consisted of experts, informed individuals, and authorities familiar with strategic sports management, as well as managers and officials of e-sports associations such as the development and progress committee and the e-sports association. The sampling method was non-probabilistic, with purposive selection and maximum diversity. The sample size for this research was determined to be 16 based on theoretical saturation. Additionally, in the quantitative section, the participants were managers and officials of e-sports clubs and e-sports athletes, totaling 360 individuals. The research tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on the extracted codes in the qualitative section. The qualitative data analysis was conducted using Maxqda software, while the quantitative analysis was performed using the AMOS structural equation modeling software. The results identified and validated 6 concepts and 44 codes related to the effective strategies for the development of e-sports clubs in Iran. Finally, the model results were confirmed in terms of validation. The results indicated that educational and research strategies, the development of official competitions, creating a platform for attracting financial support, differentiation, and interaction with the media formed the strategies for the development of e-sports clubs.

Type two diabetes is one of the most common endocrine diseases, and the lesser-known complication of diabetes is sexual dysfunction, which leads to, vaginal dryness in females and erectile problems in males. Therefore, it is necessary to study the influencing factors on the complication reduction of treatment. The main purpose of this present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of combined yoga exercises, almond consumption and diet on the sexual function of diabetic females in Damghan city. For this purpose, fifty diabetic women aged between 30 to 50 years old in Damghan were selected and matched based on their age, height, and weight into five groups (number in each groups=10 subject). The subjects randomly named 1.yoga exercises; 2. Almonds consumption; 3. Diet (doing all three items); and 4. Control group. Before and after the intervention period, blood pressure, blood sugar, waist, and hip size were measured and the subjects completed a dietary recall questionnaire. The first group subjects performed 10-minute breathing exercises, 20-minute stretching, and 15-minute concentration of yoga exercises in each session. The second group replaced 1 ounce (equivalent to 28.34 gr) of almonds with a 10% calorie intake per day. The third group implemented any of the diet programs set by the nutritionist, and the fourth group performed all of the above 3 conditions (yoga, almonds consumption & diet). The control group did not implement any of the above. TDEo analyses of the data, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The results showed that eight weeks of yoga exercises, almond consumption, and diet significantly affect sexual function among diabetic women. However, no significant effect was observed on the sexual function after the intervention in the control group. Thus yoga exercises, almond consumption, and diet improved sexual function of diabetic women.

Recent research establishes the heart as an endocrine gland capable of lowering blood pressure effectively through the secretion of hormones such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance and speed activity on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and blood pressure levels in male athlete students in Yazd. The statistical population for the study was male students at Yazd University, from which 90 male athletes with an average age of 23.42 and at least three years of experience in sports were randomly assigned to one of three endurance, speed, or control groups. The endurance group ran 3200 meters for 12 minutes, while the speed group ran 100 meters four times with rest intervals and at a heart rate of one-third of the target heart rate. Ten minutes before and ten minutes after the activity, blood samples were taken to determine plasma ANP. One session of endurance and speed activity significantly increased plasma ANP compared to the pretest stage (p < 0.05); additionally, there was a significant difference in plasma ANP and systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the group with speed activity and the control group as well as the control group with endurance activity (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that both endurance and speed activity performed during single session increased plasma ANP and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

This study aimed to compare six weeks of weight training with HMB and creatine supplementation and two weeks of non-training on body composition and muscle function factors in male powerlifting athletes Thirty-two male athletes aged 21 to 30 years were randomly divided into four groups of 8 people creatine, HMB, HMB + Cr, and weight training. The training program was designed for 6 weeks and four sessions per week. The HMB group had 3 grams of the supplement on training days and 1 gram on non-training days, the creatine group on training days in 3 servings of 5 grams and 5 grams on non-training days, HMB + Cr group HMB supplement in 3 grams per day, and Creatine was consumed in the same way as the creatine group. During the two weeks of training, the HMB group received 1 gr of the supplement daily, the creatine group received 5 gr of the supplement, and the HMB + Cr group received 1 gr of the HMB supplement daily and 5 gr of the creatine supplement. A Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to test the hypotheses. Comparison between groups showed that there was not a significant difference in body fat percentage, lower body muscle strength, and muscle endurance between the four groups of weight training, creatine supplementation, HMB supplementation, and HMB + Cr supplementation in the post-test and two weeks of non-training. Also, the comparison between the groups showed that There was a significant difference in upper body muscle strength in the post-test, between the HMB + Cr group and the weight training group, the HMB + Cr group and the creatine group, the HMB + Cr group and the HMB group and Also in two weeks of non-training, between HMB + Cr group and weight training group, HMB + Cr group and creatine group, HMB + Cr group and HMB group, also comparison between groups showed that in two weeks of non-training, there was a significant difference in lower body muscle endurance between the weight training group, and HMB, the weight training group and HMB + Cr. It seems that six weeks of weight training with a combination of HMB and creatine supplements and two weeks of non-training can lead to a reduction in body fat percentage and improved muscle function factors in male powerlifters.

The study is to investigate the obstacles to the privatization of Iranian football clubs through legal approach. The statistical population included professors of sports management and professors of sports law and law who were familiar with sports and the legal structure of sports. It was conducted by the method of snowball to saturation, and finally twenty people were examined. First, through library research and referring to other studies, the preliminaries of the research were provided and then, through interviews, dimensions and items were identified, total of 12 components, and then the interpretive structural process was performed. The findings showed that barriers to privatization of Iranian football clubs include barriers to clubs entering the capital market, structural problems of the stock market, financial barriers of clubs, bureaucracies of sports organizations, administrative problems of regulatory bodies, lack of transparency in administrative legal procedure, interference Government in the privatization of clubs, the influence of non-athletes in clubs, non-implementation of legal privatization laws, clubs' dependence on public and private sectors, distance from FIFA financial standards and legal restrictions on revenue generation.  According to the findings, it can be concluded that in order to develop privatization in Iranian football clubs, legal infrastructure should be created in privatization organizations and stock exchanges, and the private sector should enter the clubs by creating transparency in the structure of clubs.

The sports health marketing plays an important role in improving the status of sports federations. As a result, the purpose of this study was investigating the sports health marketing strategic plan in the handball federation based on the SWOT model.

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive. The research population was presidents and vice-presidents past and present of the handball federation, referees, coaches and selected athletes of the national team and scientific and implementation experts with number of 52 people, which all of them were selected as samples by census sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which its face and content validity was confirmed by the opinion of experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method for strengths 0.86, weaknesses 0.84, opportunities 0.91 and threats 0.89. Data were analyzed by weighted average and rank methods in SPSS software.

The findings showed that for the strategic plan for the sports health marketing strategic plan were identified 11 strengths, 14 weaknesses, 10 opportunities and 11 threats. Also, the evaluation of the internal factors of the sports health marketing strategic plan in the handball federation showed that the amount of attention to strengths in compared to weaknesses was higher and the evaluation of its external factors showed that the amount of attention to opportunities in compared to threats was higher.

According to the results of the present study, the attention of managers and officials to

The aim of this study was to compare six weeks of weight training with HMB and creatine supplementation and two weeks of non-training on creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in male powerlifting athletes. Thirty-two male athletes aged 21 to 30 years were randomly divided into four groups of 8 people creatine, HMB, HMB + Cr, and weight training. The training program was designed for 6 weeks and four sessions per week. HMB group 3 grams of supplement on training days and 1 gram on non-training days, creatine group on training days in 3 servings of 5 grams and 5 grams on non-training days, HMB + Cr group HMB supplement in 3 grams per day and Creatine was consumed in the same way as the creatine group. During the two weeks of training, the HMB group received 1 gr of the supplement daily, the creatine group received 5 gr of the supplement, and the HMB + Cr group received 1 gr of the HMB supplement daily and 5 grams of the creatine supplement. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to test the hypotheses. The test results showed that in the post-test between weight training groups and HMB (p = 0.000), creatine (p = 0.006) and HMB + Cr (p = 0.000) and in two weeks of inactivity, there was a significant difference in CK between the weight training group and HMB + Cr (p = 0.047). Also between weight training groups and HMB (p = 0.000), HMB + Cr (p = 0.000), creatine and HMB (p = 0.019), creatine and HMB + Cr (p = 0.001) in both Week of inactivity There was a significant difference in LDH between the weight training group and HMB + Cr (p = 0.004), creatine and HMB (p = 0.026), creatine and HMB + Cr (p = 0.001). It seems that 6 weeks of weight training with a combination of HMB and creatine supplement and 2 weeks of non-training can significantly reduce muscle injury indices in male powerlifting athletes.
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Obesity has been recognized as a global problem that is increasing day by day. Although t

Obesity has been recognized as a global problem that is increasing day by day. Although the favorable effects of training and herbal supplements have been reported in this regard, the synergistic effects of the two are still a challenge for researchers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of Aerobic Training (AT) and Curcumin (Cu) consumption on adiponectin gene expression in the visceral adipose tissue and some anthropometric indicators of rats fed with High-Fat Diet (HFD).

In this experimental study, 40 rats with HFD (1.5 mg/kg/day high-fat emulsion) were randomly divided into five groups, including: (1) Healthy Control (HC), (2) High-Fat Diet Control (HFD), (3) HFD+Cu, (4) HFD+AT, and (5) HFD+Cu+AT. Aerobic training was carried out for six weeks, five sessions per week and each session of training was performed 10-50 minutes at a speed of 25-30 meters per minute and a slope of 15 degrees. Also, curcumin was fed to rats by gavage in the amount of 1.5 mg/kg/day. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze adiponectin and ANCOVA test with Bonferroni's test was used to analyze BMI. Data were analyzed in Prism GraphPad PRISM 3.8.3 software (P≤0.05).

Adiponectin gene expression levels in the HFD+AT, HFD+Cu and HFD+AT+Cu groups were significantly higher than the HFD group (P≥0.05). Weight and BMI levels in the HFD+AT and HFD+AT+Cu groups were significantly lower than the HFD (P≥0.05). Also, in the HFD+AT+Cu group, the weight and BMI levels were significantly lower and the adiponectin levels were significantly higher than the HFD+Cu group (P≥0.05).

It seems that exercise training and curcumin consumption both individually and synergistically can be effective in improving anthropometric characteristics by affecting adiponectin levels.he favorable effects of training and herbal supplements have been reported in this regard, the synergistic effects of the two are still a challenge for researchers.

Leptin is a protein hormone with a spiral structure similar to cytokines, which is mainly synthesized and released by subcutaneous fat cells in a steady pulsating manner with a peak secretion near midnight. The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effects of aerobic exercise and high-fat diet and curcumin extract on leptin gene expression in the liver tissue of male rats.

Fifty male rat with two-month-old were prepared and divided into five groups: control(G1), high-fat diet(G2), curcumin and high-fat diet(G3), exercise and high-fat diet(G4), curcumin+exercise+high-fat diet(G5). Data analysis was compared using one-way analysis of variance. Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to accurately determine the differences between groups. The mean of intra-group differences was also compared using the t-test of the sample. 

The results showed a significant difference in the average leptin gene expression of subjects among 5 groups. The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test also showed an increase in the high-fat diet group compared to the control group(P=0.0001), and a decrease in the high-fat diet + curcumin group(P=0.0001), the high-fat diet + exercise group(P=0.0001), and the high-fat diet + exercise + curcumin group compared to the control group(P=0.0001). 

Leptin gene is expressed under the influence of short-term exercises and the consumption of curcumin, which is an antioxidant. So that the use of each agent alone causes a decrease or increase in the leptin gene expression in the liver, and the simultaneous use of both factors causes a decrease in the leptin gene expression of these cells in the muscle tissue.

 Measuring physical fitness by studying aerobic metabolism, anaerobic metabolism, and muscular strength in most sports research is one of the important indicators of professional athletes.

 The aim of the present study was to compare six weeks of creatine supplementation and ginseng on the aerobic and anaerobic strength and muscle strength of the male players of the Iran national epee fencing team.

 This quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design was performed on two experimental groups of creatine and ginseng as a double-blind study. A total of 14 male players of the national epee fencing team were assigned to two groups’ creatine supplement and ginseng supplement. The statistical significant difference was determined at P ≥ 0.05, and ANCOVA test was used to assess the differences between groups. All data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 25.

 The results showed that the mean aerobic power in the creatine supplement group was significantly different from the ginseng supplement group (P = 0.001). In addition, the mean anaerobic control within the creatine supplement group is significantly higher than the ginseng supplement group (P = 0.001). The mean muscle strength in the creatine supplement group is significantly different from the ginseng group (P = 0.001). Higher mean aerobic power, anaerobic power, and muscle strength in the creatine supplement group, compared to the ginseng group, showed the more significant role of this supplement in raising aerobic power.

 It can be concluded that the role of creatine supplements in improving aerobic and anaerobic power and muscle strength could be more remarkable than the ginseng supplement.

 Changes in the antioxidant status and changes in the concentration of inflammatory factors through physical activity and supplements are a vague argument for researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) with royal jelly (RJ) on the oxidative system of hippocampal tissue in rats with Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by trimethylettin.

A total of 60 adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups: 1) Healthy control; 2) AD control; 3) Sham; 4) RJ; 5) RT; and 6) RT+RJ. The RT groups performed three sessions of RT for eight weeks. The RJ groups received 100mg/kg/day RJ dissolved in normal saline by intraperitoneal injection for eight weeks. qRT-PCR technique was used to evaluate changes in SOD, GPX, CAT gene expression of hippocampal tissue.

The results showed that the expression of SOD gene in either the RT and the RT+RJ groups had a significant increase compared to the healthy controls (p=0.001). GPX gene expression in either the RT and the RT+RJ groups was significantly increased compared to the AD controls as well as healthy controls (p=0.001). There was a significant increase in CAT expression in the RT+RJ group compared to the healthy controls (p=0.015). There was a significant decrease in CAT in the AD controls compared to the healthy controls (p=0.038).

It seems that the combination of exercise intervention with RJ may have more positive and obvious effects on the antioxidant system in rats with AD.

Diabetes leads to complications such as peripheral neuropathy. This study aimed to compare the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training, water training and omega 3 consumption on malondialdehyde (MDA), C Reactive Protein (CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin and blood pressure in diabetic men with peripheral neuropathy.

This research is a semi-experimental study and its statistical population consisted of diabetic men with peripheral neuropathy. A total of 80 diabetic patients with neuropathy were divided into four groups: omega-3 supplementation, resistance training, water training and control (For eight weeks, 20 people in each group).

In terms of glycosylated hemoglobin and blood pressure, there was a significant difference between the control group and the resistance training (P=0.001), water training (P=0.001) and omega-3 (P=0.001) groups. There was a significant difference between resistance training group and omega-3 group (P=0.041) in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin and between water training group and omega-3 group (P=0.004) in terms of blood pressure. In terms of MDA and CRP, there was a significant difference between the control group with the resistance training group (P=0.001) and the water training group (P=0.001) and between the resistance training group and the omega-3 group (P=0.001) and Water exercise group with omega-3 group (P=0.001), also.

Resistance exercise and water exercise reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin in people with diabetic neuropathy. But omega-3 alone was effective only on glycosylated blood pressure and hemoglobin.

In obese people, the expression level of interleukin is one beta higher, so that the expression level of interleukin 1 beta is directly related to the level of body mass index and fat mass. This study aimed to determine the effects of six weeks of aerobic exercise, consumption of cinnamon extract and high fat diet on the expression of 1 beta interleukin gene in liver tissue of male rats fed a high fat diet using two-month-old male Wistar rats. Fifty two-month-old male rats were divided into five control groups: high-fat diet, cinnamon extract, and high-fat diet, aerobic training and high-fat diet, and aerobic training and cinnamon extract and high-fat diet after two weeks of control. Cinnamon extract at a rate of 200 mg per kg of body weight and emulsion of high-fat food in excess of water and normal diet of rodents daily at a rate of 1.5 mg per kg of body weight for six weeks by gavage. The training group participated in an aerobic exercise program on a treadmill five days a week for six weeks. The mean of research variables among groups (except the control group) was compared with one-way variance analysis and Bonferroni tests to determine the differences among groups. The mean of research variables between each group was compared with the control group to determine the differences within the group by one-sample t-test at the significant level of p 05 0.05. There was a significant difference between body weight and liver tissue weight in the post-test between all groups. The difference among the mean variables of one beta interleukin in the liver tissue of male rats fed a high-fat diet after six weeks of aerobic exercise, consumption of cinnamon extract, and high-fat diet was significant. Therefore, it seems that the effects of high fat diet, high fat diet and aerobic exercise, high fat diet, and cinnamon and high-fat diet, and aerobic exercise and cinnamon on the interleukin variable of one beta in liver tissue are significant and significant.

Interleukin plays six major roles in various types of host defense mechanisms, including immune reactions and acute phase reactions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the short-term effects of aerobic exercise and high-fat diet and curcumin extract on the expression of interleukin-six gene in muscle tissues in male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 50 two-month-old male rats were prepared and divided into five groups: control group, high-fat diet, curcumin and high-fat diet, exercise and high-fat diet, curcumin + exercise + high-fat diet. Data analysis was compared using analysis test of one-way variance. Bonferroni supplementary test was used to accurately determine the differences between groups. The mean of group differences were also compared using one-sample t-test. The results showed that the mean expression of interleukin gene of 6 subjects showed a significant difference between the 5 groups. The results of Bonferroni post hoc test also showed a significant difference between the control group and other groups. Also, the gene expression of interleukin 6 in the two groups of high-fat diet and high-fat diet + curcumin increased compared to the control group. But in the two groups of high-fat diet + exercise and the group of high-fat diet + exercise + curcumin decreased, which was significant at the error level of 0.05.

Recently, mothers’ physical activity during pregnancy has been the subject of many studies and no human studies have reported negative effects of prenatal exercise on fetus. This study aimed to determine the effect of managed exercise during pregnancy on fetal growth. This randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled 80 pregnant women in Damghan meeting the inclusion criteria. Samples were randomly selected using randomization website and divided into control and intervention groups. The intervention consisted of a structured individual and group aerobic exercises including individual walking, aerobic exercise, sitting Pilates exercise, and moderate to intense gestational aerobic exercise three times a week from gestational age of 18-20 weeks to 37-39 weeks. There were approximately 60 training sessions. The control group received standard care and had routine activities. The independent t-test revealed an insignificant difference between the control and intervention groups in infant weight (t = 0.957, p = 0.342), head circumference (t = 0.921, p = 0.342), and height (t = 0.739, p = 0.492) and gestational age t=1.218, p=0.277. A moderate intensity managed exercise during pregnancy does not pose a risk to maternal and fetal well-being and it does not endanger the health and growth of the fetus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of pumpkin seeds and endurance training on oxidative stress syndrome in fast-twitch muscle tissue in male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. For this purpose, a total of 48 adult male wistar rats weighing 220 ± 20 gr and at 8 weeks were administered in accordance with stress interventions (hydrogen peroxide), pumpkin seeds supplementation, and endurance training. In order to induce oxidative stress, intraperitoneal injection of H2O2 at a dose of 2 mmol/kg was performed three times a week every other day. Inoculation of pumpkin seeds was performed at 0.5 μg/day with intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 300000 U/ml. The exercise groups daily exercised endurance training on a treadmill for 8 weeks, the endurance training protocol started at a speed of 8 m/min and the 10-degree gradient was started for 30 minutes on the treadmill in the first week and gradually increased to 20 m/min at an angle of 10 degrees for 60 minutes on the eighth week. For data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test were used at the level of =0.05. The results showed that training and receiving pumpkin seeds individually had significant effect on ATP concentration, ADP, ATP/ADP ratio, MDA and PAB of extensor finger muscle (fast-twitch) (p < /em> = 0.001). However, the interaction between training and pumpkin seeds had no significant effect on MDA (p < /em> = 0.56) and ATP/ADP ratio (p < /em> = 0.88), and extensor finger muscle (fast-twitch), but had significant effect on other variables (p < /em> = 0.001). Pumpkin seeds supplementation and endurance training can reduce oxidative stress in the body. Further research is required to be done on the supplementation of pumpkin seed and endurance training and its effects on oxidative stress.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of pumpkin seed and endurance training on oxidative stress factors and DNA damage of slow-twitch muscle tissue in male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.

A total of 48 adult male rats weighing 220±20 g at eight weeks were administered in accordance with stress interventions (hydrogen peroxide), pumpkin seed and endurance training. To induce oxidative stress, intraperitoneal injection of H2O2 at a dose of 2 mmol/kg was performed three times a week. Inoculation of pumpkin seeds was performed at 0.5 μg per day with intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 300000 U/ml. The training groups performed daily aerobic exercise on a treadmill for 8 weeks, the endurance training protocol started at a speed of 8 m/min and a slope of 10 degrees for 30 minutes on the treadmill in the first week and gradually at a speed of 20 m/min at an angle of ten. The degree reached 60 minutes in the eighth week. Data were analyzed using repeated- measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test at the level of α = 0.05.

The results of the present study showed that training and receiving pumpkin seeds separately has a significant effect on ATP, ADP, ATP / ADP ratio, MDA and PAB of horseshoe muscle (P= 0.001); But the interaction between training and pumpkin seeds did not have a significant effect only on MDA of soleus muscle (P = 0.025) but had a significant effect on other variables (P = 0.001).

Taking pumpkin seed supplement along with endurance training can reduce oxidative stress in the body.