tahereh ishani

For the analysis of any text based on Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), three matafunctions are considered: textual, interpersonal, and ideational. The ideational matafunction is divided into experiential and logical functions. In experiential function, language expresses the experiences of the outside world. The product of this function is transitivity that is used to specify different types of processes found in the verb. In the present study, after analyzing randomly selected anecdotes and wisdoms in Golestan and Baharestan, the differences between the applications of verbs in the two texts were analyzed using experiential function. Despite the significant differences in Sa’di and Jami’s writing style, the results of comparing selected parts indicated less application of behavioral and existential processes, and more frequency of relational and material processes. As a result, it may be concluded that although Sa’di and Jami have not discussed the origins of the issues in the two works, they have given greater consideration to the actors’ behavior as well as their account of events. It suggests that the use of different types of processes depends more on the content of the two works than on their writing style and linguistic characteristics.

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten chapters of Bustan, the first chapter “On Justice, council and administration of government” was selected for the analysis of the governmental discourse because many stories and anecdotes mentioned in this chapter are about the administration of government and social relationships while in the other eight chapters just a few number of stories address government and relations between the essential elements of the society. The data gathered (stories in the first chapter of Bustan) is analyzed based on a critical discourse analysis approach. Among the critical discourse analysis theories, the methodology introduced by Norman Fairclough is chosen according to which the analysis of the three dimensions of text, discourse and society is based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: Although Saadi’s Bustan is considered a book written to support the government of that time, and it’s not an anti-government text, Saadi’s point of view towards the government which is accompanied by the emphasis on the welfare of the poor, and the development of the country is very interesting. This can be perceived by considering both the discourse analysis data and the social conditions of that era.

Ain-Alghozat Hamedani is one of the most influential writers of Persian literature in the field of thought and expression. So, like many other famous authors, some works are assigned to him. This research used comparative stylistic analysis to examine his most important work “Tamhidat” together with “Lavayeh”, a work assigned to him. The purpose was to check the authenticity of these works. The study adopted a Systemic Functional perspective, and used the textual metafunction, focusing on theme. About 1500 clauses from each of these works were examined, in addition to other features of them. The results showed that the latter work does not seen to have been written by Ain-Alghozat Hamedani.

One of the important issues in systemic functional linguistics is metafunction. In this viewpoint، all of languages have been formed by three broad metafunctions: ideational، interpersonal and textual. The ideational metafunction is divided into two functions: experiential and logical. In experiential function، experiences of the world are represented through the language. In SFL view، a component of the ideational metafunction is transitivity as a property of clauses. It is used to specify the different types of processes in clauses. So، as transitivity encodes our experiences، by studying and inquiring processes existing in the text and their frequency، we can understand thought، experiences and inner world of an author. Then، in this paper، in addition to inquiring the processes of some short stories of Simin Daneshvar، frequency and percentage of all kinds of processes will be demonstrated as a stylistic indicative of her work and also considering these frequencies، her personality will be revealed.

In the sociology of literature as one of the branches of sociology of art studies, the composition and function of literature and the relation between society and literature, the external elements are mostly considered when analyzing literary works. From this viewpoint, the literature of every nation can present hypothetical illustrations from existing realities and provide general points of society’s history as a social document for researchers and thinkers in this field. In the present study, political poems of Sepideh Kashani and Nazik al-Malaika (two of the Persian and Arab modernist poets) are analyzed by using a descriptive-analytic and statistical method. The analysis indicates similar political themes like war and related issues, which refer to political events, political issues of other countries, important political figures, women, struggle, etc. in the poems of both poets. The results reveal the differences between the two poets which are due to the special environmental conditions of both of them. Undoubtedly, both poets are influenced by social and political contexts of their own time. In addition, referring to active participation of women in social and literary fields can be a clear confirmation of literature’s social theory.

Some literary critics have often engaged in debates on the degree of overall cohesion and coherence across the couplets of the Hafez ghazals: some maintain that the Hafez’s ghazals lack coherence; some others believe that there is cohesion and coherence in the nature of the couplets. This paper presents an analysis of the overall coherence in a ghazal of Hafez- that has a weak cohesion apparently- by using a linguistics framework laid out by Halliday and Hasan (1976 & 1984). Based on this theory, although cohesion is an important property of a text, just finding the cohesive elements does not show that the text is coherent. Rather, after finding these elements, it is necessary to show coherence in a text based on Cohesive Harmony. After doing this analysis, we have found that this ghazal has a very high cohesion and coherence. So, by utilizing this theory - that is a scientific method- we can probe the degree of cohesion and coherence in any ghazal of Hafez or other literary texts quantitatively.