فهرست مطالب tahmoures sohrabi

Companies are increasingly leveraging their research and development (R&D) functions, utilizing the diverse knowledge dispersed across global networks of emerging and developed markets. This research stream emphasizes not only knowledge acquisition but also the utilization and development of new products. Knowledge and its components can play a fundamental role in the successful execution of R&D activities. This study aims to investigate the role of knowledge management components on R&D activities in the oil industry. Initially, a conceptual model and research hypotheses were developed through a review of the theoretical literature and previous studies. To test the research hypotheses, the statistical population consisted of managers and experts from an active company in the oil industry, numbering approximately 135 individuals. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 100 individuals, and questionnaires were distributed among them. The questions in this questionnaire were adapted from reliable sources, and their validity and reliability were confirmed. Given the non-normal distribution of the data, Partial Least Squares (PLS) and SmartPLS 2 software were used for statistical analyses. Based on the significance values related to the hypotheses, all four were confirmed. The impact levels of knowledge creation, application, exchange, and retention on R&D activities were 0.884, 0.905, 0.748, and 0.625, respectively. Therefore, the most significant recommendation of this research is to focus on teamwork, where knowledge exchange occurs, fostering creativity and innovation, thereby enhancing the success of R&D activities.

Tax evasion is considered a fundamental problem for countries and is common in some jobs. The aim of this research is to design the tax break model with an emphasis on manufacturing problems in the clothing and clothing industry. The research method is mixed and applied. The statistical population is the qualitative sector of 10 university professors and managers in the garment manufacturing industry and 310 in the quantitative sector of the garment industry. The sampling method is simple. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis and quantitative phase structural equation method. 5 main and 15 sub-themes of the model were identified in the qualitative phase. The model had good fitness and the combined reliability was 0.781 which was acceptable. After testing the hypotheses, it was all confirmed and according to the results of the interpretive structural modeling, complex and multiple tax laws were placed at the fifth level, which indicates that it has the greatest impact on the tax evasion of producers. Thus, the relevant authorities in the manufacturing apparel and clothing industry are proposed to consider the most important tax evasion factors including increased inflation rate, and to provide strategies to reduce this factor.

Knowledge and innovation are essential for organizational success. For this reason, organizations are seeking for processes to transform knowledge into better organizational performance. On the other hand, it seems that the relationship between the knowledge management process and performance is more complex than a simple direct relationship, because knowledge must be institutionalized in the organization to improve performance. This institutionalization may be achieved through organizational innovation, which can often facilitate these processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between knowledge management processes, organizational innovation and organizational performance, which has been done in the case of the cement industry. For this purpose, three standard questionnaires of knowledge management (Cronbach's alpha= 0.730), organizational performance (Cronbach's alpha = 0.714) and organizational innovation (Cronbach's alpha = 0.750) were used to collect information from a sample of 385 cement industry employees from six provinces. Data analysis was done using SPSSwin18 and Smart PLS.5 software in the form of descriptive statistics and structural equation model. The results showed the low level of knowledge management and organizational innovation in the studied companies. The findings of the structural equation model showed that knowledge management (β=0.417, P<0.01) and organizational innovation(β=0.427, P<0.01) have a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. In addition, organizational innovation plays a mediating role in the relationship between knowledge management and organizational performance(β=0.331, P<0.01). It is suggested that organizations that have a high ability to manage their knowledge use their resources efficiently and provide more innovation to improve their performance.

The purpose of this study is to design a model for the development of technological innovations in the automotive industry in Iran. Case study: Ecosystem of clusters of research and development of commercial vehicles of Iran Khodro Industrial Group. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data in the qualitative section. The interviewees were experts from Iran Khodro Diesel Company and were purposefully selected. Data analysis was performed using the Grounded theory method and with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. In this process, 131 codes, 78 concepts and 34 categories were identified, which were created in the form of 5 axes. In the quantitative validation part of the model, the structural equation modeling method was used. First, questionnaires were developed and their validity and reliability were examined. Then, they were distributed among the statistical sample. The statistical sample was 80 managers and experts in Iran Khodro Diesel. Based on the data analysis of the questionnaire, due to the abnormality of the data distribution, the research model was tested and approved by the partial least squares method using Smart PLS software version 2. Based on these analyzes, the effect of causal conditions on the main phenomenon is equal to 0.534, the effect of the main phenomenon on the strategy is equal to 0.628, the effect of intervening conditions on the strategy is equal to 0.473, the effect of intervening conditions on the strategy is equal to 0.752 And the effect of strategy on outcome is 0.641.

This paper discusses the challenges facing the logistics industry in the global business environment, including issues related to tracking transactions, preserving transaction privacy, and ensuring the security of logistics information. We propose a method for addressing these challenges using a blockchain-based system that employs a smart contract to control the behaviors of all participants in the logistics and trade process. ‎‎In the experiment‎, ‎we‎ ‎use the Solidity programming language to develop a smart contract on‎ ‎Ethereum and tested it for common logistics and transaction uses‎. ‎The‎ ‎results of related programming and coding in Remix IDE show that the‎ ‎proposed algorithm is highly implementable‎. ‎To test the smart contract‎ ‎code and validation‎, ‎we test four main functionalities‎, ‎which include‎ ‎successful collateral deposit after the customer requests a document‎, ‎unique token generation‎, ‎successful payment settlement‎, ‎and a refund‎ ‎based on dispute handling by the arbitrator‎. ‎Oyente vulnerability‎ ‎analysis also shows that the code does not suffer security bugs‎. ‎Therefore‎, ‎the proposed method ‎‎can‎ ‎effectively decrease the risk of the logistics and trade process.

The development of the banking and financial services industry has been accelerated by the use of information and communication technology infrastructure such as the electronic payment switch, and every day more financial transactions in the country's payment network are transferred through this method. This development is associated with the bank's dependence on companies providing switch services and has created challenges in this industry. Therefore, having this infrastructural technology is one of the priorities of the activists of this industry. In many cases, attempts to acquire this technology through technology transfer have failed. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the transfer of electronic payment switch technology and to evaluate the effect and ranking of these factors. This research was conducted in the qualitative part by thematic analysis method and in the quantitative part by the confirmatory factor analysis method. By studying the research literature and semi-structured interviews with industry experts and using the theme analysis method, 23 themes were identified and categorized in the form of a theme network. Also, by using confirmatory factor analysis, the effectiveness of all factors has been confirmed and their prioritization has been done. Based on the results of this research, project priority, technology level, mental structures and public communication infrastructure factors have the greatest impact on the successful transfer of switch technology.

The present study aimed to identify and prioritize determinants of the interaction between lean production management stakeholders in the National Iranian Oil Company. The statistical population consisted of all key experts in the field of National Iranian Oil Company and the statistical sample included 25 experts of the National Iranian South Oil Company who were selected using the purposive sampling method. To analyze the data obtained from interviews and questionnaires, the most important criteria and key sub-criteria affecting the supply chain were first localized using Saaty's Delphi method, and then the relationships of the factors were determined using the Fuzzy DEMATEL method and with the help of experts, and the criteria and sub-criteria were ranked. MATLAB software was also utilized for data analysis. In this research, the initial framework of the stakeholder interaction management model was created using the dynamic game theory approach in the lean management process, and their solutions were compared in three game scenarios, namely Nash, Stackelberg, and cooperative scenarios. Based on the research results, the correct layout was the most effective criterion, and up-to-date and efficient equipment was the most affectable sub-criterion. Among the main criteria, logistics ability was the most effective criterion, and financial ability was the most affectable criterion. In terms of interaction, new production items had the highest interaction and correct layout had the lowest interaction. The highest interaction of the main criteria was related to experience and the least was related to production ability. Based on the results, the producer preferred to choose the Stackelberg game with the suppliers and act as a leader and make decisions independently from the suppliers in the present study, thereby, obtaining more profit and production, and then more popularity among people.

Today; in the field of entrepreneurship, special attention is paid to the category of entrepreneurship in the social ecosystem, which is mentioned as one of the factors that create benefits for society and reduce social harms. The purpose of this research was to design a model of social entrepreneurship ecosystem. The approach was a combined research. The qualitative stage was performed with the Delphi approach and presence of experts- to identify variables of social entrepreneurship ecosystem and entrepreneurship institution of buildings representatives. Quantitative stage of structural equation modeling was used for validation and confirmatory factor analysis. The data collection tool was questionnaire. Validity of that was confirmed by the experts. Reliability of that- 0.779- was determined through Cronbach's alpha. The statistical sample of the qualitative section- 12 experts in the field of "social entrepreneurship ecosystem"- was selected by Snowball method. In the quantitative stage, to obtain a proposed model; the statistical community was unlimited and sample was 384 people- among those who referred to the neighborhoods houses of 22 districts of Tehran Municipality. The finding of three Delphi stages was extraction of research variables - including independent variables of social sustainability, economic sustainability, service quality, environmental sustainability, cultural sustainability from the social entrepreneurship ecosystem; also citizen satisfaction, citizen trust, and citizen cooperation were variables dependent on the entrepreneurship institution of buildings representatives. The results of the quantitative section showed that all the hypotheses were approved. The Entrepreneurship Institution of Buildings Representatives aims to improve the social ecosystem conditions.

This article investigates the issue of technology transfer in the automotive industry quantitatively using an econometric approach. As a case study, the international joint venture between the French automotive group Peugeot and Iran Khodro Industrial Group in two products 301 and 2008, have been selected as case studies of this article. In the literature review section, it is shown that there are five main approaches to measuring technology in auto parts: 1- Approach to the amount of investment in research and development, 2- Export value approach to GDP per capita, 3- Definition approach Threshold, 4- Approach based on engineering cost ranking and finally and the latest method 5- Patent statistics approach. This paper first describes the previous five approaches and based on this; a new approach based on the regression analysis model for measuring the technology transfer index of auto parts is presented. The results show that despite Iran Khodro's great efforts to transfer technology from Peugeot in two products, 301 and 2008, the company will be successful only in the production of auto parts with simple technology and low added value have been produced in Iran Khodro's internal supply chain.

The purpose of this study is the explanation of concept of knowledge management with the approach of research and development and innovation based on the grounded theory method in the country's cement industry. In order to collect data in the qualitative section, semi-structured interviews were used which the interviewees were experts in the field of cement in the country and were purposefully selected. In order to model, Strauss and Corbin's version of Grounded Theory has been used. In this process, 53 concepts and 24 categories have been created and grouped in the form of 6 axises of grounded Theory. To select a statistical sample, 90 managers and experts in the field of cement were selected by the available sampling method. In the quantitative part of the model, the structural equation modeling method was approved using Smart PLS software. Based on these analyses, the effect of causal conditions on the main phenomenon is equal to 0.704, the effect of the main phenomenon on the strategy is equal to 0.813, the effect of background conditions on the strategy is equal to 0.747, the effect of intervening conditions on the strategy is equal to 0.559 And the effect of strategy on the outcome is equal to 0.753

. One of the industries that has intensified the competitive environment in the industry in recent years due to continuous changes is the automotive industry, therefore, automotive companies must find ways to be able to differentiate their strategy from other automotive companies. Provide better customer service. An example of these distinctive strategies is investment decisions in attractive areas of automotive companies. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to design and explain the strategic investment model in attractive areas of the automotive industry in Zamyad Automotive Company. The statistical population of this study was the senior managers of all production and organizational lines of Zamyad Automotive Company (464 managers), of which 210 managers were selected and tested. It was suggested that the intellectual capital, financial costs and managerial risk profile play a significant role in the investment of managers in attractive areas of automotive companies.

The purpose of this study is to design an effective IT model in training small and medium entrepreneurial businesses with emphasis on the agility of organizations in Iran.The research method is based on the theory derived from data and the statistical population of this research in the qualitative section, managers and heads and university professors are introduced as experts in the research, which uses a semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews with experts. From the initial model modification (discovery of new variables, modification of the original model variables) the final model was obtained using MAXQDA software. And in the quantitative part, managers and employees of small and medium entrepreneurial businesses in Fars province are considered. The sampling method in this study is snowball.Findings showed that the main variables of information technology model to improve education were the quality of technology management, business alignment, innovative performance, opportunism, technology integration, infrastructure and value creation.

The effectiveness of interventions and programs that are related to issues with social and cultural complexity, is one of the crucial challenges in preventive medicine and health promotion, and related solutions require the use of interdisciplinary approaches.

Library resources include articles, books with keywords related to "sensory perception" and "cultural anthropology" in Persian and English languages extracted from libraries and journals indexed in SID and ISI and data banks from SID, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer have been used.

The previous studies showed that cultural factors play a very important role in the quality of understanding and sensory perception of the audience of health promotion interventions and conducting interdisciplinary studies combining cognitive science, cultural anthropology and health education to deeply understand the knowledge transfer process and also the quality of sensory perception in local societies can help in designing effective methods for health interventions.

Considering interdisciplinary studies to deeply understand the knowledge transfer process and the quality of sensory perception in Hormozgan province can help in designing effective methods for preventive medicine and health interventions.

The purpose of this research is to extract the challenges in the transfer of technologies with a software nature and especially electronic payment switch technology in order to improve the level of security of financial and economic infrastructures and reduce dependence on foreign countries in line with the principles presented in The basic components of Islamic governance are with Jihadi management approach. This research is qualitative with a descriptive-survey strategy and of an applied type, and the tool used in it is a semi-structured interview. The required data has been collected by conducting 15 interviews with managing directors and deputy directors of public and private organizations active in the field of information technology and banking communications with at least 10 years of related experience. The results obtained from this research show that the structural challenges of the transfer parties have a higher priority compared to individual, institutional and knowledge challenges, and in order to successfully transfer software-based technologies. The necessity of designing a native model, based on one of the software development methodologies, with emphasis on the factors affecting the structure, has been brought up.

Automotive companies are looking for ways to adopt a different strategy from other automotive companies to provide better customer service. An example of these distinct strategies is investing decisions in attractive areas of automotive companies. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to prioritize attractive areas of investment in the automotive industry based on the AHP method and evaluate investment risks in attractive areas of research and development based on the FMEA technique. The study population of this study is 21 experts in the automotive industry who have been selected based on judgmental sampling.First, using the FAHP method, attractive areas of the automotive industry are identified and prioritized, and then with the FMEA method, investment risk in the field of research and development of the automotive industry is analyzed. The results showed that among the main criteria, investment in energy transfer methods weighing 0.438 ranks first. Investment in human resources and development of lines with a weight of 0.180 and investment in production of main collections with a weight of 0.174 won the second and third ranks, respectively.Then, among all the sub-criteria, investment in research and development was ranked first. Also in the field of research and development, the risks related to the initial and detailed evaluation stage had a higher priority than the risks related to other stages.

The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive evaluation-based model for intelligent organizations.

The research was applied-developmental in terms of purpose, descriptive-exploratory in terms of method and quantitative-qualitative in terms of data collection approach. To determine the factors affecting intelligent organizations, the Fuzzy Delphi technique was applied. The statistical population of the study at this stage was consisted of all Iranian organizational managers as well as some academicians, from among of whom 27 individuals were selected by purposive sampling. At the next stage, the Social Security Organization was studied and the components of the intelligent organization were classified through exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis, analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The results of Fuzzy Delphi analysis revealed 40 factors, the most important of which are: intelligent foresight, intelligent management and intelligent technological infrastructure. The results of the second phase of the research revealed ten general categories which, according to their priority, are as follow: strategic intelligence, structural intelligence, technological intelligence, knowledge management, information technology, competitive intelligence, environmental intelligence, cultural intelligence, social intelligence and human intelligence.

Intelligent organization is an important part of the e-government strategic plan. The practical result of this research is a comprehensive model that can be used to evaluate similar organizations and to make intelligent decisions.

 Regarding the fact that strategic intelligence significantly affects other types of intelligence, taking it into special consideration is recommended. The role of technological intelligence is vital for the intelligent organization, unlike the traditional organization. With reference to the weight of structural intelligence, restructuring is of great importance at this age of information.

In today's world, entrepreneurship has played an important role in social welfare, job creation, increased investment and economic growth. At present, entrepreneurship among students is one of the most important factors in creating jobs and eliminating their unemployment. The main purpose of researching the development model of entrepreneurial intention with a meta- synthesis approach In Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. It is mixed of qualitative and quantitative type. In the qualitative part, the method of meta- synthesis Sandlowski and Barroso is used, and in the quantitative part, the method of structural equations is used to study the effect of each variable. And is a doctor. The data collection tool in the qualitative part of web browsing in the sites of prestigious domestic and foreign scientific and research journals and publications is that in general 100 suitable articles were extracted and in the quantitative part it is a standard questionnaire. The findings of the qualitative section are 7 categories which are: attitude to behavior, mental norms, innovation, learning motivation, self- employment, and self- efficacy and in the quantitative section the amount of R2 coefficients in the post- test group has increased. The prediction rate of changes in dependent variables by the independent variable (entrepreneurial intention) has increased.

The purpose of this applied research was to provide a Risk Assessment Model for Internet of Thing Based Technology Transfer in the Banking Area, and the Strauss and Corbin method is used to identify the initial model. In the qualitative section, by conducting in-depth interviews with 35 experts in the banking technology industry as well as technology-based banking, the information collected was analyzed in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In a small part of the statistical population, experts and managers active in the Iranian banking industry, the sample size according to Morgan's table was 386. The results of structural equations and exploratory analysis showed that all relationships between causal factors and the main phenomenon, interfering factors and the main phenomenon The underlying factors and the main phenomenon, the main phenomenon and the strategy, and finally the relationship between the strategy and the results are evaluated in a high to medium level and in a positive and direct way.

The purpose of this study is to explain a framework for examining the alignment of nanotechnology capabilities with the strategies of the power and energy industry with the approach of considerations and value systems to expand the existing issues and expand the use of this technology in this industry. Today, the power and energy industry is the basic infrastructure in the social, economic, and industrial development of countries and to use a wide range of technologies such as nanotechnology. It is, therefore, important to study and measure the relationship and alignment of capabilities of various technologies and strategies at the level of business units in different industries. The main components of the technology strategy in accordance with corporate strategies in industries and organizations are explained according to the identification and selection of technology, methods to achieve them, and appropriate use of various technologies, but a review of different technology development models shows that these models rarely meet social needs and value considerations. The strategic effects and competitive advantages of nanotechnology in economic, social, production, and environmental dimensions in different parts of the power and energy industry have provoked the use of this technology in this industry, making it important to study this technology in value systems. The methodology of this qualitative research was based on library studies, as well as collecting the opinions of elites and analyzing the themes derived. Using studies and analysis of the opinions of the scientific community in this field, the research finds that to explain the basic indicators for examining the alignment of nanotechnology capabilities and strategies of the power and energy industry, such as measuring compliance with work standards and effective communication between managers and stakeholders and the exchange of opinions, knowledge, and information with the value system approach, it is necessary to establish this category at the corporate levels of the power and energy industry and then at the business and operational levels in the use of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to be used and exploited in all areas of society, and the power and energy industry, which has a competitive advantage in various fields and with a high strategic impact, is no exception. Therefore, nanotechnology can be included in development plans in this industry due to its efficacy in terms of value in meeting the challenges and needs of the power and energy industry in line with the strategies of this industry.

The aim of this paper is to assess and optimize the interaction of stakeholders in the lean management process via a dynamic game theory approach within the National Southern Oilfields Company. The present research is applied in terms of the purpose, and qualitative in terms of the data. Also, in terms of its nature and the implementation method, it is based on foundational data. To form the framework of the optimal stakeholder interaction management strategy and measure its effects on lean management (including the dimensions of components and indicators, etc.), scientific and legal documents were studied, experts who utilized the Delphi technique were interviewed, relevant data were summarized and, focus groups and brainstorming were held based on the data foundation method. The findings revealed that the organization in charge of the game selected Stackelberg’s game instead of Nash's game, since compared to the latter, the former could produce more than twice when it came to total profit, production of suppliers and manufacturers, etc., thus showing a 100% improvement compared to the cooperative games. In fact, in this study, the manufacturer under consideration preferred Stackelberg's game with the manufacturer acting as the leader and making decisions independent of the suppliers, gaining more profit and consequently more acceptance among people because of optimal production. In this model, three types of parameters played a key role in obtaining the outputs, the first of which was the cost of production. The rise in this parameter indicated the level of competition in profit and production. The second effective parameter was the coefficient of sensitivity to the level of demand for goods. An increase in this parameter caused a decrease in the profit and production of all members of the supply chain. Finally, the last effective parameter was the share of the base goods.

This research looking for design and explain a comprehensive model that can be used to evaluate organizations according to indicators of an intelligent organization.

Design/methodology/approach:

The research is an applied developmental one in terms of purpose, which follows descriptive survey method in terms of nature and methodology. The statistical population of Delphi panel is 20 experts in the field of management and the statistical population of the Case Study is the managers and senior experts of the Social Security Organization. data collection tool contains dimatel interviews that used Delphi technique in three stages to designing it. Data analysis was conducted through DANP (DEMATEL-ANP) technique to obtain cause and effect relationships and the weight of the indicators.

According to the results, technological intelligence (2 indicators) with a weight of 27.52, structural intelligence (4 indicators) 25.6, Intra-organizational intelligence (3 indicators) 23.81, Extra-organizational intelligence (3 indicators) 23.06, Also among 12 indicators, Knowledge management, information technology and systematic thinking were identified as the most important indicators of smart organization.

Limitations & Consequences:

 Due to the specialization of the components of the smart organization, there was a concern that the respondents would not have a uniform understanding of the concepts, so each of the concepts was explained.

Practical Consequences: 

the practical result of this research is a comprehensive model that can be used to evaluate organizations according to the dimensions and indicators of intelligent organization.

Innovation or value of the Article:

Intelligent organization is an important part of strategic integration and alignment in e-government. Also, in terms of the approach in the usual method using the Demetel method and ANP, many influences and relationships may be eliminated. In the DANP method using the total communication matrix to form the ANP supermatrix and calculate the weight of the criteria and sub-criteria.

Unlike strategy formulation and monitoring models, which are often general applicable to different industries, strategy implementation models are always a function of the specific characteristics of each firm, so in this study, the researcher seeks to design a native model for one of the bank's functional strategies in the area of financing technological venture capital strategy. The present study is a descriptive study using qualitative-quantitative mixed methods. Using exploratory factor analysis(EFA), the identified factors were prioritized in previous research and then the final relationships were identified using structural equation modeling(SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA). In order to investigate the changes of factors and their impact on the effectiveness of the research model, a system dynamics approach was used. Then, by setting up an interview protocol with 12 experts, the effectiveness of the strategy's implementation as a dependent variable was evaluated and analyzed in the synergy sessions by the effect of changes in factors and sub-components in different scenarios. Factors Evaluating venture capital Plans, Business and Operational Characteristics of Investment Plans, Entrepreneurial Factors, and venture capital Subcomponents are important factors and sub-components of the model.

Research has shown that companies need to find ways to increase their sales and productivity that can adopt a different strategy from other companies, especially in times of global crisis to provide better customer service, in this regard. Investment decisions in R&D can play an important role. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of investment in research and development and productivity during the Covid 19 epidemic crisis.

The statistical population of this study was the senior managers of all production and organizational lines, Zamyad Automotive Company (223 managers), of which 210 managers were selected and tested. The results of testing the hypotheses of this research were analyzed using structural equations and LISREL software.

 The results showed that investment in research and development has a significant role on productivity and also the role of intellectual capital, financial costs and manager's risk profile on managers' investment in research and development was confirmed.

It seems that considering the environmental conditions and considering the crises created according to scientific sources and documents and research can affect productivity and investment.

Purpose of this research was to structure the problem of establishing a knowledge management system in Oil industry using a combination of factor analysis and DEMATEL approach to identifying the effective factors in the form of causal relationships to understand planners from the problem position and visualization of structures a complex relationship between factors. Firstly, the organizational infrastructure affecting the establishment of the knowledge management system using exploratory factor analysis with participation of the Deputy Directorate for Development and Human Capital Management through a questionnaire with a statistical population of 263 people and a sample of 158 were gathered. Based on findings, three main factors including culture, human resources and organizational structure and 13 infrastructures influencing were identified. Then, with the participation of the decision makers using the DEMATEL technique, the map of the effect of the relationship between the effective organizational infrastructure and the causal relationship diagram was extracted.