vahid gharibi

Environmental risk assessment, the process of qualitative analysis of potential hazards and coefficients of potential risks in the project, as well as the vulnerability of a peripheral environment need to be taken into account. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify and investigate the potential hazards and  make practical suggestions in order to eliminate or reduce the environmental hazards related to gas wells drilling effluents and wastewater in southern cities.
This is an applied research using descriptive-analytical method. The required data were  categorized into two groups including: a review of written sources and a field study of one of the oil and gas wells based on the available components and variables. Data analysis was done using EFMEA (Environmental Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) and the components and variables were analyzed using  Analytic Network Process model (ANP). Analysis of variance and correlation coefficients were also used to investigate the relationship between the components. Finally, a strategy model was developed based on the studies 
conducted  to determine the effectiveness of corrective and control measures. Research findings based on EFMEA environmental risk assessment of oil and gas drilling effluents and wastewater showed that 83.4% of the risk scores, in this case, were placed at the medium risk level and 16.6% at the  low-risk level. The results of the network analysis model also showed that drilling effluents and wastewater caused by drilling wells of Oil and Gas had  the highest impact (0.124) on the degradation of vegetation and also on the destruction of the natural habitats in this region.
Accordingly, some strategies such as integration of EFMEA and ANP Models which were developed  to reduce the environmental crises in oil and gas drilling have been very useful and appropriate.

Sleep disorders and excessive daytime sleepiness negatively affect employees' safety performance.

To investigate the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness with obstructive sleep apnea and safety performance at an oil construction company in Iran.

661 employees consented to participate in this study. Excessive daytime sleepiness was measured with the STOP-BANG questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). To determine how sleepiness would affect the studied occupational incidents, accidents causing injury and near misses, both reactive data and proactive safety performance indices were measured. Demographic and predictor variables were analyzed with hierarchical multiple linear regression.

Employees who met the criteria of excessive daytime sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnea had significantly poorer safety performance indicators. STOP-BANG and ESS were significant predictors of safety compliance (β 0.228 and 0.370, respectively), safety participation (β 0.210 and 0.144, respectively), and overall safety behavior (β 0.332 and 0.213, respectively). Further, occupational incidents were 2.5 times higher in workers with indicators of excessive daytime sleepiness and 2 times higher in those with obstructive sleep apnea compared with those without.

These findings confirmed that excessive daytime sleepiness is a serious safety hazard, and that both reactive and proactive measures are important to understand the relative contribution of predictor variables

This study was designed with the main purpose of examining the compatibility of the two indicators of wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and predicted thermal strain (PHS) in assessing the environmental conditions and the heat load imposed on the subjects.

In this cross-sectional study, 163 bakers were included in the study. Thermal stress was determined using the WBGT and PHS. At the same time, physiological responses of subjects were recorded, including tympanic temperature, heart rate and mean skin temperature. Finally, the predicted heat strain was evaluated and compared with actual values.

Based on the results, the WBGT index is accompanied with an underestimation and PHS with  an overestimation, compared to the tympanic temperature. In addition, the WBGT index with the core temperature and the predicted rectal temperature component of the PHS index are the most consistent (kappa value of 0.614 and 0.66, respectively). While the Kappa value is between the amount of water lost and the WBGT index, it indicates a mismatch (Kappa = 0.339).

The prediction of heat strains only based on the PHS index cannot reflect the actual heat load on individuals in thermal environments such as bakeries and it is associated with an overestimation. On the other words, this indicator is more suitable for indoor thermal environments, with minimal variation in individual and environmental factors affecting thermal stress

Training process is any learning-based activity and experience, performed with the aim of causing relatively fixed and stable changes in people to improve their ability to do a job. In this regard, the apprenticeship course is one of the most important educational courses, especially for action-oriented or practical fields of studies of the universities. In these fields, apprenticeship is considered as an opportunity for experiential learning, acquiring skill, and practical training. This course involves learning during working, practice, practical training, and acquiring skill, which provides an opportunity for students to gain practical experience, apply their skills acquired in the university, improve their management and personal skills, and create new job opportunities. An apprenticeship period is suitable for trail and test under the supervision of academic educators and industry experts. It creates real conditions for the link between industry and university, and a young graduated person is prepared for work in the community. The essential part of the practical skills training occurs during this period. In general, apprenticeship leads to acquiring valuable practical experiences and improving behavior and attitudes. It also prepares them to enter the world of work in graduated people.
Evaluation is one of the most important steps in the training process and the correct implementation of it provides very useful information on the way of planning and implementing educational programs and can be a very useful basis for evaluating educational performance.  In fact, systematic evaluations and interventions based on the results of the evaluation have a direct impact on the improvement of the educational process and the achievement of the educational goals of a field of study.
 Apprenticeship, as other courses, requires evaluation, and it requires a standard and effective tool that can accurately measure the educational and expected goals.  By using such a valid tool, the success of interventional programs can be evaluated with more assurance to improve the efficiency of the apprenticeship period. Thus, the development of a standard evaluation tool and its psychometric properties is crucial. It can be developed by a group of experts of the same field of the study.
Professional health engineering is one of the important fields of medical sciences. At the bachelor level, apprenticeship is vital in this field of study. This course is considered an essential part of the bachelor level and bachelor students require acquiring special skills to perform their professional tasks to meet the needs and expectations of faculty members as well as employer and worker expectations. In this regard, the method of evaluation of apprentices is one of the most important concerns for apprentices and even professors in this field of study. One reason for the importance of this course is the number of its units (16 units), which has a significant effect on the final GPA of students. It is also a concern for other fields of medical sciences. Based on a research conducted by the research team using advice of experts and research resources, it was found that no study had been conducted so far on the evaluation of the apprentices of professional health engineering field of study in Iran. It might be due to the lack of a standard and valid tool to evaluate the apprentices.
 Problems and concerns related to the assessment of field internship course in field of occupation health engineering is one of the most important issues for the students and the proffessors.
This study aimed to development and validating a tool for assessing the field internship course in the field of occupational health engineering.

This study was conducted in the occupational health engineering department of the Faculty of Health of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences during the second semester of 2016-2017 to the second semester of 2017-2018. Students of these two courses were evaluated using the designed evaluation tool. The dimensions and items of tool was developed based on curriculum of internship course in the field of occupational health engineering and using litreture review and panel discussions with the participation of occupational health professors and experts. Validity was assessed by Face validity, content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI) and Item Impact score (IS).  Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) and test–retest reliability analyses.
In this method used to extract opinions, ideas, and perceptions of a group of people with common characteristics on a particular topic, interviews and group discussions were used. Finally, three areas (dimensions) were defined, which a graduate of this field of the study should be trained based on them. First area: educational and learning

It includes the initial criteria to achieve educational objectives according to the headlines. It is in fact the science and technology that a bachelor student who is being graduated should learn.
Second area: Management and personal skills (behavioral objectives): it is a performance criteria of an apprentice in the behavioral and management section which includes the performances preparing a student for accepting management role of occupational health and related executive actions in the community. Skilled experts consider this area as conventional management and personal skills.
Third area: development of professional job and entrepreneurship competences and qualifications (management objectives): it is a combination of personal and personality traits, skills, characteristics and behaviors that directly affect the performance of an individual. This area is a state of a person's readiness to enter into a particular profession. In other words, it indicates if a person has the ability to do that work and if he or she is able to create value for new situations by creating various opportunities.
 Then, the comprehensive criteria in accordance to these three objectives were prepared. These criteria were determined based on the review of relevant literature, interviews and the use of the experiences of professors and educators in the field of professional health engineering, experts of professional health unit of health centers and professional health experts. These criteria were used as a conceptual framework for designing the items.  Then, in accordance to the conceptual framework and considering the frequency of criteria for each area, appropriate items were developed for all of them. The conceptual fit of each item with its measured dimension was maintained in the process of developing items for all of the dimensions. Finally, after evaluating the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, five-point Likert scale (very poor (1), poor (2), moderate (3), good (4) and excellent (5) was used to score the items. An excellent score was considered for very appropriate performance and without any need for guidance, a good score was considered for often satisfactory performance with minimum guidance, a moderate score was considered for in appropriate performance requiring guidance, a poor score was considered for inappropriate performance requiring guidance and supervision, and a very poor score was considered for extremely inappropriate performance requiring precise and thorough supervision and guidance.

Based on the three dimensions defined, in the first step, a three-dimensional questionnaire with 44 items was designed. Each of dimensions of educational and learning objectives, management and personal skills, and the development of professional job and entrepreneurship competencies had 14, 20 and 10 items, respectively. The effect score of the item showed that all designed items had a score of above 1.5. Thus, in this step, none of the items were eliminated and all of them were considered important and appropriate from the target ‘s point of view.
The final version of the tool contained 3 dimensions and 40 items. CVI was 0.85, CVR was 0.76, and IS all items were above 1.5, indicating good content validity from the experts’ points of view. The Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and test-retest Pearson correlation coefficients for the final version of the tool were 0.835, 0.899 (P < 0.001) and 0.913 (P < 0.001), respectively.

In general, the positive results of validity of the designed tool suggest the desirable psychometric property of the 40-item questionnaire of evaluation of the apprenticeship course in the field of professional health engineering with three areas of educational and learning objectives, management and personal skills, and the development of professional job and entrepreneurship competencies. This standard tool, in addition to evaluating the level of apprentices’ information and knowledge, can be a desirable tool for evaluating the expected job skills and competencies required in the health professional engineering field of study. This was a preliminary study and the authors of this research faced with various limitations. Thus, further studies are needed for more comprehensive application of the designed tool as well as reassessment of the psychometric properties and eliminating its defects and disadvantages in other professional health engineering departments of Iran’s medical universities. Finally, a complete and comprehensive tool for evaluating apprentices of this field of study is provided for academic community.
 The results indicated that the field internship course in the Field of occupational health engineering In three dimension, it includes the dimension of educational and learning objectives, the field of managerial and individual skills, as well as the development of professional qualifications and entrepreneurship assessment tool has good psychometric properties and can be used as a standard mseare for assessing the field internship course of student occupational health engineering. The scope of educational and learning objectives, the field of managerial and individual skills, as well as the development of professional qualifications and entrepreneurship.
Keywords: Questionnaire designs, Validity, Reliability, Occupational health.

It is generally accepted that laboratory staff are often exposed to chemical risks in various ways.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the occupational exposure risk assessment from chemical substances utilized in the laboratories of health centers at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2016 - 2017.

The method used in this study was based on the methodology presented by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health-Ministry of Human Resources (DOSH). Also, descriptive statistics, as well as the chi-square statistical tests were used to examine the relationship between occupational incidents and independent variables.

Approximately 19.81% of the studied laboratories had a significant exposure risk such that 6.6% of laboratories had a very high-risk level and 13.21% had a high-risk level. The most dangerous substance was Formalin 10% solution (Formaldehyde solution). The lowest risks were accredited to the endocrinology and serology laboratory.

It is recommended that hazardous chemicals (risk rating = 4 or 5) specifications be determined on a specific form. This form can include the chemical name, the chemical composition, the name of the test, which may use the specified chemical substance, the TLV values, and instructions for using the chemicals and the places where the chemicals are stored and maintained. Finally, the necessary training is provided on employee risk management. Also, it is recommended to work under ventilation hood and use of appropriate PPE.

Teachers are prone to Voice Disorder (VD). The present study aims to investigate the onset of VD symptoms and their effects on the job performance of the elementary school teachers.
This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 121 male and female elementary school teachers in Mobarakeh County during the academic year 2018-2019. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. In doing so, the researchers talked to 10 people composed of qualified experts in occupational health, ergonomics, and health education and a number of teachers about how to design the questions as well as the answer 
scale for each section.
In the present study, the prevalence of VD was higher among female teachers (41%) compared to male ones (20%). That is to say, the prevalence of the VD symptoms in female teachers was more than twice that of the male teachers. The study results demonstrated a significant relationship between having a silent resting place and coughing (p=0.028). Accordingly, the prevalence of the symptoms of cough was significantly higher in the teachers who did not have a silent resting place in comparison to those who benefitted from a quiet resting place.
Thus, it is recommended that safety, occupational health, and ergonomic programs should be designed for teachers at the Ministry of Education in collaboration with concerned specialists. Periodic examinations, identification of teachers with disorders, culturalization, and education are among the themes of these programs.

Workers in steel manufacturing companies are extensively exposed to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Considering the health effects of these compounds, the purpose of this study was to determine occupational exposure to the BTEX compounds and also evaluation of carcinogenic risk due to benzene and non- carcinogenic risk for BTEX compounds in a steel industry. Material and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the coke production unit of the steel making industry. After collecting personal samples from breathing zone of the workers and analyzing of the samples the levels of exposure to the BTEX were quantitatively determined using Gas chromatography equipped with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), according to the NIOSH 1501 standard method. Then, cancer risk due to benzene and non-cancer risks from BTEX compounds were calculated using Monte-Carlo technique. The analysis of personal samples indicated that benzene concentration in energy and biochemistry and benzol refinement sections of the plant were higher than occupational exposure limits (OELs). Among the studied sections, benzol refinement as the most polluted section had the highest concentration of BTEX compounds. Non-cancer risk due to BTEX compounds in all studied sections was lower than one. Benzene cancer risk in energy and biochemistry, benzol refinement and experimental furnace sections was higher than maximum recommended value by EPA. Due to the high concentration of benzene in energy and biochemistry and benzene refinement sections as well as the resultant carcinogenic risk, improvement of existing control systems and the use of modern engineering systems are necessary to control occupational exposure.

Working at telecommunication towers is considered as one of the dangerous occupations which involve terrible accidents such as falling. The attitudes of climber's safety and occupational stress level could have extensive effects on company safety performance. This study has been conducted to study the correlation between safety attitude and occupational stress.
This cross-sectional analytical-descriptive study was conducted among tower climbers as a branch of the telecom company in 2016. 60 out 93 climbers participated voluntarily in this study. The demographics and safety attitude was collected through HSE Indicator and work-related stress questioners. Statistical tests such as χ^2, one way ANOVA, t-test, independent analysis of variation, linear regression were applied. SPSS 21.0 were used for the analysis of the data.
53.7 % of tower climbers had a negative safety attitude. There was a statistically significant correlation between occupation, age, education, work experience and regular exercise workout with the mean score of safety attitude (p>0.05). There was also a statistically significant correlation between qualitative levels of job stress and qualitative levels of safety attitude (p=0.03, =3.407, df=2). The worker's job performance (as a variable of occupational stress) was statistically significantly correlated to their safety attitude (p The tower climbers in telecommunication installation are involved with hazardous operations and they suffer from stress due to their occupation and organizational dissatisfaction, which have a negative effect on their work attitude.The ambiguities in their job descriptions and existing company problems are the most prominent reasons for the climber's low attitude toward the safety matters.

Work conditions can have adverse effect on workers health. Nearly half of the risk factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are related to work condition, although all of these cases are preventable. The aim of the study was to evaluation of workers’ pulmonary function indexes in one of textile industry in Qom province.
This study is a cross-sectional one which has done on LALEH MEHRGAN textile industry workers. Data collection was done according to a questionnaire. For evaluating of workers’ pulmonary functions, lung function tests were done by an occupational medical specialist. Lung function indexes were FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FEF25% -75%. The data were statically analyzed using one sample t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient Test, one-way analysis of variance, using SPSS.
Pulmonary function in halls was not significantly different. The only pulmonary function index that was statistically significant with control group was FEF 25-75% in spinning and weaving jobs. Statistical analysis between pulmonary function and job experience, age, body mass index and use of respiratory protection equipment showed no significant correlation (P>0.05).
Chance of airway obstruction, especially in the small airways in the weaving and spinning workers is high, so modification of the ventilation system in the production halls is essential.

The implementation of HSE programs is so complicated in tunneling industry which is considered as one of the risky industries. This study aims at investigating the relationship between employee's safety attitudes and status of their belief in destiny, chance and perceived importance of HSE programs in occurrence of occupational accidents.
This research is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study on a contracting company specialized in tunneling, and investigates a total of 689 subjects. A standard 25-item questionnaire is used to assess safety attitude; and three researcher-made questions are utilized to evaluate the subject's belief in destiny, chance and perceived importance of HSE programs in occurrence of occupational accidents. The reliability and validity of these questions are obtained by Cronbach's alpha test (α=0.76). All analyses are done at the significance level of 0.05 by the help of SPSS 16 software.
There is a significant direct relationship between belief in chance in occurrence of occupational accidents with subject's safety attitudes (P-value According to the results of this study, the employees, who consider external factors such as chance and destiny as the main and absolute reasons for occurrence of occupational accidents, believe less in controlling accidents by looking for solution and scientific and educational methods such as prevention programs of HSE to cope with event.

Currently a considerable part of manufacturing systems work in shifting hours. This can increase fatigue and sleep disorders, which can affect human health. Since the health of staff that has increased the efficiency of the whole system. This paper aimed to determine the relationship between shift work and sleep quality with public health in Kaavian steel companies Khozestan.
This study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in a construction industry. 118 workers were selected randomly as a sample group. Research tools were a checklist for demographic information and two valid and reliable general health (GHQ28) and job stress (HSE) questionnaires. In order to grading questions was used Likert method. For data analyzing used one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA and T-independent and software SPSS version 21.
91% of people in at least one of the subscales of job stress were in undesirable condition. 33.1% of workers in terms of general health status were abnormal. There was significant relationship between general health and job stress variables (p=0.001).
Prevalence of job stress among workers of construction projects is high. On the other hand, based on results, job stress has negative effect on general health of workers. Therefore, for achieving to better general health of workers, we would have special attention to job stress issue. One of the controlling approaches we can suggest the employees is applying of occupational health engineers and intensifying of supervision of health centers of university of medical sciences on construction projects.

Construction is one of the most hazardous workplaces in all around the world. Awareness about workers’ attitude towards safety could be helpful in anticipating the worker's behavior. The aims of this study were to determine both the tunneling worker's safety attitude and the relationship between worker's attitude towards safety and occupational accidents. In this cross-sectional study performed in eight tunneling projects in Iran in 2013-2014, overall 689 workers of the tunneling projects were selected. One-hundred fifty had experienced at least one occupational accident. Requisite variables of workers were collected via both standardized questionnaire and checklist. The participants were selected randomly with the stratified random sampling. The data were statistically analyzed using logistics regression, multivariate logistic regression and Spearman correlation coefficient where applicable (with a preset probability of (P0.05). Accident experience, as well as education level, could affect positively on changing worker's safety attitude.

Among the different jobs and activities, the construction industry is one of the most dangerous activities in the world. In recent years occupational accidents Statistics of the construction industry were higher than from other industries. WHO emphasizes that workers exposed to occupational stress, experience low motivation and quality of life, lower efficiency and productivity as well as lower health and safety in the workplaces. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of occupational stress and its relation with occupational accidents among workers in a construction industry. These cross-sectional studies were designed on 150 of the 450 employees working in a construction industry. Data gathering was done by a demographic form and questionnaire about stress. After the data entry into SPSS software, analysis was done by descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression. This study showed that the scope of job stress scores were between 50 and 148, and an average of 94 with a standard deviation of 15. Based on the obtained data, it is revealed that the stress level was inappropriate. Also for accident was found that 33% of workers had history workplace accidents. Among them 13% and 18% had experienced minor and major severity. According to the results of statistical analysis, there was no significant correlation between the seven subscales of stress with history of accidents, accident severity, marital status, number of children, education level, occupation, regular exercise and smoking (P> 0.05), but there was significant correlation between the type of job and the rest times (P <0.05). In summary the subjects stress was evaluated undesirable. So the challenge of job stress should be considered as a priority in the occupational health services. Also according to the results, the importance and the positive role of the training about principles and standards of occupational safety and health should not be forgotten for the studied workers.

In automated excavation operations especially excavating big tunnels with high operation speed the application of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) has been prevalent. Tunneling construction projects especially TBM excavating operations have experienced some accidents in recent years. Hazard control must be done through the process of risk management. This study was done w ith goal of risk analysis of automated excavation operations in one of the water transfer tunnel projects.

In this study for risk analysis، energy trace and barrier analysis technique was used. In data gathering process were used observation method، worker experience and judgments، checklist، standards & regulations and incident records. Recognition of energy sources، targets، probability and severity of hazards were done by competence experts in various team works. The identified risks were prioritized and control measures were recommended.

In this study 51 hazardous energy sources in 6 energy categories were recognized. These identified energy sources included physical energy 29. 4%، chemical energy 19. 6%، mechanical energy 41%، electrical energy 8% and natural energy 2%. The crane section by 19. 5%، shield by 10% and cutter head by 10% were the most and the least dangerous part of tunnel boring machine in excavation process.

Based on the findings of the study، TBM operations include various energy sources. Energy trace and barrier analysis technique can be used effectively in risk analysis of TBM operations.

Today job stress is one of the important phenomena of social life and a serious threat to the health of the workforce in the world. This study has been done with the aim of assess the prevalence of occupational stress and its relationship with the individual characteristics of workers in these industries.

This descriptive، cross-sectional study has been done in winter 2011; on 145 of the 450 employees working on a tunneling project located in the city of Karaj. In order to determine job stress the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) standard questionnaire has been used. For data analysis SPSS software Version 16 has been used and chi-square tests، Student’s t-test، and one-way analysis of variance were performed.

There was a significant relationship between job stress، and exercise، job-related education، and job experience (P < 0. 05). Therefore، people with job-related education، no job experience، and people who were accustomed to exercise had lower mean job stress. There was a significant correlation between job stress، and age، marital status، educational level، smoking، chronic disease، and body mass index (P > 0. 05).

Paying attention to job stress in the construction industry is essential. Training and exercise in construction projects can reduced job stress