فهرست مطالب yahya maroof

Critical discourse analysis is one of the new language tools used to investigate the hidden relationship between language and ideology in society. And it shows the moral and ideological values ​​hidden in the critical discourse. The present article aims to analyze the novel "Ahdab Baghdad" by the contemporary Iraqi novelist Riyad al-Qazi, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and based on Farklough's theory of critical discourse analysis, which is based on the proposition that: "Critical discourse as a tool for analysis social and cultural changes in three levels of description, interpretation and expression". Riyad al-Qadi has been able to provide the reader with a clear and transparent image of the Iraqi society by using narrative tools. One of the most important achievements and results of this research, which was conducted with a descriptive analytical method, is that in the Iraqi society, the discourse of power represented by the American occupiers and Iraqi autocrats has imposed its voice and ideology on the discourse of the society. And this has led to the spread of political, social and moral corruption, and the prevalence of embezzlement, theft, kidnapping, assassination, murder, smuggling, discrimination, cruelty, betrayal, family disintegration, etc.

Semiotics is one of the new methods in literary criticism of texts. Based on the principles of semiotics, researchers analyze the hidden and internal data of the text and the relations among the words in the context and reveal and interpret semantic secrets and signs in poetic texts. The science of semiotics entered a new phase in the 1960s with the rise of the French linguist Ferdinand Desoussor, but it was not long before the American Charles Pierce revolutionized the science of semiotics by presenting his threefold model. According to him, man lives in a complex system of a wide range of signs. By recognizing these signs, he comes to an understanding of existence. Hence, Pierce presents a three-dimensional model in which there is an inextricable link among the three parts. Pierce defines the concept of sign in three parts, including a) representation, which is a form that assumes a sign, not necessarily material, equivalent to ‘signifier’ in Saussure's view, b) object, as something to which the sign refers, and c) interpretant, as a meaning derived from a sign and a perception created by a sign. Interpretation is equivalent to meaning in Saussure's view.According to Pierce's theory, the sign has another classification, which is based on its characteristics. Pierce's semiotics is based on three philosophical categories, namely primacy, secondary, and tertiary. The category of priority includes matters that exist in themselves and without regard to any other relationship, such as whiteness or feelings of sadness, without questioning the cause. Pierce's second category is secondary to various components, including effects. For example, falling of a stone thrown on the ground and pain in terms of its cause are part of this category. The category of the secondary is more related to the practical life and personal experience of man. The third and last category is the category of the tertiary, which deals with general laws and objects. In fact, it relates the categories of priority and secondary. The connection among these three categories produces the concept of a sign.

Khazal Al-Majedi (1951) is one of the poets of modernity whose main poetic theme is the grief of homelessness and distance from home. He is an educated poet and is aware of the history of Iraq. The present study intends to examine the concepts of homelessness and alienation with an analytical-descriptive method in the Ahzan al-Sunnah al-Iraqi anthology by Khazal al-Majedi based on Pierce's theory. The poet's skill in choosing specific implications from the meanings is explored, multiple implications are derived from his vocabulary, and criticisms are made on the role of temporal and spatial coders in shaping vocabulary symptoms related to homelessness.

Since Al-Majedi's poems have a very high interpretive capacity and the study of the relationship between signs and codes in his poetry leads the reader to a correct understanding of his thoughts and the depth of his concepts and goals, Pierce's semiotic pattern was used to illuminate the underlying layers of his poems. In this research, in order to obtain the required data, previous findings and the relationships among them as well as the available valid sources have been used. The research is conducted based on the analysis of Khazal Al-Majedi's works so as to introduce the poet’s style and views, with a focus on the Ahzan al-Sunnah of Iraqi anthology and the books in the field of semiotics and content analysis.

Based on the research results, these cryptocurrencies have been used with the aim of beautifying words, increasing the semantic capacity of words and creating new and unfamiliar semantic combinations. They create images in the poems in line with their general atmosphere and reflect Al-Majedi's extra-textual factors, worldview, nostalgic emotions, feelings of homesickness, and intense attachment to his homeland.

Using spatial situations and spatial constraints, the poet has created a poetic space in which a system of interconnected meanings has been formed, giving the concept of sign a visual dimension and using the physical properties of place and homelessness. He has loneliness, which is abstract and intangible, or visible and tangible. He gives it a sensory nature so that the reader can reach the depths of his emotions, alienation and sorrow and sympathize with him.In his poetry, Al-Majedi uses the element of time as a form and container that illustrates all his memories and emotional experiences. This is done by using metaphors and similes and turning time units into poetic signs and the concepts of homelessness and bitterness. He expresses distressing moments away from home in indirect language. These time and space vessels depict his intense attachment to his homeland, show an emotional and cultural burden, and reflect the world inside the poet and his tired soul.He creates a chain of images, signs and meanings by arranging explicit meanings in the text of the poem. He also produces successive and related poetic images and uses the spice of imagination and permissible language to target the reader's mind. The main and hidden meaning behind these words are well deliberated, and the symbols of homelessness in his poems are the product of the transition from the phonetic form of words and temporal and spatial constraints and the surface texture of the text to the abstract interpretation and meaning of the sign, which is interpreted with the help of a subject in the real and external world.

Literary semiotics, as a modern science at the present time, seeks to decode and discover the signs of the text by using the syntagmatic relations between words and the special arrangement of words. “Title” of text is one of the important codes of semiotics and is the showcase of text which can have an important relationship with the main text and guides the reader to discover the author's mental concepts; hence it can be said that “title” plays an important role in decoding a text. Mohammad Helmi Al-Risheh  (1985) is one of the poets who often uses symbols and signs  to convey his poetic mission to the audience.He considers “title” as a key to entering the text, and has paid special attention to it. “Title” at the beginning of many of his odes  gives a fillip to the mind of audience. in this paper, “La To'teni Tafahata Okhra” , “Resalatan ela Kalimollah” and “Ababil” will be discussed as the cases studies.Since the titles of the three poems are based on the invoking of Quranic stories, the present study aims to investigate the title of these odes from semiotic perspective and analyze their relationship with the main text based on the Quranic intertextuality.  This paper also recounts the poet's purpose for invoking the Quranic stories and examines the functions of the title of the text during its reading and explores the titles at the structural and significational level and analyzes its functions.The findings of this research indicate that the titles of the poems have been taken from Quranic stories and is in line with the main text, which the poet has used to induce his mental schemata. Also, titles are sometimes directly related to the text; that is, in terms of meaning and sound, they have been taken from the text and sometimes their function is indirect. So the reader to discover this relationship needs more effort. Also, the mentioned titles are signifiers with their own signified and have descriptive and attractive functions.

Prosaic Odes or blank poem as a new phenomenon in Persian and Arabic literature, opened a new horizons for the viewers, which is a complete symbol of the departure from traditional poetry and its drastic transformation. Although this new type of poetry has made a drastic change in terms of music and prosodic rhythms, it is not devoid of musical elements and the poet has filled this gap with various tricks. One of the elements that plays an important role in strengthening the internal music of this type of literature and highlighting the theme is the element of repetition. This research intends to investigate the function of repetition in the prose collections of the contemporary Iraqi poet Yahyã Samãvi and the Blank Poems by Ahmad Shãmlü through analytical-descriptive method. The results of this study show; The phenomenon of repetition has been used in various forms. In addition to creating a part of the inner music and improving its melodic structure, the element has enriched the semantic aspect and beauty of this type of literature. Repetition in celestial and inclusive poems plays an important role in the coherence of the poem and the pleasure of listening and strengthening the melodic structure of the text, conveying the poet's inner feelings and emotions, creating space and more influential words in the reader's soul, seeing the image and keeping it in the audience's mind. And it has had the explanation of the intellectual orientations of both poets and the coherence and adherence of the text, and is considered as one of the most important stylistic features of both poets.

The audio level is one of the domains of the stylistics approach, and it gives importance to the role played by rhythm in the text, because the audio elements as well as rhythm and repetition and the delicate music and the sound effects that are hidden in it help to enrich the text. Accordingly, prose elegy, one of the new poetic forms, is not free from rhythmic elements, and these rhythmic elements have several forms that give rise to the aspect of the poetry and the beauty of the poem. The current essay seeks to investigate the structural mechanisms in the elegies of Iraqi poet Yahya Samawi. This research uses an analytic descriptive method and is done based on a detailed analysis of its rhythmic elements to extract its semantic value and its aesthetics. Through this research it became clear that the proverbial narratives of Samawi are full of original rhythmic elements, and have a function of illusion and beauty that invokes the reader and enhances the poet's poetic experience. Thus, these poems are followed by a poem. The most important rhythmic forms of the poet in his elegies are: contradiction rhythm, counting, types of repetitions, audio density, puncture, and harmony of sound. These modes, in total, form the rhythmic and phonic rhymes of the poet's prose elegies, and invoke and influence the reader.

A comparative study of society and its reflection on the political thought of Saadi Yousef and Abolghasem Lahouti from a political and social perspective requires understanding the specific conditions of the society in which these two poets lived. Since the concept of freedom has taken a political color during the constitutional period, this concept appears in Lahouti's poetry as a revolt against oppression and support for the working class and the suffering, and in Saadi Yusuf's poetry as a struggle against empty and false promises. Saadi Yousef and Abolghasem Lahouti have used various literary techniques such as symbol, humor and contradiction, adaptation and guarantee to express the influential social situation in their poetry, for example, to indicate the existence of enemies and colonizers, symbols such as black, red, city and Villages, palms, rivers, etc. have been used, with the difference that in Lahouti poetry, the use of a symbol is more tangible. These two poets have also been able to use other mentioned techniques to have a good impact on the political and social situation of the people of their land and to fight against oppression, exploitation, imperialism, westernization and the invasion of Western foreign culture.

Using the tools of other sciences provides an opportunity to accomplish new achievements and, in this sense, psychoanalysis can be more constructive than the others. In our analysis of personalities and literary narratives, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan can lead us to exciting results. This article is an effort in employing Lacan's theory of "mankind's sensual structure" to scrutinize the personality of Ibn Farez. In this theory, Lacan divides human essence to three parts: "visionary essence" which is the world of superficial attractions and deceits with the function of obscuring the unconscious, "the essence of secrets" which is the essence of ambitiousness, and "the essence of the real" which shows that human nature lies in its unconscious and beyond its apparent existence and Lacan calls this beyond "the other". Through the spiritual transformations that occurred to him, the life of Ibn Farez can be divided into distinct periods. The main question of this article is based exactly on this: how we can explain Ibn Farez's spiritual transformation within an organized structure by means of Lacan's theory. Research Method of this Research is based on the theoretical foundations of Jacques Lacan's theory and the life and poetry of Ibn Farez's. For this reasonin addition to the Describes the theory of human body building, cites Ibn Farez's life and poetry and based on this theory. the result is the conformity of Ibn Farez's psychological evolution with the theory of Lacan's structure of Ego

Semiotic proceeds to investigate the hidden points of poetic texts and follows a network of textual relations using beneficial methodology in contemporary periodical criticism, and causes the dynamics of texts in critical reviews and identifies existing codes in linguistic structures and measures their flexibility with innovative concepts. Muhammad Afifi Matar is a great Egyptian poet, whose expression possesses a set of codes and ambiguous concepts that are often related to effective cognitive marks, which provides an excellent opportunity to review his poetry in various aspects, such as semiotics. Therefore, in the ode of ‘Don Quixote’s sufferings’, we chose the methodology of semiotics, till we step forwards with the help of it, within the boundaries of this circumstances and linguistic or non-linguistic effective cognitive diagnostics. The result of this research reveals that, the poet borrows most of his vocabulary from everyday life in order to achieve the expressive capabilities of the present ode, in order to reduce the pressure of his complex visual language and, on the other hand, to avoid direct statement, but still it plummets in a chain of paradoxes that create a huge gap between the tangible reality and his mental imaginations. The images used in this ode are summarized in terms of nature and terms which are related to it, although these images of the same language system are disarranged in the application of vocabulary and the way that we look at them. The poet’s thresholds play a major role in representing the manner in which the poet enters the text and brings him to the right end, and the aesthetic space of the text presents its own unique character through a variety of phrases and contrasts in the ode, so that it helps the overall coherence of the text by choosing the far and nearer vocabulary.

The authenticity of translation, compliance with trusteeship, protection of the meaning and fluency are the fixed issues in the principles of the Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel’s translation. Certainly his fluent and literary Persian translation has been able to be realized as the major part of the requirements and expectations, but the problem of this research is related to amount and manner of this balance and adaption of meaning with the Quranic words. The translator ignored some morphosyntactic and rhetorical structures in the translation, also in some cases, translation of words (noun, verb and letter), combinations and terms are not opposed to each other. Thus, the necessary consequential meaning or the meaning of words, compounds and expressions are considered in the translation not their original and accurate meaning. This case study of the "Surah Al-Naml "attempts to review his translation from different aspects of lexical, morphological, syntactic, rhetorical. It also recognizes those cases in this Surah which are in need of more accurate translation. Achievement of this study shows that the translator's translation while having many advantages such as innovation in manner of semantic and faithful translation, commitment to the message and content of the language of the Quran, eloquence of expression and using of the fluent Persian words, avoidance of overwriting and extreme tendency to the Persian and etc., in the areas of grammar, rhetoric, translation of words and etc. needs a more precise revision that some of them have been analyzed and described in this case study.

This study tries to compare the views of the Iranian poet and scholar, Mohammad Taghi Bahar, and the Lebanese poet, Sheikh Nasif Yazjy, on world picture in their poetry. The two poets come from different languages and cultures, but both have made great use of moral concepts and poetic wisdom in their collections. Thus, Yazjy is known as the poet of sapience, while Bahar is known for his collection, quatrains, couplets, and poetic wisdom. Persian Bahar and Arab Yazjy are very similar in terms of thought, spirit and philosophy. This analytic-descriptive study will deduce and render evidence, examine the results and answer the queries raised while comparing and contrasting the two poets in the light of the American school of comparative literature.

Ezz-al-Din Abd-al-salam Maghdesi is one of the most famous mystic and sufi poets in the 7thcentury. One of his most popular symbolic works is “Kashf-al-Asrar fi Hekam al-Toiour wa-al-Azhar”. To express his Sufist thoughts in this work، he used a lot of mystical language in his poems. In the arrangement of one part of his book، he used the same kind of birds as Attar used for moving toward Simorgh (Phoenix) so that everyone can find his devotion to Attar in his works. Based on the French school of comparative literature، this article deals with the influence of Attar’s book “Mantegh-al-Tair” on Maghdesi in using bird symbols like: nightingale، eagle، hoopoe، peacock duck and phoenix (Simorgh). He also had an eye on symbols like “wax and candle”، “butterfly and candle” and other mystic points، already used in “MokhtarNameh” by Attar. On the other hand، comparing this book with the other Attar''s works، we can find traces of points and mystic symbols of Attar in Maghdesi’s works.

One of the problems at the present age is anxiety, feelings of hopelessness and nihilism among humans that would cause many problems in life so that stress has called new civilization diseases. This issue would be doubled importance of addressing to this subject and find a way for the treatment and prevention of mental health risk. This study was conducted with library method, Trust word has been introduced as one of the ways to prevent and treat stress which have even noticed by western psychologists. Trust means reliance on God and give Him all things with a sense of satisfaction that can provide the real ground for hope, Reliance, goodness, thought, patience, avoiding the ugly human traits, passionate in achieving the goals, objective view to the world and its events and ultimately improve quality of life and mental health and numerous verses and Hadiths confirms this. Due to the trust and confidence, these kinds of peoples are hopefully and patience to the events around them because they perceived that the world and its problems are objectively and whatever what happened is interest and beneficiary for them Thus they have mental peace more than others.

The hiring symbol in the modern poem is said as a common feature among the majority of poets on the varying levels of code where the simple to the profound. Thus although the code or coding in literature in general characteristic stylistic and one of the elements of the literary text the substantive since ancient times, but we see it has the diversity and depth controlled the language of the modern poem and their structures and forms and their structures different. On this track recorded Technology icon significant presence and active in poetry poets Palestine General and hair (Lutfi Zaghlul) private; because of its ability to guide ideas and deepen the artistic vision and enrich the text and enriched conceived dimension expressive of the dimensions of his experience in the struggle against the Zionist occupier. reading of quiet and informed consent in the experience, «Lutfi Zaghlul» poetic and represented yet ten collections of poetry reveal quite clearly the depth and credibility of this experience, as guide us to the suffering of the rustic poet, from its early beginnings, the concerns of his people and his nation''s issues to some extent and issues. This search through the analytical approach Altosfa going to answer questions and interact with the put forth: First: “what is the symbol” and its effectiveness in the poetic text Palestinian? Second: What are the symbols in the recalled poetic text «Zagluli» and the extent of their impact in the generation of semantic suggestive that serve the Palestinian cause?

Concept of Nostalgia, in Persian known as homesickness, conveys feelings of sadness and a longing for the memories of the past. Many factors including the pleasant days of childhood, exile, emigration, the social and political conflicts, and problems of life produce nostalgia. Badr Shaker and Manochehr Atashi, from the south regions, one of them is from South of Iraq (Basra) and the other one from South of Iran (Bushehr). This study analyzes the most prominent factors of nostalgia in the works of the two innovative poets. The comparative results show that there many factors such as social and environmental issues and hardships of life has caused numerous signs of nostalgia in the poetry of the two poets. Recalling childhood, the desire to return to the village, taking refuge in Utopia, personal and family problems, are instances of nostalgia in the poetry of the two composers. In addition, the paper aims to discuss the two different kinds of nostalgia used by Shaker Seib and Manochehr Atashi.

Pessimism، a phenomenon of deep effect over the contemporary poetry، both Arabic and Persian، usually enjoys a widespread usage in the periods of social، political and economic disorders which، in turn، affect the poets’ views and change their visions toward the Real. Elias Abu-Shabaka and Hushang Ebtehaj are the poets of a modern disorderly era and environment. They both display a deep pessimistic view in their poetry towards the society and human beings. This research aims at analysis and comparison of their dark viewpoints in various topics and situations، and tries to find the factors which led to this specific vision. key words

In recent years the term "Shiite Crescent" was first applied by king Abdullah II king of Jordan through which he put forth the threat of Shiite's empowerment. In their opinion, Islamic Republic of Iran is capable of controlling geopolitical developments in the middle-east via its influence on Iraqi Shiites and change the power balance to Shiite's interests and against American and Israeli interests. This article is aimed at addressing these questions:1-What denomination do they mean by Shiite? 2-What is the role of "Shiite Crescent" in geopolitical developments in the middle-east? 3-Is "Shiite Crescent" a geographical crescent or a political one? 4- Is "Shiite Crescent" aimed at Iran-o-phobia? 5-What are strategic concerns of US about the element of Shiite Islam in the middle-east? 6-Has "Shiite Crescent" been formed?

The article has an analytical study in the poetry of Yahya al- Samawy one senior Arab literature that was born in 1949, in Samawa, Iraq, grew up in a Shiite family committed. This article is based on answers to the following hypotheses:1. Love in this romantic poet is different from others because of his love, pure love, and religious; So licentious and vulgarity in his lyrics is not observed, but a kind of religious themes in his speech there.2. His style to show love toward the mother is unique blend patriotism with sincere passion for the mother exceeded the poets where do not forget where even in moments of talk about home.3. Patriotism exists in his conscience that's why the nation in the majority of his poems.4. The poet excelled in the use of photographic images in his poetry more than any other; as well as unique, use similes in his poetry.5. His poems were inspired by the poetry of the infallible Imams (PBUH), especially Imam Ali (PBUH) and Imam Hussein (PBUH) and his Karbala.6. Most of his poetry is full of shouting and anger at the occupiers.

Two kinds of music can be identified in any poetic works: internal music and external music. This research investigates both types and their implications and effects in Yahia Alsamaway’s divan, Inscriptions on the Trunk of a Palm. Concerning external music, the article tries to examine features such as the metric and rhyme patterns. Concerning internal musical elements, the article pays attention to repetitions, the effect of music on meaning, coherence, and some other musical effects such as pun and contrast. It becomes clear that, in this rhythmic ode, the poet has tried to make careful use of small details in internal and external musical resources, in order to enrich his work, and thus express his feelings of pain and sorrow as a result of wounds inflicted upon Iraq.

Texts of pre-islamic career odes abounded with codes and famine symbols, such references and codes for a particular poems historical perspective is brought into the picture. The religious and mythical motif derived from the analogy of women to nature and its elements it has added dimension of beauty. Nature imagery for "model of woman" has been exonerate in such poems. Women are full of secrets and hints that in itself imply fertility, resurrection, purity, beauty, etc. in summary this paper seeks to analyze the implications of being ignorant and lyric elements are hidden.

Romanticism school is one of the main literary approaches in the contemporary world which has attracted poets and authors. The contemporary Persian and Arabic literature have also been influenced by romanticism. Sayed Qutb, the contemporary Egyption poet and Naderpoor, the contemporary Iranian poet are among the ones whose poems have the finest themes and the most romantic concepts. The main common issues of sayed Qutb and Naderpoor were the return to the nature, Praise the village, return to childhood, the deep emotions towards the beloved, love of hometown, and nostalgia. Although Sayed Qutb approaches the mystical romanticism in his poems, their approaches to deep emotions along with a kind of romantic pain and gloom are apparent in their poems. In this article, the most prominent components of romanticism in the poetry of Sayed Qutb and Naderpoor were analyzed.