yashar zaki

The essence and nature of geopolitics is inextricably linked with power. All countries compete with each other in multiple systems crystallized from geopolitical theories for survival and promotion in the hierarchical structure of power. China since 2013. And following the rapid economic growth, in order to strengthen his position in the new world order, he launched an initiative called "New Silk Road" or "Belt and Road Initiative" and in the years after that, with maximum effort, he pursued the conquest of this project in It is a universal rule. The joining of many countries to this plan, along with the growing power of China, has caused the concern of other world powers as well. Therefore, to compete with this project, the European Union proposed the "World Gate Plan" and is looking for its planning and implementation. This issue has caused the formation of a geopolitical competition at the international level. The current research with an analytical-explanatory nature by studying the documents of the mentioned plans along with other Persian and Latin sources with a qualitative research method seeks to investigate the geopolitical competition between the mentioned plans. The findings of the research show that the creators of these geopolitical plans with global networking and focusing on ports and seas and the energy issue seek to develop their values on a global scale. After examining the differences and commonalities of the projects and the challenges ahead, it was determined that "the strategic depth of the geopolitical competition of both projects is the African continent".

Since ancient times, our country has been grappling with water resource limitations, particularly in the eastern regions, due to the arid climate. Water has become a critical geopolitical resource as a result of the increasing demands of the population and the scarcity of water. As a result, studies on hydropolitics explore a variety of dimensions and aspects of the impact of water fluctuations on geographical territories. The impact on population dynamics and alterations in the affected regions is a noteworthy consequence.This article investigates the impact of fluctuations in water rights for the Hirmand River on migration patterns and population variations in Sistan. It employs data from censuses, surveys (with a sample size of 400), and semi-structured interviews.The findings revealed a significant decrease in Iran’s water rights volume since the early 2000s, with a particularly precipitous decline in recent years. Furthermore, the national average was met by the population development in Sistan until 2006. However, from 2006 onwards, while the country's population continued to grow, Sistan experienced a decrease due to high emigration rates. Emigration from Sistan, particularly to other provinces, has more than quadrupled over the past three decades. The preponderance of migrants from Sistan migrate to Razavi Khorasan, Golestan, Yazd, Tehran, and South Khorasan. Additionally, the results suggested that more than half of the survey respondents expressed a desire to migrate from the Sistan region as a result of factors such as unemployment, desertification, and a lack of job opportunities. This tendency is especially pronounced among never-married individuals and those higher education levels.Consequently, the economy and livelihoods of the residents of Sistan have been significantly influenced by water. Widespread migrations, population displacement, and ultimately the depopulation of certain settlements in Sistan are probable if Iran's water rights from the Hirmand River are not met.

Considering the growing trend of water shortage and crisis in the world, the conceptual and conceptual framework of hydro-hegemony, which is part of the new ideas and concepts in geopolitics and hydropolitics, is of increasing importance to predict the behaviors and strategies of the hydro-hegemonic and non-hydro-hegemonic actors have been favored at the level of transboundary basins. Since there is no consensus on the conceptual framework of hydro-hegemony among hydropolitical science thinkers, and hydro-hegemony as well as its related models have been mainly used to analyze several important transboundary basins in the world; As a result, this research seeks to propose the completion of the conceptual framework of hydro-hegemony so that this framework, in addition to being more complete, also has the ability to adapt to different transboundary basins in the world. In this regard, the Aras transboundary basin, which is shared by the 4 countries of Iran, Türkiye, the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia, and the hydro-hegemonic relations in this basin can be investigated due to the multiplicity of state actors in it and their sometimes different and conflicting interests, has been selected as a case study for the upcoming research. This research is theoretical-fundamental, descriptive-analytical and based on the causal research method. Finally, the research has reached a series of changes, omissions and additions in the conceptual framework of hydro-hegemony, which is mainly based on increasing the role of power in the concept of hydro-hegemony and its influence on other elements of this framework.

The geopolitical crisis in the Nagorno-Karabakh region is one of the most complex conflicts in the Caucasus region, which began before the collapse of the Soviet Union and continues until now. It is important to examine this crisis from the point of view of political geography and geopolitics. The location of the conflict zone in West Asia and in the center of the strategic energy ellipse, the highway connecting the West to the East, and the strategic location of the South Caucasus countries, as well as the presence of rich oil and gas reserves and hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian Sea basin, have made all regional players use their strength. try to play a role and establish positions in this region, of course, despite the presence of a great power like Russia, which somehow considers itself the political godfather of the Caucasus region.and considers this region as its backyard as well as its geo-strategic and geo-economic complement, it somehow neutralizes the efforts of other actors in solving this crisis in order to maintain its regional hegemony and to take maximum advantage of this crisis for the benefit of have their own In terms of the nature of the subject, the present research is analytical-explanatory and has been obtained through the collection of documents, documents and The regional powers in the geopolitical crisis of Karabakh are explained and the results indicate that the continuation of this crisis during the years of conflict shows the unwillingness of some countries to end this crisis because their profit from this conflict is preferable to the end of the crisis and during At different times, the tendency of the powers to one of the two parties involved in this conflict shows the lack of objectivity in solving the crisis for these powers.information available in scientific books and documents and their content classification, and the role of

Water is an element whose presence is necessary for economic development, food production, improvement of living standards and health, survival of living organisms, etc. Lack of access to fresh water endangers food security and social and economic well-being. As one of the dry and semi-arid countries of the world in the Middle East region, Iran is one of the countries facing water shortage. Due to the rapid growth of the urban population, the quantitative and physical growth of industries, industrialization, and traditional agriculture that consumes a lot of water in Iran has created many hydro-political and environmental challenges. Being located in the arid and semi-arid region of the south of the country, Bushehr province receives a large part of its water needs from the water resources of the neighboring provinces of Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, with successive droughts and little and irregular rainfall, thus it is facing a water challenge. Due to the existing conditions and the reduction of water resources in the neighboring provinces, there is a possibility of water cuts and conflicts, and hydro-political tensions within and outside the province. The lack of water, in addition to its effect on economic security and the creation of local and regional tensions, has faced a problem in the development process of this province and has led to the emergence of various insecurities in the province. It is predicted that if this trend continues, the province will face more hydro-political challenges in the future. The present study aims to present a fitting model of hydro-political challenges surrounding the economic security of Bushehr province. This research seeks to answer the question: Is the empirically reproduced pattern of hydro political challenges surrounding the economic security of Bushehr province adequate?

In terms of the purpose, the present research is applied in terms of exploratory nature and in terms of mixed data, which means that in the qualitative phase of the research, semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, as well as indirect observation (reading of texts) were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, a survey study was used to collect data. Then, based on the organized themes of the qualitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed in the form of a five-point Likert scale, and after validation and reliability, 165 experts in the field of water and political geography of Bushehr province were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. completed Finally, after coding, the research data were extracted and tested and interpreted using SPSS26 and Smart PLS statistical software in two sections, descriptive analysis and inferential analysis.

The findings of the research have been made in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, after analyzing the texts and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, they have been analyzed, after the discovery and calculation of the conceptual model of the components of the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province, as well as the economic security indicators of Bushehr province, have been drawn. In the quantitative part, the data obtained from the questionnaire resulting from the qualitative phase of the research, which were distributed among the experts of the investigated organizations in Bushehr province; After coding, they were extracted and transferred to SPSS26 and Smart PLS software and analyzed and interpreted in two parts: descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The independent variable of hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province with 45.466 (with a test average or cut-off line of 36) and the dependent variable of economic security indicators with 80.392 (with a test average or cut-off line of 63) is above the average level, and therefore it indicates that The amount of hydropolitical challenges in Bushehr province is relatively high; Because this rate is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of measured questions. The second and third hypotheses of the research have been confirmed at the error level of 0.01. But the first hypothesis considering that the T test value is below 1.96; Not confirmed.

The descriptive findings of the research show that the independent variable of the hydropolitical challenges of  Bushehr province is the average of 45.466 and its dimensions include extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 6.406 and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 39.060 and the dependent variable of economic security indicators with an average of 80.3925 in the studied statistical population are higher than the test average or the cut-off line. Therefore, they are not in a favorable situation, because their level is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions measured by the variables. The inferential findings of the research also show; the first hypothesis of the research "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and the economic security of the province" according to its T value of 0.848 is less than 1.96 and its significance level is greater than 0.05, so this hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis of the research "there is a significant effect between hydropolitical challenges within the province and the economic security of the province" its T value is 3.220 which is greater than 2.58. Therefore, its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The third hypothesis of the research "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges" and its T value is equal to 3.04, which shows that its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. Therefore, according to the goodness of fit of this model, which is equal to 0.198, the general hypothesis of the research that the model of the effect of the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province on the economic prosperity of the province has the required fit, is confirmed.

Based on the arid and semi-arid region of the south of the country, Bushehr province receives a large part of its water needs from the water resources of the neighboring provinces of Fars, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer Ahmad, with successive droughts and little and irregular rainfall; thus it is facing a water challenge. Due to the existing conditions and the reduction of water resources in the neighboring provinces, there is a possibility of water cuts, conflicts, and hydropolitical tensions. Lack of water, in addition to its effect on economic security and creating local and regional tensions, the development process of this province faces a problem. It is expected that if this trend continues, the province will face more hydropolitical challenges in the future. The current research aims to explain and evaluate the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province and its effect on the economic security of the province. This research seeks to answer the following question:-What are the hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province and what is its effect on the economic security of the province? 

In terms of the purpose, the present research is applied in terms of exploratory nature and in terms of mixed data, which means that in the qualitative phase of the research, semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, as well as indirect observation (reading of texts), were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, a survey study was used to collect data. Then, based on the organized themes of the qualitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed in the form of a five-point Likert scale, and after validation and reliability, 165 experts in the field of water and political geography of Bushehr province were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Completed Finally, after coding, extracting and using SPSS26 and Smart-PLS statistical software, the research data were tested and interpreted in two sections: descriptive and inferential. 

The research findings have been made in two parts as qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, after reviewing the texts and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of water and political geography, they have been analyzed. After discovering and enumerating, the conceptual model of Bushehr province's hydropolitical challenges and economic security of Bushehr province has been drawn. In the quantitative section, after coding, the data obtained from the questionnaire were extracted and transferred to SPSS26 and Smart-PLS software and were analyzed and interpreted in two parts: descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The independent variable of hydropolitical challenges of Bushehr province is above the average level with 45.466 (with a test average or cut-off line of 36), and the dependent variable of economic security with 80.392 (with a test average or cut-off line of 63). Therefore, it indicates that the amount of hydropolitical challenges in Bushehr province is relatively high because this rate is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions. The second and third hypotheses of the research have been confirmed at the error level of 0.01. However, the first hypothesis has not been confirmed, considering that the T test value is below 1.96. 

The descriptive findings of the research show that the independent variable of Bushehr province's hydropolitical challenges with an average of 45.466, and its dimensions include extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 6.406 and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges with an average of 39.060 and the dependent variable of economic security with an average of 80.3925 in the statistical population under investigation is above the test average or the cut-off line. Therefore, they are not in a favorable situation because their level is higher than the standard level determined based on the total number of questions measured by the variables. The inferential findings of the research also show the first hypothesis of the research, "There is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and the economic security of the province," according to the T value of 0.848 is less than 1.96 and its significance level is more significant than 0.05. As a result, this hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis of the research, "there is a significant effect between intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and economic security of the province," its T value is 3.220, which is greater than 2.58. Therefore, its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The third hypothesis of the research, "there is a significant effect between extra-provincial hydropolitical challenges and intra-provincial hydropolitical challenges," its T value is equal to 3.04, which shows that its significance level is smaller than 0.01. As a result, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. According to the findings obtained from the evaluation of the research model, the research's general hypothesis that Bushehr's hydropolitical challenges affect the economic security of the province is confirmed. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Economic power is considered as one of the important components in geopolitical competition. The economic power of countries is mainly influenced by the factors that play a role in their national power. Meanwhile, economic factors are among the factors that are effective in both national power and economic power of countries. Some of such factors have a geopolitical nature due to their significant role in displaying the national power of countries in the international and global arenas. As sources of power, such factors are considered by the powers in geopolitical competition.They are also considered as effective geopolitical variables in the regional and global geopolitical system. Based on the identification of economic factors effective in economic power, the current research seeks to explain the geopolitical variables of economic power. The main research question is what are the geopolitical variables of economic power based on economic factors? The approach of the current research is theoretical and explains the causal relationship between the dependent variables (economic power) and the independent variable (geopolitical variables). The method of collecting information and data has been done in base on library and documents form.The research method is descriptive-analytical. In response to the main question of the research, the variables affected by economic factors affecting economic power were explained under the title of "geoeconomic variables". Each of these conceptual variables includes several operational variables that are effective in national power and national economy, which determine the country's economic power as a whole.

Today, water is considered as a way of survival and gaining power. The upstream countries of the international rivers are thinking about managing the water that comes out of their soil, as the GAP project in Turkiye is an example. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of the GAP project in the hydropolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and what is Turkiye’s strategy for the implementation of this project? The results of the present study, based on the theoretical approach of hydraulicity, show that Turkiye, as a hydro-hegemonic country upstream of the Tigris and Euphrates transboundary rivers, has adopted a unilateral (self-interpretive) strategy in the pattern of hydropolitical relations with other watersheds in the basin. Therefore, strengthening water diplomacy with a conciliatory approach in the hydropolitical relations of the countries of the region, changing the military and security attitude to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to an interactive and cooperative attitude, reforming and developing the hydropolitical relations of the basin countries for bilateral or multilateral negotiations are important.

Geographical space is a system composed of intertwined and interrelated natural, environmental and human factors and elements. These geographical factors sustain different values that adopt political, economic, cultural, security and geopolitical implications according to human needs and perceptions. The effect of geographical factors on economics has always played a role in human life. These factors as the sources of power acquire a geopolitical nature when the countries use them in line with macroeconomic goals. The current study seeks to explain the geopolitical categories of economic power on the basis of the study of geographical factors affecting economic power. The main question of the research maintains what the geopolitical variables of economic power are. This study is based on a theoretical approach and explains the causal relationship between the dependent variable (economic power) and the independent variable (geopolitical variables). Information and data collecting is arranged in terms of library documents studies. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In response to the main research question, three types of geopolitical conceptual variables are explained which are influenced by geographical factors affecting economic power: ‘Geolocation’; ‘Geoculture’ and ‘Geotechnology’.  Each of these conceptual variables includes several geographical factors influencing economic growth and development, which together determine the economic power of a country.

The division of the country is one of the most important issues in any country, which plays an important role in land management, and must be done in a desirable way to be able to achieve its duties of providing security, optimal management of space and gaining the satisfaction of land dwellers. . Therefore, for this purpose, the injuries and weaknesses that exist in the divisions of the country should be properly identified and the necessary efforts should be made to eliminate and turn them into opportunities. For this reason, the present study was conducted to identify the damages that exist in the system of divisions of Iran from a political and security perspective; Research method This research has been done both quantitatively and qualitatively. In this way, first by studying the research literature, the injuries in the country divisions were identified and then using a questionnaire and analysis by SPSS software and T Test were assessed by experts to be confirmed as injuries. Or reject them. Based on the research findings, the weaknesses and weaknesses of Iran's divisions in the country were classified into three dimensions: geographical, political-administrative and security. After examining the above-mentioned cases, it was found that all the above-mentioned injuries have been approved by experts as a challenge and a weakness in the divisions of the country.

Today, according to the role, importance and position of the border in political geography, as well as in determining the limits of jurisdiction and sovereignty of governments on the one hand and their management to protect the country on the other hand, it can be considered as one of the most critical parameters and effective indicators about border security and preventing challenges existing in the border areas. In this regard, border management is considered one of the most important topics in political studies, despite the consequences of the globalization era, border control and management on both national and transnational scales have been wholly affected, so far, many views and theories have been formed directly and indirectly in this regard. Therefore, to better recognize and understand these related and generalizable views and theories in border management at both national and transnational scales, the present research seeks to answer the question of what the existing theories and views related to border management at national and international scales. Aspects have differences and similarities. Therefore, the current research was conducted with a fundamental-theoretical objective and descriptive-analytical method. In the analysis of the data, an attempt has been made to address the most important differences and similarities arising from the existing opinions on border management on both national and transnational scales. Based on this, the results of the research indicate that the best and most desirable approach to border management at the national scale is the "integrated and comprehensive" approach to the border, and at the transnational scale, the "coordinated and integrated border management" approach and its application by A few countries in the world can be considered as the most efficient point of view to ensure global security and away from violence and border security threats

Current Geographical spaces, from local to global scales, are affected by global drug trade. Cultivation, production, transit, distribution and consumption trends have dynamic and complex features. Actors of drug's geopolitics plan their strategies based on the geopolitical features of the geographical space under their control. The purpose of this research is to categorize the actors who benefit from the global drug trade, in order to strengthen scientific resources in the field of this trade and to create a scientific background for future studies when dealing with active actors in the global drug trade and also to determine the group that includes these actors, by examining the mechanism and level of their benefit. Since, according to neo-realists, non-state actors are effective components of global systems, the classification of actors benefiting from illegal trade can be effective in determining new coping strategies. In the current research, by using experimental assumptions and classification of scientific findings, we have tried to classify and explain geopolitical drug actors as influential components of a global system. Therefore, within the framework of the theory of structural realism, with the method of documentary and library research of Persian and non-Persian first-hand resources, activists who benefit from the geopolitics of global drug trends were categorized in six groups including: individual actors, criminal organizations, armed movements, Narco-states, hostile states and the hidden actors. Also, in terms of purpose and benefit mechanism, they have been analyzed in two groups: 1- actors with geopolitical goals and 2- actors with geo-economic goals.

The growth of Tehran's urbanization is a political-spatial phenomenon, which should be considered a suitable model considering the goal of providing a suitable model of urban cooperation in the spatial-political dimension of the city. According to the indicators of good urban governance, justice and participation can move as fundamental factors in the direction of the progress and justice of the urban space. The research method to answer the main question is a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). Data was collected using a combined method (library and field), and SPSS software was exploited to analyze the research data. Also, a questionnaire completed by experts in the urban area was used to find a pattern of urban governance. These data were evaluated using the Likert scale, and eventually, one-sample t-tests and factor analysis methods were exerted. The results show that among the indicators, justice, equality, and participation in Tehran are better than other indicators. The indicators of transparency, law-oriented, and accountability are evaluated below the average level from the experts' point of view. Therefore, they need to be in better condition. Finally, the model of good urban governance can be a new theory in responding to new expectations and responsibilities and a suitable management document for the authorities, with the help of which they can achieve sustainable urban development.

Border is considered as one of the most sensitive and strategic parameters in political, security and economic life, and in general, in the development process of the countries. Borders are, according to their nature, the points of the flow of goods, thoughts, threats, opportunities, and the focal point of communication with the outside world. Considering the importance of the border, the spatial planning of the border regions in the direction of development and security is always one of the major concerns in any country. The borders of the Middle East and Iran in particular, have always been the locus of conflict, struggle and security problems, due to the ethnical-religious context and the rivalry between the powers of the region. The borders of Kurdistan Province as part of the international borders of Iran are also a part of this puzzle. In the border regions of Kurdistan province, Sunni Kurds live with ethnic orientations, and share the same culture, language and race with the other side of the border, which shows the importance of the border areas of this province. In the border areas of Kurdistan province, we are witnessing the priority of security over development. Border is one of the most sensitive and strategic parameters in political, security and economic life and the spatial development of a country, and it serves as a showcase for the stability and progress of the country. Borders, due to their nature, also contribute to strengthening or weakening national security, national interests and national power. Borders are the locus of the flow of goods, thought, threats, opportunities, and the focal point of communication with the outside world. Considering the importance of the border, the spatial planning of the border regions in the direction of development and security is always one of the major concerns of the sovereignty of any country. The borders of the Middle East in general, and the borders of Iran in particular, have always been the locus of conflict, struggle and security problems, due to the ethnical-religious context and the geopolitical rivalry between the powers of the region. Iran has a long border with its neighbors in the critical zone of Middle East which are unstable in terms of politics, security, defense, and even the land, and there is every chance of the release of these crises inside the country. Iran has a dry and semi-arid climate, inadequate water resources and, consequently, inappropriate distribution of the population and some ethno-religious conflicts between the border areas and the central areas that enhance the sense of divergence and promote authoritarianism. Most of the ethnicities and religions of Iran are located in the border areas, and most of them are geographically expanded on the other side of the border, therefore, border areas are under the influence of security look, and comparing with the center, have a lower development in all aspects. The level of spatial development in Iran follows the center-perimeter pattern. The perimeter of Iran, which is usually the living place of different ethnicities and religions, does not have a desirable level of development, and this underdevelopment has caused the border regions to be always pregnant with more challenges and conflicts. Today, given the new political situation and the rivalry of the powers in the region, we see widespread threats in the border regions of Iran that have led to a security approach toward the spatial planning of the border regions, and the mere security approach has exacerbated the underdevelopment and the reproduction of security problems in those areas. The border areas of Kurdistan province are a part of this puzzle, considering that all of these harmful factors are found there, and in these areas, like most of the country's border areas, the security approach and the priority of security over development are dominant. In the border regions of Kurdistan province, Sunni Kurds live, and share the same culture, language and race with the other side of the border, which shows the importance of the border areas of this province. The main question of the research is that what factors have led to a security approach in the spatial planning of the border regions of Iran in general, and Kurdistan province in particular? The research findings indicate that political, geo-cultural, geostrategic and geo-economical indices are generally effective in the spatial planning of Iranian border regions, and in each province of the country, according to the type of border and the human conditions, the importance and priority of these factors and their sub-indices are variable. In the security approach towards the spatial planning of Kurdistan province, these factors have the following impact priorities: first, the political factor (including the political underdevelopment in Iran, the pale political participation in the border areas of Kurdistan province, the centralized form of governance in Iran, the activities of counter-revolutionary parties in the border areas of Kurdistan province, the history of Kurdish movements and the lack of use of local elites in the management of the border areas of Kurdistan province), second, the geo-cultural factor (including language, religion, ethnicity, the bolstering of the role of ethnic groups in the age of globalization, local customs and the non-conformity of the borders of the province with ethnical-cultural borders), third, the geostrategic factor (including the military presence of the world powers near the border areas, the political rivalries of the regional powers, the phenomenon of terrorism in the region, the condition of the Kurds in the region and the vacuum of the power of the neighboring countries of Iran near the borders of the Kurdistan province), and finally, the geo-economic factor (including the smuggling of goods in the border areas of Kurdistan province, the imbalanced economic development in the borders of the province with the borders of the Kurdistan Region and the deficiency of resources in the border areas of Kurdistan province) are effective on the security approach toward the spatial planning of the border regions of Kurdistan province.

Rising demand and declining supply have been two simultaneous trends that have exacerbated the crisis and competition for shared water resources in the region over the past few decades. On the one hand, population growth, uncontrolled consumption and increasing economic consumption have caused a sharp jump in demand for water resources, and on the other hand, climate change has led to a decrease in supply. Joint watersheds around Iran, especially in the eastern border watersheds including Hamoon (Helmand) and Sarakhs (Harirod) between Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan have intensified. In this context, the main question of the present study is how to explain and model the convergent and divergent hydropolitical foundations of Iran in the common watersheds of the eastern borders? Common on the basis of hydro-liberalism and based on hydro-diplomacy, functionalist diplomacy and legal cooperation, while Iran's divergent hydropolitical foundations with these countries based on the theory of hydrorealism and based on disputes over water, the view of Afghan political leaders Climate change and disputes over the legal regime can be modeled.

Today, security and development are two unstable components in the management of border areas. As Sistan and Baluchestan province in terms of growth and development in the country's development ranking indicators, is always at a low level and on the other hand, regional and spatial imbalances between the central and border areas of the province seems very obvious, this underdevelopment has created conditions for the creation and growth of the phenomenon of trafficking. Thus, instead of solving the problem of underdevelopment as one of the main reasons and underlying problems of the province, due to security problems, governments have considered the issue of increasing border security as a short-term solution for these areas. In this regard, the present study, which is analytical-explanatory in nature and has been obtained by collecting documents and the latest reports of government organizations in 2020 and 2021, documents and information in books and scientific documents and their content interpretation. , Has tried to analyze the effective factors and indicators in the research findings as well as the relationship between the three components of underdevelopment, trafficking and intensification of border security, as well as in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The findings of the study revealed that issues such as lack of social justice, instability of security, the phenomenon of smuggling of goods, spatial and geographical imbalances, instability of residence and population, reduced political participation and political development, increased political violence and terrorist activities, neighborhoods with underdeveloped and undeveloped countries. They have affected the development cycle and security of the region.

Border areas due to their proximity to foreign countries and the geographical and political conditions prevailing in them, have their own characteristics that are considered an integral part of these conditions, which have a direct impact on the development of these areas. Therefore, if these features are not taken into account, it will have a negative impact on the development process and security of border areas and will act as a threat to development. But if this is taken into account and used in the development planning, and planning process of those areas, they will have positive effects and turn from a threat to an opportunity. Some of these characteristics are: distance from the center, geographical isolation, instability of settlement and constant movement of population, illegal border exchanges, cultural, ethnic and religious differences with the interior of the country, and external threats. Accordingly, the crises and insecurities in the southeast of the country cause great human and financial damage to the body of the province, military, law enforcement and security forces, government agencies and the people. High sensitivities of the province due to the geographical location and natural, human and political-cultural, security and military structures and several years of crisis history, the need for comprehensive knowledge of the province and detailed scientific research to discover the causes and factors of insecurity and find appropriate strategies for establishing security and taking advantage of regional opportunities are essential. This can only be achieved through regional studies. Therefore, human hazards in the southeastern region of the country have provided the fragility of this region and the instability of these areas. First, there are serious obstacles to the planning of this area, which should be recognized. Afterward, presenting programs with a visionary perspective sought can control and reduce it and pave the way for development and security in the southeast of the country. Therefore, the main question of the present study is which human hazards have the greatest impact on the management of the border areas of southeastern Iran.

The research method in this article is a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The library method has been used to collect the required information. In the library section, descriptive information is collected from books, articles, reports, and statistical yearbooks. These studies have been conducted to identify effective human hazards as well as theoretical foundations of research. Then the appropriate criteria were identified according to the purpose of the research. Also, field method and interviews with experts and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. Sampling method in this research is snowball sampling method. In addition, the sample size in this study includes 70 elites and specialists familiar with human hazards in the southeast of the country. In order to analyze the data obtained from the collected questionnaires, qualitative analyzes as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods have been used. Thus, SPSS26 statistical software was used to describe the answers given to the general questions of the research questionnaire and Friedman test was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.

The most effective human hazards in the planning of Sistan and Baluchestan province can be summarized as follows: Poverty: Sistan-Baluchestan province is far from any advantage and employment due to its distance from the center and being in the blind spot of the country, and also due to lack of mismanagement of officials, and lack of use of potentials in this province. Unemployment is high in the province, which is why Sistani citizens have joined terrorist groups or smuggled goods. Based on this, it can be said that poverty is one of the most important factors that affect the planning of this area. Therefore, the development of this area with a landscape perspective should be written in such a way that in the shortest time, the economic situation of the residents of this area grows and attracts their satisfaction. Foreign nationals: Slums around large cities and begging are the consequences of the presence of Afghan and Pakistani immigrants in the geographical area of ​​Sistan and Baluchestan. It should also be noted that the economy of the province is in the hands of Afghans and Sunnis in some areas. The uncontrolled growth of the population with a political perspective and its imbued with religious beliefs, has made the population of the province the youngest population in terms of age among the provinces of the country, which along with economic poverty, numerous security, political, educational and training problems and so on, have finally changed the population balance in favor of the Sunnis. They have changed and, in the future, will create a lot of social unrest that with new planning programs should be prevented that foreigners cannot easily make the space fragile.Migration: The most important problem of the people of Sistan and Baluchestan that leads to migration is water shortage, unemployment, and ecological changes in the region, which in turn leads to migration and the fragile geographical space of Sistan and Baluchestan. Hence, the issue of migration from Sistan and Baluchestan occurred due to drought conditions and problems caused by the Taliban, the diversion of the river and the dryness of Hamoon Wetland. Therefore, in order to prevent the migration of population from this area to other parts of the country, we need to establish sustainable development and security in this area, in the meantime, we need to establish good relations with neighboring countries to prevent water from dams in the river. The border guards have made us stop and bring the flow of life back to this area.Terrorism: The existence of terrorism and terrorist operations in the southeast of the country (Sistan-Baluchestan), has provided the ground for insecurity and is a serious obstacle to the organization of this area. Therefore, it is necessary for Iran to cooperate with neighboring countries in the field of eradication of terrorism, otherwise, despite the great human dangers in this region, it is possible that in the future the people of this region will become members of terrorist groups and against the regime act in such a way that in this case the government requires them to think of special measures.Lack of ignition: Sistan and Baluchestan, bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan, can provide many opportunities for the region, but it also poses threats, including smuggling of goods, drugs, and jobs. This is due to the lack of employment, which harms the economy of the country and this region, and also leads to insecurity in this region. Therefore, economic plans should be written with an economic perspective only in this area in order to bring development to this area so that this risk can be controlled in this area and provide a stable ground for this area.

The results show that the existence of human hazards is a serious obstacle to the implementation of beauty programs in this area that needs to be followed by national and local managers to control these hazards in the first step and then reduce them. Therefore, among the research items, "Lack of employment; "Smuggling of goods and drugs" is in the first place with 3.75 points, "poverty" is in the second place with 3.65 points. Among the items, "immigration" is in the third place with a score of 2.86, the presence of foreigners is in the fourth place with a score of 2.40, and terrorism is in the fifth place with a score of 2.33. On this basis, despite these risks, the elites can provide appropriate strategies to provide the basis for sustainable development in this area. Therefore, recognizing these risks and considering them in planning programs is the first step that needs to be considered in the planning document of this area in order to manage the human risks formed in this area.

Too much extraction from natural resources, such as extraction of surface water and groundwater, means the loss of a country's natural capital. Fars province is facing the effects of the water crisis, such as the drying up of lakes (Lake Parishan, Bakhtegan and Tashk), land subsidence and the deficit of groundwater reservoirs. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question of what is the relationship between electricity tariffs in agriculture and the formation of the water crisis? The goals of the development programs in the agricultural sector have been to achieve self-sufficiency in agricultural products, to rely on the export of agricultural products and to ensure the country's food security. On the other hand, one of the effective variables in increasing or decreasing the amount of abstraction from groundwater is the tariffs related to electricity consumption as one of the production inputs in the agricultural sector. Relying on statistical data on electricity consumption in the agricultural sector, first the prices of electricity consumed in agriculture were adjusted based on the consumer index to eliminate the effects of inflation on electricity prices. Then it was observed that with the decrease of groundwater level in different plains of Fars province, electricity prices or in other words the costs of groundwater extraction have sharply decreased. In other words, one of the most important factors in the uncontrolled extraction of groundwater and reducing the level of these waters has been the reduction of electricity prices and other energies required for water extraction. Because groundwater extraction is inversely related to extraction costs, and in order to achieve sustainable development goals, realizing tariffs on production inputs can be effective in reducing groundwater abstraction.

The purpose of the present study is to review the requirements of ethnic policymaking and management in order to achieve national integrity and enhance the efficiency of the Islamic Republic of Iran with respect to the existing structures and factors. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and it aims to find an answer to this main question: What are the most important requirements of ethnic policymaking in Iran with regard to its centralized unitary structure of government? The results show that it is through considering the requirements of policymaking in terms of optimal management of the realm of the country and its inhabitants that the best method for implementing policies can be selected. This issue can ultimately lead to using the potentials of natural and human geography that guarantee national security and achievement of national goals. Furthermore, having a systematic approach, paying attention to the cultural geography of the country, and balanced development are among some other requirements of ethnic policymaking. Considering these needs and paying attention to the influential components in management of ethnic varieties have a positive impact on the efficiency of the Islamic republic of Iran and display its practical effectiveness in performing its duties toward the citizens' expectations.

Geographic factors make the political organization of space geographically. Each factor at any geographical scale, due to the level of power and to the extent that it utilizes various instruments appropriate to the level of sovereignty and power, leads to the political organization of space. The global action circle represents the world's largest geographic scale. The question raised is how the global system, through which mechanisms and processes at the global level, makes political organization of space.

The research methodology of the present paper is based on the qualitative method and on the principles of analysis-explanation.

The global system, through structural and non-structural elements, leads to the political organization of space. Power is the driving force behind the global system for achieving its goals. The global system creates and strengthens the structural power of institutions and organizations. Institutions and organizations produce the rules and norms they need globally. All political units are required to observe the laws and regulations of the world system and, in the event of non-compliance of political units and countries, these rules are faced with the violent power of global powers. Through discourse, global powers differentiate themselves from countries that they dislike for the global order and punish them through violent power or sanctions.

In the end, global powers, with the backing of institutions, laws, regulations, norms and production discourses, legitimize their actions on the global stage.

Security has become a central concern in regions around the world, specifically with the rise of ethnic, religious, race, and immigration conflict as well as terrorism. The border region scale is significant for promotion and development of security discussions, because its affects a collection of internal and external factors. Border areas have a special status as geographical paramount in national and international debates. This paper investigates security of river's physiographic area in northwest of Iran and along the Aras international boundary river. Occasionally, border area of Aras river led to tension and collaboration between two or more nations and countries in history. This region has multitude geopolitical importance with more than 400 km international border; Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey, having four county and seven border cities with high natural and human capacities (mineral resources, oil, agriculture, borderline differences and ethnic and religious variations). In this research, we have identified effective security factors on the border region in Aras river by examining complex relationships between environmental, political and economic factors. Generally, we measured the effects of various security-related factors, including gender, age, socioeconomic status, trust, ethnicity, region structure and texture, geopolitical position, changeable elements of power in region and its cultural context through factor analysis. Therefore, question that to be mentioned here is: what factors have had greatest impact to region security boundary in Aras river.

Research method is descriptive-analytical and research type is applied and theoretical. The method of data collection is documental – surveying; first, theoretical information was gathered in relation to border towns, its characteristics and features of Aras border region. Second, in order to provide undone data, survey studies (interviews and questionnaires) were conducted and questionnaire was adjusted based on Likert scale. For assessing to research validity, designed questions based on indicators, delivered to experts familiar with concepts of research and asked from them to evaluated accuracy of indicators convert to questions. Cronbach's alpha test was used to measure reliability of each variables that’s required for factor analysis. Therefore, for determine reliability of this tool, a pre-test was performed among the sample of 30 residents of the community surveyed. Then, using SPSS software, alpha value for each question and total questionnaire was obtained. The alpha value was "0/821", which is higher than 0.7, indicating its suitability for factor analysis. The statistical community is combined of all border residents such as villages, towns and cities in around of Aras river, nearly 385 sample were selected with using Cochran formula. The sampling method is random cluster. Data analysis was performed through exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software. 

To carrying out factor analysis, sampling adequacy test (KMO) was calculated to ensure the adequacy of sample size. In this test, KMO value was "0.714" and significance level of Bartlett test was "sig= 0.000", these values indicate suitability of the data for factor analysis. That is, given that KMO is above than "0.5", performance factor analysis is possible on target variables. Likewise, in order that significance test (sig: 0.000) less than "0.05" its acceptable. In this research, with utilizing of Varimax rotate, "6" factors with eigenvalue greater than "1" and their materials had factor load greater than "0.25" were obtained. with determined to extraction of six factors, sixty percentage of total variance is explained. The percentage of total variance for each factors is as follows: the first factor (12.68); second factor (24.06); third factor (35.05); fourth factor (44.08); fifth factor (52.52) and the sixth factor (60/33). The results of factor analysis method after matrix rotation show that variables (3, 16, 19, 28 and 36) placed in first category, variables (1, 5, 15) in second category, variables (11, 14, 21, 23, 24, 27, 33 and 35) belonging to third category, variables (2, 6, 8, 12, 17, 25, 26 and 32) stand in fourth category, variables (7, 9, 20, 22, 30 and 31) in fifth category and the variables (4, 10, 13, 18, 29, and 34) are pertaining to sixth category.

The most important recognize factors effectiveness to security of border region in Aras river including to geographical factors [geomorphologic-climatological], institutional- management and environmental, military-disciplinary, geoeconomical, geocultural, and geopolitical. The naming of indicators is done based on variables semantic authenticity and content implication, in addition, interpretation and prioritization of factors was based on factor load of their variables subset. Geocultural and geopolitical factors were most important factors effective indicators to security of border region in Aras river, and military - disciplinary and geographical were identified least influential factors. According to the results, priority dimension of security in study area is geocultural security; ethnic, racial, religious and linguistic correlations with periphery countries of    Aras river can lead to ethnic crises if don’t overcome to lack of strengthening conditions about convergence and unity.  Undeveloped industrial to major section of periphery in Aras river and dependence of most inhabitants to agricultural sector, which does not have sufficient income for households. The necessity of investing in industrial production sectors through responsible institutions is required to save region from unemployment, poverty and lack of sustainable income, and as a result can be geo-economics’ security

Unemployment has a high potential for creating crises socially and politically, and thus it can call into question the state’s acceptability and legitimacy. The state’s response to unemployment is to delay the entrance of the new labor force into the job market by providing educational opportunities, which has led to an increase in unemployment among educated people in Iran. An spatial difference in unemployment and share of unemployed educated people in the country, a chronic spatial discrimination and domination of the core-periphery pattern and its adaption on the habitat of ethnic groups increase political concerns and the chance of rising unrests in Iran. This article uses descriptive-analytical and statistical methods with an emphasis on the discovery of spatial patterns of unemployment in general and unemployment of educated people in particular. The paper applies the methods of spatial analysis of Moran and Getis – Ord Gi * statistics to address the question on unemployment patterns in Iran and their effect on the country's political geography. The results show that the spatial patterns of unemployment are different from those related to the unemployment of educated people, and the sustainability of these patterns over time has strengthened the uneven processes of migration and development leading to the people's perceiving these as political. The continuation of this situation from a political geography perspective is a major challenge for the state and government.

Environmental risks and conflicts in the framework of the relations between countries and subsequently their role-playing in interaction and collaboration or conflicts and struggles between political actors especially in the level of states have reproduced serious discussions and disputes on the environment, security, and power which are interpreted as environmental geopolitics or ecopolitics by modern political geography.Geographically, the Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed sea that has a very low capacity of self-dredging in comparison to that of high seas; hence, it retains the pollutants for longer periods of time. Some of its environmental problems arise from the various activities of the people residing along the northern and southern shores. If the situation is exacerbated by the factors such as oil and its subsequent pollutions, militarism and its subsequent destruction, desalination of seawater, and the construction of artificial islands, one can conclude that regional convergence between the countries neighboring this body of water in the process of bioregionalism would be of an essential necessity.According to the research findings, states acting in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf to produce power, security and to sustain them, from one hand, and to protect this shared aquatic ecosystem in the event of sustainable development, from the other hand, should mobilize all collective cooperations and operationalize the bioregionalism in regional and supranational scales.

Security and its sustainably fulfillment for the citizens in every society is one of the most basic and primary duties and responsibilities of any government which requires all essential mechanisms to be met. One of the multifaceted dimensions of security is the environmental security, which may be taken for granted by governments specially in third world countries in comparison to other dimensions of the security, particularly the military one, while the threats arising from this dimension could inflict irreparable damage to the national interests and national security. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting the national environmental security that, in the first step, it counts 44 factors affecting the environmental security; in the second step, by forming an expert panel, it combines similar factors and identifies 20 factors. Then, using Friedman Model, it determines 10 important and effective factors and at the end, using Mikomak Futures Research Software and by means of Cross-matrix Analysis Method, it defines 3 key factors affecting the national environmental security in the 1408 horizon.

With the expansion of cities and urbanization, especially in metropolises, many of the military areas built outside the city are located in residential areas of the city. This research seeks to answer the question of whether the existence of military areas in Isfahan affects the security of citizens? And on the other hand, considering the distance dimension, what is the relationship between the distance from the military areas in the city and the security of the citizens? Based on this, GIS and SPSS software and the Likert spectrum questionnaire have been investigated. The results of the research show that young women and young boys and young boys are severely reduced by reducing their distance from the 44th and 55th barracks of Isfahan, especially at night. Residents of residential houses during the war, given the possibility of air strikes in the military areas, feel their safety until The distance of 1500 meters is quite low and as the distance increases from the garrison, the sense of safety goes up.