zeinab karimi

 The Holy Quran has emphasized a lot on ethics and the issue of paying attention to ethics in political decision-making is a very important issue in the political governance of Islam. In such a way that the ultimate goal in politics and governance is to achieve the happiness of the Islamic Ummah, not to achieve domination and power. At the beginning of the Umayyad rule, the grab of power to secure personal and tribal interests became the goal of the rulers' actions and Mu'awiya's actions based on the absence of a two-way relationship between politics and ethics became the model of the caliphs after him. In this way, Umayyad politics under the leadership of Mu'awiyah was a separation between the two categories of politics and ethics. The problem of the present research is to investigate the performance of Muawiyah in relation to the separation of ethics and politics and to analyze the examples of violations of ethics in his policies as the founder of the Umayyad government in the history of Islam. In this regard, we will have a look at the theory of Malik Ben Nabi in the political ethics of the Umayyad era in order to clarify how Muawiya's behavior in the field of action and opinion led to the decline of Islamic governance and was able to regress political ethics in Islamic governance.

 This research is a review, descriptive and analytical study and its data has been provided by collecting research slips from library sources.

Ethical Considerations:

 The principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the entire research process.

 During the Umayyad dynasty period, especially the period of Muawiya's rule, due to the priority of power over happiness, a constructive relationship between ethics and politics was not established; Rather, in order to gain power, methods contrary to the approach of ethics and politics were adopted.

 Muawiya and the Umayyad government in general in the field of Islamic civilization by using anti-ethical methods such as Creating terror, poisoning and terror, lying, falsifying hadith and cultural activities and reproduction of Jahili ideas, caused a negative and inconsistent relationship between ethics and politics in the field of governance.

In geosciences, morphotectonic indicators are used to investigate the effectiveness of land surfaces from neotectonic activities. In this article, the results of morphotectonic indices by tectonic zones of Iran, according to the energy released from the earthquake of 1900-2009 and the position of the basins relative to the types of faults (young seismic faults), Quaternary and pre-Quaternary) were analyzed. For this purpose, 110 years old Iran seismic data was extracted from the geodatabase, and during the programming process in MATLAB, it was converted from point-vector to surface-raster. In addition the results of the evaluation of morphotectonic indices of 142 basins of different zones were used; 8 inactive basins, 40 semi- active basins, and 94 active basins. Inactive basins are located in Alborz, Zagros, and Central Iran. . The results indicate that the amount of energy released can't examine a significant role in evaluating the morphotectonic indices of the basins. Basin’s location in the area of Quaternary faults and young seismic is of great value in the tectonically active basin. The lie of semi-active basins adjacent to active basins, or the lie of inactive basins adjacent to semi-active and active basins; and it should be borne in mind that the thresholds used to estimate the tectonic activity status of basins cannot be used as a definite and mathematical criterion in estimating the tectonic status of basins.

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) refers to non-material benefits and non-physical contact of humans with the watershed. Among the indicators of CES are aesthetic and spiritual values, a sense of place and inspiration, and knowledge system and educational values. First, humans understand the environment based on their culture and then receive non-material benefits from the ecosystem. On the other hand, tourism is one of the activities that have an impact on the culture and services of ecosystems. Actually; tourism is an economic, cultural, and social phenomenon that is related to the movement of people to a place outside their place of residence. Tourism can have different effects such as changes in values, people's behaviour, communal life relationships, lifestyle, security levels, etc. In this regard; considering this importance, the current research was conducted to assess the effect of tourism activities on the components of CES Eskandari Watershed located upstream of the Zayandeh Roud dam watershed. This watershed is located in Isfahan province and includes the cities of Boein and Miandasht, Tiran-Koron, Chadgan, Khansar, Fereidan, and Fereidon Shahr.

 The current research is of applied and descriptive-analytical type, its data has been collected through library methods, observation, and field studies, including questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Based on this; after examining the tourism attractions of the study area, to evaluate the effect of tourism on CES, indicators were designed in the form of a questionnaire based on the Likert spectrum. The Likert spectrum includes answers from very little (1) to very much (5). In the following, the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by expert specialists. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the investigated indicators. Cronbach's alpha for a sense of place, aesthetic and spiritual values, and knowledge system and educational values indicators were obtained as 0.85, 0.93, and 0.88, respectively. Then, by surveying the area, tourists were asked to complete the questionnaires. Finally, the analysis of the collected data and statistical comparison was done using the one-sample t-test in SPSS software. In the next step; to evaluate CES in Eskandari Watershed, the number of people visiting natural tourism areas was also used. In this regard; first, the number of visitors was calculated, and then to express the dimensionless tourism index, the range from zero to one was classified into four categories with the same range.

The research results indicate that in total, tourism activities have played an effective role in the CES. Of course, this effect is not the same in different dimensions and the indicators of CES including aesthetic and spiritual values, sense of place and inspiration, and knowledge system and educational values, respectively, have been assigned the first to third priority. In this regard; to measure the sense of place and inspirations, the indicators of tourists' interest intensification, increasing the value of the region, emotions, more visits and more sense of responsibility of tourists were used. The aesthetic values include spatial diversity, correcting the defects and defects of the spaces, increasing the quality and beauty, increasing the physical identity and the apparent order of the space of the region. In addition; the indicators of more respect for social laws, increase in responsibility and courage to express thoughts, more respect for the rights of others, adherence of tourists to the promotion of peace and human rights laws, and improving the knowledge of tourists on how to use natural resources are related to the component of the knowledge system and educational values. Also, the results of the significance test indicated the significant effect of tourism activities on CES components (P=0.05). In addition, the number of people visiting tourist areas after tourism activities has been evaluated positively. In this regard, the cities of Fereidon shahr, Khansar, Chadgan, Fereidan, Boein and Miandasht, and Tiran and Koron respectively, have received the most tourists.

 In total; the greatest impact of tourism activities on the indicators of increasing the quality and beauty of the region (30.00), more visits by tourists as a result of tourism activities (28.30), and more respect for the rights of others with an average of 23.50. In addition, the number of people visiting tourist areas after tourism activities has been evaluated positively. Actually; tourism activities in this area have caused people to get more connected to natural tourism areas, so that all their imaginations, feelings, and enthusiasm to visit the area are affected by tourism activities. However; since the mentioned effects are far from the ideal level, to influence the tourism activities in the region, it is suggested to strengthen the supervisory and executive mechanisms and planning according to the potentials of the region along with the creation of infrastructure for tourism and ecotourism.

Any damage to watershed resources can have significant effects and consequences for stakeholders. In this regard; increasing pressure and tension on ecosystems and the crisis of water resources in the country is the result of laws, policies and lack of integrated management in watersheds rather than being caused by inhumane activities. In order to getting out from this bankruptcy, is necessary to correcting the thought of the former governance and the quality of governance health in the country watersheds. Therefore; in this research has been tried to investigate the unfavorable governance of water resources in the country, which has led to the destruction of capitals in the long term in a competition with short-term benefits; to change the views of officials, experts and stakeholders towards the proper watershed governance. The findings of the research indicate that this type of governance, unlike the current governance in the country, tries to improve the watershed's health by considering all the watershed's components and involving all the officials and stakeholders. In addition, under the pretext of providing and restoring a resource in the short term, it does not put other watershed resources under pressure and destruction in the long term. In this regard; is suggested to improve the watersheds health and getting out of the crises that have occurred in the watersheds; the governance of IWM should replace the unfavorable governance prevailing in the country.

Neutropenia refers to a decrease in the absolute number of neutrophils in the blood circulation, certain drugs are used in connection with the treatment of neutropenia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate and compare the efficacy of filgrastim and lenograstim drug treatment in patients with neutropenia in a systematic review.

This study is a systematic review study conducted in connection with the comparison of the effectiveness of filgrastim and lenograstim in neutropenic patients based on the search in Google scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Irandoc, SID, Magiran databases in the time range of January 2000 to August 2023. This systematic review was based on the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, including systematic search of databases, organization of documents for review, selection of studies, information extraction and finally presentation of the final report. The keywords used for searching in this study were selected based on published primary studies and MESH, and after a detailed examination of the study questions, they were selected according to the PECO criteria.

1099 articles were identified in the review of the investigated databases, and after removing duplicate articles, unrelated articles, as well as articles that did not have access to their full text or did not have the required information, eight studies were the final phase, and were checked. Out of the eight selected articles, three articles declared the effectiveness of lenograstim more than filgrastim. Two articles mentioned the greater effect of filgrastim and three articles published in recent years declared the effect of two drugs to be the same. Among these articles, the studies that considered the drug dosage to be the same in the investigated groups and the studies that had a larger statistical population in order to generalize to the society are more important.

According to studies conducted in recent years, both filgrastim and lenograstim recombinant drugs have the same effectiveness in the treatment of neutropenia.

The spread of epidemic diseases has always been one of the important issues in the scope of Islamic civilization The history of the plague epidemic dates back to ancient times So that the outbreak of the plague known as Justinian Plague in the late ancient period and its transfer to the Islamic period Muslims in the conquered lands Facing new issues Therefore, plague is one of the deadliest infectious diseases In the geographical scope Islamic civilization has been that in the early Islamic centuries It has caused damage to the social, economic and even intellectual and cultural structure of the Islamic society The land of sham has been one of the most plague-prone regions of Islamic civilization that repeatedly and consecutively And it happened with many injuries. This research aims to investigate the plague in the Sham region during the Umayyad period (661-749AD) Also, examine the reasons for its occurrence and the beliefs surrounding the plague in this region. The investigations of this research show The geographical location of the sham, its Mediterranean climate, and the location of the sham on the trade routes And the resulting changes It has been influential in the occurrence and spread of the plagueThe occurrence of the plague has also had important and interesting effects on the world view of Muslims. So that the plague was not considered an epidemic but as a result of divine mercy or divine punishment.

Rivers are environmental forms that react strongly to changes in their bed, tectonic is the most important factor affecting morphology of the river, causing significant changes in river systems. In this study, using the digital elevation model (DEM), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global mapper 13, we investigated the effect of tectonic activity on river systems in the eastern slopes of Mullah Daghi, southeast of Zanjan province, this The area is drained by Abhar river. Using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Arc Gis 10.2 software environment, required maps including geological maps, topography and…, Geological map of 1: 250,000 leaves of Zanjan was used to prepare the fault map. In order to achieve the research objectives, tectonic activity indicators including: are Mountain front sinuosity, basin shape, drainage density, longitudinal gradient of the river, River maze, basin asymmetry, hypersometric integral, the topographic symmetry of the basin and the width of the valley floor to the height. The combination of these indicators is achieved by the tectonic activity index (IAT). The results obtained through the Iat index indicate the activation of tectonic and neotectonic in the watershed of Ardejin and Abhar and the moderate activities in the basin of the zareh bash basin. The impacts of these activities on river systems that are different from the tectonic indexes in the studied basins, such as river meanders(main stream), coniferous formation (Ardejin watershed basin),  tilt watersheds  abhar and Ardejin and  the shape of the basins (Basin elongation zareh bash)

Eskandari sub-watershed is one of the most important water supply sources for agriculture, drinking and industry in Isfahan region and province. Therefore, better understanding of the problems within this watershed is crucial for planning and proper management. Moreover, a concerted effort to engage all stakeholders in the integrated management of this watershed is necessary. This research aims to investigate the reasons for the increase of runoff in the years 2011, 2021, and 2031, providing management solutions with the active participation of stakeholders.

First, the height of the runoff was estimated using the curve number method. In this regard, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images from 2011 and 2021 were used to prepare a land-use map of the Eskandari sub-watershed. Additionally, the prediction of land-use changes in the future (2031) was done using the Markov model. To prepare the curve number map, the combination of the land-use map and hydrological groups was used, and then the runoff height was estimated in the studied years. Following this, through collaborative workshops, stakeholders were asked to create a problems and objectives tree based on the main reasons for the runoff progress in the watershed, consulting with each other. Subsequently, based on the objective tree, the initial list of proposed solutions for the Eskandari sub-watershed was presented. The proposed solutions were then refined, classified, and prioritized by experts. Continuing with the goals of the current research, the most important indicators affecting the current situation of the Eskandari sub-watershed were selected based on the opinions of experts and stakeholders. To model, the multi-criteria decision-making method was used to select solutions and prioritize them. Therefore, initially, the researcher's questionnaire was distributed among stakeholders for scoring the selected solutions according to the assessment criteria. Finally, the results obtained from experts' scoring were prioritized using the TOPSIS method.

The results reveal a significant reduction in natural lands in the region. Consequently, by 2031, rangelands with good and mediocre cover have been completely destroyed, while those with poor cover, irrigation, and rainfed agriculture dominate the region. Based on soil science information, 57.18% of the area is related to hydrological group B with a medium runoff production capacity. Hydrological groups C and D, with percentages of 24.98 and 17.82, respectively, are the next priorities. Following this, by combining the hydrological group map of the watershed with the land-use map in GIS environment, the CN map with curve numbers ranging from 61 to 96 was obtained. Finally, the average infiltration in 2011, 2021, and 2031 was 79.15, 62.82, and 55.12 mm, respectively, while the average runoff in those years was 10.99, 13.15, and 13.38 mm, respectively. According to the results, the losses decrease over time, while the runoff increases. Residential lands and rocky outcrops have the highest amount of runoff production, i.e. 34.38 mm, whereas rangeland with good cover (0.33) has the lowest amount of runoff. In subsequent collaborative workshops, based on the opinions and consensus of stakeholders and experts, improper agriculture was identified as one of the main reasons for increase of runoff in the studied area. Due to a lack of water, insufficient income, and a lack of laws and supervision in the region, watershed farmers and residents are changing land use and cultivating low-yielding lands in an unprincipled manner. Also, in line with the research goals, 11 management solutions and 12 effective indicators (economic, social, and environmental sectors) were identified for the current situation of the watershed. The prioritization results based on the TOPSIS method showed that the solution of creating cover farming to increase surface coverage has been assigned the highest priority.

In this research, efforts have been made to address and mitigate the runoff in the study area. Management solutions have been presented based on the preferences and participation of stakeholders. Therefore, to prevent further runoff in the region, it is suggested to establish institutions tailored to the watershed's situation, considering patterns of cultivation and conservation agriculture, and integrating the cooperation of subordinate institutions and organizations.

In arid and semi-arid regions, water is considered as the most important restrictive factor in drinking, industry and agriculture. In this regard, Zayandehroud River is a prominent example of human and environmental concerns in this climate. Due to the large area of the Zayandeh Roud Watershed and the difficulty of developing and implementing a comprehensive participatory management model for the entire watershed, one of the upstream sub-watersheds of the Zayandeh roud Dam was selected for this study based on the Eskandri sub-watershed. This sub-watershed is important because its outlet leads to Zayandeh roud Dam. In addition, this sub-watershed is one of the most important sources of agricultural water supply, drinkable water, and industry in the region and province of Isfahan. Therefore, this study aims to present management responses regarding the strategy of improving the water resources status of the Eskandari sub-watershed with a logical framework approach.

First, the water resources status of the Eskandari sub-watershed was investigated using the Falkenmark index (FI). This index classifies the regions according to the annual renewable per capita volume (RW) for the provision of water resources. Based on the annual renewable per capita volume per person (m3/person), the FI is asfollows: no stress (FI<1700), stress (1000-1700), water low water (500-1000) and absolute deficiency (FI>500). In the following, in order to achieve the goals of integrated watershed management, the logical framework approach was used. Therefore, by identifying the stakeholders and organization of workshops, a problem tree and objectives for the desired strategy was drawn and a logical framework matrix was prepared based on the tree of objectives. In this research, 30 members from stakeholders (random sampling method) were selected as the sample for the resident questionnaire. In other words, the main, sub-goals, achievements, and activities in order to solve the stated problem were extracted from the objectives tree and classified in the framework of the logical framework matrix. Also, the opinion of 28 experts was also considered as a large group decision-making to prioritize items. The expert group consisted of experts from the Departments of Natural Resources and Watershed Management, Environment, Regional Water, and also scientific members of universities of Yazd and Esfahan, and some members of the village council. In the following, for the assessment, prioritization, and feasibility of doing any management response, first, the criteria and indicators for measuring different responses related to the status of the water resources of the Eskandari sub-watershed were determined. Then, the prioritization and selection of responses were done using the questionnaire method and the Friedman's test.

The results of the research showed that the amount of renewable water per person is 637.60 m3. According to the classification provided by Falkenmark, this shows that the Eskandari sub-watershed is in the low water category. In the following, the results of the logical framework showed that the response of the development of optimal allocation plans for water consumption and regulation of water rights has been assigned the highest score according to the indicators and criteria considered. The responses to the strengthening of supervisory and executive mechanisms and modification of laws and regulations for issuance of exploitation licenses and also, preparation and compilation of integrated water resources management plan were the next priorities in terms of status improvement, respectively. In addition, the results of the significance test indicate a significant effect of managerial responses at five percent 0.05 (P=0.00).

This study aimed to provide optimal management responses regarding the strategy of improving the status of water resources based on the expectations and perceptions of the stakeholders. Therefore, due to the ineffectiveness of the solutions in recent years, the implementation of the integrated management program of the Eskandari sub-watershed through the logical framework approach and the participation of all stakeholders is suggested in order for the principled and sustainable exploitation of water resources. Also, reinforcement of regulatory laws is recommended in order to observe water rights and access more equity in exploitation. In addition, in order to reduce water scarcity and improve the condition of watershed, the policies of the water sector should be enforced in a larger framework and with internal and external cooperation.

The current research was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the land use change in a 20-year period. In this regard, an integration of remote sensing and the DPSIR framework was done to investigation of the land use change in the Eskandari Watershed located in the Zayandeh roud Watershed.

Through conducting a workshop and stakeholder interactions, a set of drivers (D), pressures (P), state (S), impacts (I), and responses (R) were identified and investigated in the DPSIR framework. Satellite images of Landsat 5 and 8 (2011 and 2021) and the Markov model for predicting the land use changes (2031) were used to investigate the dynamics of land use change. Maps of land use the three times, the focus group discussions (FGDs), expert’s experiences and stakeholders were applied using an interview and questionnaire methods to identify the changes components based on the DPSIR framework.

The findings of the research showed that in 2011, 2021, and 2031, irrigation and dry farming were the best kind of land use in the Eskandari Watershed, covering 42.16%, 40.66%, and 52.19% of the total area, respectively. Also, moderate rangeland (28.57%), in the Eskandari Watershed showed a declining trend.

Due to the increasing process of land use destruction in the future and the ineffectiveness of solutions in the past years, to prevent the cross-sectional strategy of the isusues, is recommended to use the DPSIR comprehensive approach for problem solving and optimal management responses

Numerous social, religious and political factors in the process of defeat of Mecca against Medina have influenced the acceptance of Islam.  This study examines the variables of climatic conditions and economic policies due to the direct impact on the failure of Mecca and with a historical approach and using data taken from geographical and historical sources and with an analytical-explanatory method, seeks to respond. The question is what effect the environmental and climatic conditions and the type of economic and trade policy-making on the defeat of Mecca against Islamic thought and on the other hand these two variables in the tendency of Medina to Islam?  The results indicate that the environmental and climatic conditions of Mecca were the main factors for the prosperity of trade in Mecca, but the same climate and environment such as desert environment, reliance on trade, lack of agricultural development strengthens the spirit of business and lack of religious thinking or lack of Attention was paid to the spiritual dimension of Mecca life, and on the other hand, incorrect and inefficient economic policies, such as usury, shifting forbidden months, etc., caused a decline in Mecca's trade ethics and put them in front of Medina, which is in the climate. It weakened agriculture and horticulture and limited trade, which did not lead to the accumulation of wealth in Medina society. Also, the lack of incorrect economic and trade policies in Medina. It strengthened the thinking in religious affairs, making the morality of the civilized people flexible

Watershed implementation projects represent crucial infrastructure endeavors in many countries, demonstrating positive impacts in virtually all pilot regions. Each implementation project comprises planning, execution, monitoring, and assessment phases. In this context, the overarching goal of project planning is to enhance performance. However, there is no consensus on the best approach to project planning. Consequently, this study conducts a descriptive comparison of two methods the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The aim is to assist planners in selecting the most suitable method according to their specific needs.

Modern research and the examination of various methodologies have provided the means to plan projects for optimal performance. In this regard, a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of both LFA and PRA methods was conducted, drawing from an extensive body of literature.

In essence, there is no significant disparity between these two methods. The primary contrast between LFA and PRA lies in the fact that LFA anticipates external factors that may influence project success or failure. Furthermore, all stakeholders impacting the project play a role in pivotal decisions. Hence, it can be argued that LFA addresses the deficiencies and limitations of PRA, presenting itself as an ideal model for optimal decision-making. Consequently, it is recommended that this method be utilized in future research endeavors, particularly in assessing country watersheds.

Remote ischemic conditioning upregulates endogenous protective pathways in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study tested the hypothesis that limb remote ischemic per- conditioning (RIPerC) exerts cardioprotective effects via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)/ inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/ apelin pathway.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) was induced by bilateral occlusion of the renal pedicles for 60 minutes, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion; sham-operated rats served as controls. RIPerC was induced by four cycles (5 minutes) of limb ischemia-reperfusion along with bilateral renal ischemia. The functional disturbance was evaluated by renal (BUN and creatinine) and cardiac (troponin I and lactate dehydrogenase) injury biomarkers.

Renal I/R injury increased renal and cardiac injury biomarkers that were reduced in the RIPerC group. Histopathological findings of the kidney and heart were also suggestive of amelioration injury-induced changes in the RIPerC group. Assessment of cardiac electrophysiology revealed that RIPerC ameliorated the decline in P wave duration without significantly affecting other cardiac electrophysiological changes. Further, renal I/R injury increased the plasma (322.40±34.01 IU/L), renal (8.27±1.10 mIU/mg of Protein), and cardiac (68.28±10.28 mIU/mg of protein) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities in association with elevations in the plasma and urine nitrite (25.47±2.01 & 16.62±3.05 μmol/L) and nitrate (15.47±1.33 & 5.01±0.96 μmol/L) levels; these changes were reversed by RIPerC. Further, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury significantly (P=0.047) decreased the renal (but not cardiac) apelin mRNA expression, while renal and cardiac ACE2 (P<0.05) and iNOS (P=0.043) mRNA expressions were significantly increased compared to the sham group; these effects were largely reversed by RIPerC.

Our results indicated that RIPerC protects the heart against renal ischemia- reperfusion injury, likely via interaction of the apelin with the RAS/iNOS pathway.

Proper management of water and soil resources in a watershed requires recognition the potential of sediment production and runoff. In addition, every year thousands of tons of fertile soil from different lands of the country are unavailable due to soil erosion, and due to the wastage of water and accumulation in sedimentation areas, causes considerable damage. In this regard, the control of soil erosion and flood refers to the ability of ecosystems to conserve soil and water. Therefore, the current research is planned with the aim of evaluation the effectiveness of implementing watershed projects (1376- 1397) on the amount of soil erosion and flood discharge in Chehlkhaneh watershed. Soil erosion and flood discharge were estimated respectively using the MPSIC SCS method. The results showed that the implementation of watershed projects has led to the reduction of soil erosion and sediment (4.30 and 1.80 ton/h) compared to before the implementation of watershed operations (6.05 and 2.30 ton/h). Also, with the increase of the return period of floods, the effectiveness of watershed projects in controlling of watershed flood and reduction of discharge and flood volume increases.

The watershed is composed of various ecosystems and is considered a unit for conducting integrated management studies. Integrated management works to ecosystem services improve by identifying destructive processes. Due to the double pressure on the ecosystem different and their destruction, experts and researchers are trying to provide an integrated management model for watershed health in order to preserve ecosystems. On the other hand, some of the pressures on the ecosystem are visible in the current situation. But there are a number of pressures that are emerging recently and their effects on the state of natural resources may take a long time to appear. Therefore, identifying these pressures and drivers and their effects is essential to provide optimal operational solutions. In this regard, in order to reduce the pressure and improve the conditions of Zayandeh- roud watershed, various plans and studies have been done. Zayandeh- roud watershed in the central region of Iran is one of the regions that has the problem of water instability. In fact, water stress and irreparable environmental damage to the Zayandeh- roud watershed and the country, endanger the health watershed and justifies the present study. Therefore, the present study seeks to health status improve of Zayandeh- roud watershed by explaining the general roadmap and reach an appropriate management decision. In fact, this model can be used as the core and basic model in the integrated management of watersheds. The proposed goals and solutions, determine the correct management way in Zayandeh- roud watershed. Also, the stakeholders can, according to preferences and existing conditions, actions and activities can be planned and implemented in a participatory manner.

In the beginning, unknown variables and the environment controlled the nature of human settlements. But, today, the uncontrolled expansion of human settlements is modifying the environment and seriously threatening the sustainability of the whole lands. In this regard, the present study examines the plans and objectives of Integrated Land Management (ILM) and Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) in order to select and introduce an appropriate planning model for planners and policy makers. ILM is a science that combines the knowledge of local communities, indigenous peoples and all people who benefit from the environment and also derived from the natural and social sciences. The advanced state of ILM is IWM, which has comprehensive view and focuses on analyzing the results in the long run. In fact, IWM is a new concept and a new approach to planning, development, water resources management and vegetation with special emphasis on economic, social and environmental issues that seek to create participatory solutions in these areas. The purpose of this approach and this solution is to create integration and coordination in the management of natural resources and social resources of the watersheds in the form of people-centered programs. The main difference between IWM and ILM is that IWM emphasizes watershed strategic planning, based on the knowledge of the watershed, action to definition the macro strategies of the watershed, and puts a variety of strategic plans and management responses to improve watershed health on the agenda of its strategic committee. Therefore, IWM eliminates the shortcomings and limitations of ILM and is introduced to programmers as a suitable planning model.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive dysfunction in premenopausal women. PCOS is associated with oxidative stress (OS), which is the main risk factor for renal diseases. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms responsible for renal injury in a hyperandrogenemic female rat model.  This study was conducted from December 2019 to September 2021 at Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran). Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10), namely control, sham, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Plasma total testosterone, plasma creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. In addition, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), and histopathological changes in the ovaries and kidneys were determined. Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism software, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Plasma total testosterone levels increased by nine-fold in DHEA-treated rats compared to controls (P=0.0001). Administration of DHEA increased Cr and BUN levels and caused severe renal tubular cell injury. In addition, plasma and tissue (kidney and ovary) TAC levels decreased significantly, but TOS levels and OSI values were significantly increased (P=0.019). Significant damage to both glomerular and tubular parts of the kidney and ovarian follicular structure was observed in the DHEA group. Hyperandrogenemia caused systemic abnormalities through OS-related mechanisms and damaged renal and ovarian tissues. DHEA treatment in rat models is recommended to study the mechanisms that mediate PCOS-associated renal injury.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a highly contagious disease, which led to a pandemic health emergency. However, age distribution and sex, regarding factors affecting the severity of COVID-19, are controversial. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the effect of gender difference on the severity of COVID-19 infection in the studied age groups. Patients with COVID-19 of Valiasr Hospital (Khorrambid, Fars, Iran) from February 20, 2020, to February 20, 2021, are included in this retrospective study. The inclusion criteria were the age of above 15 years old and being residents of Khorrambid. COVID‐19 severity was classified as mild and moderate/severe according to the WHO standards. The obtained demographical and clinical data from the patient registry forms were analyzed using SPSS-24; P value <0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Chi-square and independent t-test were used to assess the variables. Herein, 218 patients were recruited with a mean age of 45.6±17.2 and a relatively equal distribution of men and women population. Out of this population, 23.8% had comorbid diseases, 48.2% had mild, and 51.8% had moderate/severe infections. Our results indicated that male gender and the age range of 25-64 years in men are the most important risk factors associated with the disease severity (P<0.0001). The current study revealed that the leading risk factor of the disease severity was higher age (≥65 years) in the studied women. Meanwhile, in the men group, this factor was the age range of 25-64 years. These results suggest that further research is required to identify the possible impacts of gender and age on various aspects of the ongoing epidemic.

Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) causes acute kidney injury known by impaired renal function, which has partially been connected to kidney apoptosis as well as the impairment of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Na+/K+-ATPase signaling. Curcuminoids have been proposed to have potential renoprotective effects. Thus, the present research work aimed to assess the effect of Nanomicellar Curcuminoids (NC) in a rat model of renal I/R.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to three treatment groups (n=5/ group). NC at the dose of 25 mg/kg/i.p or its vehicle was administered 60 min before renal ischemia induction. Then, the animals were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 24 h. Subsequently, blood samples were collected to assess Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine (Cr) levels. In addition, kidneys were isolated to evaluate renal histopathology, caspase-3 cleavage, and COX-2 and Na+/K+ -ATPase pump levels.

The results showed that NC improved kidney function (P<0.0001) and attenuated I/R-induced histopathological injuries (P<0.0001) and caspase-3 cleavage (P<0.01). However, the downregulation of renal COX-2 and Na+/K+ -ATPase expression induced by I/R was not restored by the renoprotective dose of NC.

The findings of the present study indicated that the renoprotective effect of NC in the renal I/R rat model coincided with the inhibition of histopathological injuries and apoptosis, but not with compensation for renal COX-2 and Na+/K+ -ATPase downregulation.

 The Humair tribe was one of the most renowned and largest Yemeni tribes that created a powerful political administration in South Saudi Arabia at some point in history, and it left a lasting mark on events before and after the emergence of Islam. The tribe also had a lot of dealings with the Abyssinian, Roman, and Iranian empires. As a result, the tribe was of particular importance among Arab tribes because, unlike other tribes, it was not only a tribal organization, but also served as a powerful administration. The major focus of this study is on the Humir tribe’s presence and performance before and after Islam. Participating in the process of socio-political and religious currents prior to Islam and their deep-rooted connection with the history of Islam, the Humair tribe appeared as an active and influential element in the political, social, and cultural equations of Islam, according to historical sources. This study used both library-based and historical research approaches.

Ecological services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems and include four categories of provision, regulatory, cultural, and supportive services. Each of these four categories includes a wide range of ecosystem services. In fact, climate control services include hydrological cycles, water supply and biochemicals, land-based processes and various biological processes. In this regard, to reduce the degradation rate and improve the condition of the Chehl-Chai Watershed in the northeast of Iran, several watershed management measures have been implemented.

The present study has investigated the extent of changes of supporting service (soil aggregate stability), provisioning (crops and fruits production, timber, and biomass production), regulating (control of soil erosion, runoff control, and carbon sequestration), and cultural (Increase of interaction and sustainability of local communities, increase of landscape aesthetics and tourist attraction and increase of knowledge and educational values) as a result of implementation of restoration measures in Chehl-Chai Watershed of Golestan Province. After quantifying the amount of services, prioritization of measures was done using TOPSIS method to identify and propose the most effective management option to improve services in the study area.

The results showed that the effect of watershed management measures on the ecosystem services improvement is not the same for all services, whereas it is highest for the regulating services and decreases towards the provisioning, supporting, and cultural services, respectively. Furthermore, the watershed management measures on improvement of the watershed services of treatment sub-watershed showed a statistically significant difference at the level of 5% (p<0.05). The results of applying TOPSIS method in the treatment sub-watershed showed that walnut orchards have provided the best effectiveness according to the indicators and criteria considered in the study. In other words, watershed management measures, through increasing the vegetation cover have led to more preciptation absorption, reduction of surface runoff and soil erosion in sloping lands and enhancement of landscape aesthetics as well as improvement of stakeholders participation level, social relationships, and income generation through conducting training and extension programs.

Among the employed measures, horticultural activities (planting walnut trees) have had the most success and if additional measures are taken and expanded, the success rate can be improved to a more desirable level. The watershed management measures are economically viable and can be implemented by the people. Therefore, in order to optimally manage water and soil resources and make watershed management more effective in improving the services of Chehelchai watershed, horticultural activities intercropped with forage and medicinal plants are recommended. In addition, the criteria, indicators and procedures applied in this study to quantify the effectiveness of watershed measures on ecosystem services can be consulted in developing a methodology or guideline for monitoring and evaluation of watershed management measures.

Psychological problems are common among drug users. However, a few studies have investigated the role of psychological factors, including depression, anxiety, and childhood trauma, on sexual dysfunction in MMT patients.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the role of psychological factors, including anxiety, depression, and childhood trauma, on the sexual function of patients on MMT. Patients and

In this cross-sectional study, 100 MMT patients were selected by convenience sampling among patients referring to Baharan Psychiatric Hospital, Zahedan, Iran. All participants completed self-report questionnaires, including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15). Statistical analysis was done with Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise linear regression models determined the predictors of sexual function.

Seventeen percent of participants reported various degrees of sexual dysfunction. Child sexual abuse and depression were significant predictors of sexual dysfunction. The regression analysis showed that 12% of the variance of sexual dysfunction (R2 = 0.12; F = 6.61; P < 0.002) was predicted by an experience of childhood sexual abuse and depression.

People on MMT suffer from psychological problems as the risk factors for sexual dysfunction. Thus, mental health care staff should consider psychological factors to prevent and treat sexual dysfunction.

 Baghdad, as the capital of the Abbasid state for five centuries, has enjoyed great glory in the Islamic civilization and even the world civilization of its time. From the very beginning of the construction of Baghdad, the Abbasid caliphs paid close attention to the proper urban structure of Baghdad, so that Mansour Abbasi hired many architects, astronomers and even physicians to build this city. However, despite the efforts made, the urban structure of Baghdad progressed in such a way that it played a great role in the spread of diseases and deaths of its time. Baghdad has studied the death rate of this city in the first Abbasid period.

 The main materials of this research are first-hand sources of Islamic history, which include historical sources, geographical books and medical history texts. New research on the social situation of the Abbasids has also been used in the form of articles. Research method in this research. Historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method.

Ethical Considerations: 

Honesty and fidelity have been observed in reporting and publishing materials.

 It seems that the urban structure of Baghdad has not always led to the prosperity and prosperity of the lives of its people; Rather, the urban structure and dense and unprincipled constructions have gradually been effective in spreading pathogens and finally increasing the death rate in Baghdad during the first Abbasid period.

 Based on the results of this study, the artificial geographical context of Baghdad in the form of factors such as: urban structure (alleys, urban thoroughfares), the shape of residential buildings, streets, markets, prisons, baths, reservoirs and wells, etc. or the occurrence of accidents Because of the fire and its spread due to the wooden structure of the bridges in Baghdad, they played a great role in increasing the pathogens, which resulted in an increase in the number of deaths in Baghdad during the Abbasid period.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication of distant organ dysfunction induced by acute kidney injury (AKI). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in progression of AKI. The main goal of this study was to determine whether lung gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 change by ischemic (renal bilateral ischemic-reperfusion; BIR) and uremic (bilateral nephrectomy; BNX) AKI.

Forty male rats were divided into five groups. Two kidneys were removed in BNX, and renal pedicles were clamped in BIR for 45 min. The kidney and lung tissue, and blood samples were collected and saved after 24 hr in all groups. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were immediately injected (1×106,IV) into the treated groups. The expression of TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, and VEGF was checked by RT-PCR in the tissue samples. MDA level, SOD, and CAT activity were evaluated in the tissue samples.

Structural disturbance of ALI was detected as alveolar hemorrhage and vascular congestion after BIR and BNX.  Lung TLR2 and TLR4 but not TNF-α and VEGF up-regulated in these groups. Oxidative stress stabilized after the BIR and BNX in the tissue samples. BMSCs reduce the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and oxidative stress in the treated groups. 

Acutely gathering systemic mediators after renal ischemic or uremic injury induce ALI through overexpression of TLR2 and TLR4 and oxidative stress. Therefore, the Lung protective effect of BMSCs may be related to modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 and oxidative stress in the kidney and lung tissue.

The present study is a new research in the field of ecosystem services and specifically ecosystem cultural services. Therefore, in this study, the effect of watershed management measures (educational and biological programs) on ecosystem cultural services from the stakeholder’s point of views of dehchenashak sub-watershed and experts is discussed. According to the purpose, 4 criteria including: relationship and durability of local communities, landscape aesthetic and tourist attraction and education were considered in the form of a questionnaire. Also, Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software. The results showed that, the effect of watershed management measures on ecosystem cultural services has not been the same and the greatest effect is related to the criteria of education, landscape aesthetic and tourist attraction, relationship and durability of local communities, respectively. In other words, although all the studied indicators of the criteria have a significant correlation with the implemented measures at the level of 0.01, but the indicators of security, migration into village and aesthetic from the stakeholder’s point of views were not accepted. Also based on prioritization, indicator average the trust to experts (8.01) more than stakeholder knowledge awareness indicator (7.98), respect for the rights of others (7.61), improvement of relations (7.21), tourist attraction (7.07), landscape aesthetic (45.45) 6) correct use of resources (6.32), migration outside village (6.20), conflicts and disputes (5.37), security of local communities (5.28) and migration into village (4.70). In other words, among the mentioned indicators, the highest and lowest impacts are related to the indicator of trust to experts and migration into village, respectively.