فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 39 (بهار 1403)

 Concerns about the effects of Genetically Modified Products on human health and the environment have made it important to monitor the production and distribution process of these products. This research was conducted with the aim of examining the requirements and strategies for monitoring genetically modified products and its significance from the perspective of bioethical principles.

 The current research is theoretical in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of discussion method. The research methodology is also library-based (documentary).

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research, the aspects of ethical considerations in library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been considered.

 The monitoring of the production and distribution of genetically modified products is supported by various strategies, such as the evaluation of the toxicity level, experiments in farms, tests necessary for the release of products, labeling and tracking system of transgenic products. The strategies and requirements which are closely related to the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of respect for autonomy within the framework of bioethical principles.

 The protection of citizens' health and their environment, along with respect for individuals' rights to decision-making and choice—grounded in the core bioethical principles of non-maleficence and autonomy—has made the implementation of regulatory strategies in the production and distribution of genetically modified products a necessary measure within legal systems.

 Today, along with increasing life expectancy in societies, the quality of life of the elderly as a multifaceted issue has been the focus of researchers, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of resilience and sense of psychological cohesion in predicting the quality of life in elderly women.

 The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research population included all the elderly women covered by the Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Committee of South Khorasan province in the fall of 2023, 120 people were selected based on the formula of Tabachnick & Fidell (2013). Data collection tools included Connor & Davidson's (2003) resilience questionnaires, Antonovsky's (1987) sense of psychological cohesion, and WHO (2000) quality of life. Data analysis was done with Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with the help of SPSS 24 software.
Ethical Considerations: In this research, the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were respected and the participants answered the questionnaires knowing the objectives of the research.

 The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between resilience (r=0.663) and feeling of psychological cohesion (r=0.580) with the quality of life of elderly women. Also, Resilience by 43.5% and the components of feeling of psychological cohesion by 32.1% has an effect on the quality of life of elderly women.

 Based on the results, it can be said that the quality of life of elderly women can be improved by improving the level of resilience and feeling of psychological cohesion.

 The moral literacy of teachers is of paramount importance in the education of students, as it aids them in understanding and applying ethical values and principles, thus fostering the development of a responsible and ethically-minded generation. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the moral literacy of primary school teachers from the perspective of exemplary teachers in Ardabil.

 The method of this research was qualitative. The statistical population included all exemplary teachers in the city of Ardabil over a three-year period (from 2019 to 2021). The total number of these teachers was 85. A purposive sampling method was used for sample selection. The sample included 27 individuals from the statistical population, selected gradually until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview texts.

Ethical Considerations:

 In compiling this research, ethical aspects, including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty, integrity, obtaining consent, and providing information, have been respected.

 Based on the findings, the main categories of moral literacy consisted of 16 categories, which represent three groups: causal factors (such as administrative affairs, school status, future perspective, communication, knowledge acquisition, existing norms and moral insight), intervention factors (Job status, organizational structure, management and psychological contracts) and contextual factors (age, gender, marital status, education level, religion, number of children, parents' education, spouse's education, service history, field of study, occupation, participation in social gatherings, exhibitions, educational classes and the location of urban and rural service).

 The results of this study emphasize the importance of paying attention to the identified factors affecting the moral literacy of primary school teachers. They show that understanding and applying these factors can lead to an improvement in the educational and pedagogical quality in primary schools and, ultimately, reflect positively on the future of society.

 Paying attention to environmental cultures and acting based on them is one of the main success indicators of human resources management. This is particularly important for education, given its wide scope and goals, as it is one of the main requirements for creating national unity. Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and investigating the dimensions and ethical components of management in multicultural schools.

 The approach of the current research was qualitative and its method was meta-composite. The research community included all the articles published in the last decade (2013-23) in the field of ethical indicators in the management of schools in areas with subcultures, from which 25 titles were selected as samples based on thematic content monitoring. Research data were collected by qualitative analysis of the studied documents.

Ethical Considerations: 

In writing the article, ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

 By analyzing the data, the ethical indicators of management in schools in areas with subcultures were classified into 4 dimensions, 13 factors, and 67 categories. These dimensions include: individual-personality components (including the attitude of cultural ethics, knowledge of cultural ethics), social components (communication skills, cultural constructivism and intercultural ethics), professional-specialist components (managing diversity in human resources, specialized professional development, professional commitment and responsibility), and leadership-managerial components (paying attention to multicultural learning, intercultural conflict management, evolution towards pluralism).

 According to the findings, it can be concluded that paying attention to personality and empowering characteristics in line with the ethical management of human resources and understanding cultural diversity and the ability to make the school atmosphere collaborative helps to create an ethical environment in multicultural schools.

 One of the most fundamental challenges in many fields of ethics is defining and presenting the definition of ethical concepts. One of these concepts that has been mentioned as a moral virtue since long ago is the concept of courage. Courage as an educational and moral concept is ambiguous and complicated in definition. The purpose of this article is to explain the definition of courage with a phenomenological approach and with a look at common life behaviors.

 The research has been done by content analysis method and using library studies and reports, books and related articles in this field.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the preparation of the article, ethical principles, especially trustworthiness in citing texts and maintaining the originality of the article, have been observed.

 In recent decades, various methods have been expressed and recommended for defining concepts. In this regard, one of the schools of thought that has been able to solve many conceptual complexities with its own method is the phenomenology method, which emphasizes first-person experience in defining concepts. In this essay, after stating the basic principles of the phenomenology method, we have defined the concept of courage by using this method and personal experiences.

 According to the four elements obtained in the phenomenological method, courage can be considered as any action for which I find a talent in myself and with confidence in my abilities and believing in the action I want to do, I do it freely. In this case, that behavior is courageously in my opinion and I consider myself brave.

 The Holy Quran has emphasized a lot on ethics and the issue of paying attention to ethics in political decision-making is a very important issue in the political governance of Islam. In such a way that the ultimate goal in politics and governance is to achieve the happiness of the Islamic Ummah, not to achieve domination and power. At the beginning of the Umayyad rule, the grab of power to secure personal and tribal interests became the goal of the rulers' actions and Mu'awiya's actions based on the absence of a two-way relationship between politics and ethics became the model of the caliphs after him. In this way, Umayyad politics under the leadership of Mu'awiyah was a separation between the two categories of politics and ethics. The problem of the present research is to investigate the performance of Muawiyah in relation to the separation of ethics and politics and to analyze the examples of violations of ethics in his policies as the founder of the Umayyad government in the history of Islam. In this regard, we will have a look at the theory of Malik Ben Nabi in the political ethics of the Umayyad era in order to clarify how Muawiya's behavior in the field of action and opinion led to the decline of Islamic governance and was able to regress political ethics in Islamic governance.

 This research is a review, descriptive and analytical study and its data has been provided by collecting research slips from library sources.

Ethical Considerations:

 The principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the entire research process.

 During the Umayyad dynasty period, especially the period of Muawiya's rule, due to the priority of power over happiness, a constructive relationship between ethics and politics was not established; Rather, in order to gain power, methods contrary to the approach of ethics and politics were adopted.

 Muawiya and the Umayyad government in general in the field of Islamic civilization by using anti-ethical methods such as Creating terror, poisoning and terror, lying, falsifying hadith and cultural activities and reproduction of Jahili ideas, caused a negative and inconsistent relationship between ethics and politics in the field of governance.

 Extramarital relationship is one of the most common social problems that has wide consequences on the family system. In recent years, many researches have been conducted in Iran regarding the desire for extramarital relationships. The main problem of these researches is that they were not able to cover all aspects of this subject. Therefore, the present study was conducted using the meta-analysis method and aimed to analyze and combine the findings of the research regarding the factors affecting extramarital relationships.

 The research method is meta-analysis and its statistical population includes the research conducted on the extramarital relations in Iran during 2011-22. After going through specific steps (search, screening, eligibility and inclusion), 18 researches were selected as the sample of the study. After coding, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA2) was used to analyze the collected data.

Ethical Considerations:

 Scientific trustworthiness has been observed with careful reference to researches.

 The most important factors affecting the people's desire towards extramarital relationships in Iran are: mutual insecure attachment style (0.652), avoidant insecure attachment style (0.620), secure attachment style (-0.601), use of modern media (0.370), sexual satisfaction (-0.322) and religious attitude (-0.251).

 By improving the secure attachment style and reducing insecure attachment styles (avoidant and mutual), increasing the media literacy of the users, improving sexual satisfaction and religious attitudes of couples, people's desire for extramarital relationships will be reduced significantly.

 In order to achieve its goals, namely the education and upbringing of individuals, the educational system requires the presence of diligent, compassionate, and committed teachers with high job compatibility and mental health. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of examining the role of spiritual intelligence and Islamic work ethics in predicting the job compatibility of elementary school teachers.

 The research method used in this study was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all male teachers in the second stage of elementary education in District One of Baharestan for the academic year 2022-2023, from whom 300 were selected through convenience sampling based on the Krejcie & Morgan (1971) table. Data collection tools included the Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire by Farhoush et al. (2019), the Islamic Work Ethics Questionnaire by Ali (1988), and the Job Compatibility Questionnaire by Pourkabirian (2007). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software, employing Pearson correlation tests and multiple regression analysis.

Ethical Considerations:

 After explaining the objectives of the study and assuring the participants about the confidentiality of information and their oral consent, the questionnaires were distributed to the participants.

 The results showed that the relationship between spiritual intelligence and Islamic work ethic with job compatibility is positive and significant (p<0.01) and the components of spiritual intelligence explain 39% and Islamic work ethics 22.6% of the variance of job adaptability.

 The promotion of spiritual intelligence and the institutionalization of Islamic work ethics in educational environments provide a suitable basis for improving job performance, which will ultimately lead to the job adaptation of teachers.

 The sense of social security is considered one of the most fundamental principles of development and social welfare, because if there is no sense of security, the country's human capital is at risk, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of social justice and social alienation in predicting social security.

 The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research population included all citizens aged 18 to 69 in Tehran in 2022 and 768 people were selected by stratified sampling (men and women) based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tools included social justice questionnaires by Riahi et al. (2018), social alienation by Afshani and Javaherchian (2016) and feeling of social security by Vosughi Asl et al. (2023). Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with SPSS 24 software.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this study, maintaining fidelity in referencing sources was emphasized and completing the questionnaires was done with the full consent of the participants and their personal information was kept confidential at all stages of the research.

 The results showed that the correlation between social justice and social security (r=0.553) was positive and significant, but the correlation between social alienation and social security (r=0.665) was negative and significant (p<0.01) and the components of social justice explain 30.4% and the components of social alienation explain 42.8% of the variance of social security.

 The research results show that paying attention to social justice and social alienation can help to explain and develop the social security of citizens in the society.

 With the outbreak of the coronavirus, Iran's educational system, like many other countries, faced numerous challenges and opportunities. This article studies the sociological dimensions of the Corona ecosystem and its appropriate and inappropriate functions in Iran's education system.

 The research was conducted using a sequential mixed method. The statistical population included senior, middle and school-level managers, teachers, Farhangian University students and school students, with a sample size of 1229 determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table. The sampling method was a combination of cluster random sampling and disproportionate quota sampling. Data collection tools included participatory observation and lived experiences, as well as two researcher-made questionnaires: the first with 85 questions for managers and teachers and 65 questions for students, primarily using the Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed through pre-test, face and content validity and reliability was measured by judge agreement. The research findings were analyzed through SPSS software and with descriptive and inferential statistics methods and T test, analysis of variance, Tuky LSD, ATA x2 test, Phi Grammar and Spearman correlation coefficient, TB and TC Kendall and Kruskal Wallis H test.

Ethical Considerations:

 The ethical principles, especially honesty in citing texts, maintaining the originality of the article and obtaining informed consent from participants, were observed in the preparation of this article.

 The research results indicate that the conditions of education in the Corona ecosystem can be described as a turbulent and instantaneous society, with inappropriate functions in the dimensions of education, justice and health and appropriate latent functions such as increased technological capabilities, improved communications and enhanced participation.

 The Corona ecosystem has brought significant changes to Iran's education system. These changes have created challenges in the dimensions of education, justice and health, but also provided opportunities to enhance technological capabilities, improve communications and increase participation. In the post-Corona era, to leverage these opportunities and prepare for crises, it is necessary to gradually upgrade educational technology infrastructure and develop more comprehensive programs for equitable and inclusive education.

 In today's era, when increasing health services and extensive medical measures have resulted in legal consequences, especially regarding the increase of crimes, the observance of citizen's rights and respect for the rights of accused and victims in medical crimes are among the key issues of the criminal justice system. Considering the effect of organizational culture on the performance and behavior of the police, this research investigates the role of police organizational culture in respecting the rights of accused and victims of medical crimes and emphasizes the ethical principles and the effect of the criminal procedure law on this issue.

 Research has been done by library and documentary method. The required information was collected from written sources, laws and legal documents, and using the qualitative analysis method, the data were analyzed to identify patterns and connections between police organizational culture and civil rights in medical crimes.

Ethical Considerations:

 The ethical aspects of library studies have been considered in the present research.

 The organizational culture of the police, based on common values ​​and moral beliefs, plays an effective role in protecting the rights of accused and victims of medical crimes. The principles of restorative justice and the approach of the criminal procedure law in this field indicate the necessity of constructive and humane interaction of the police with the accused and the victims. The law of criminal procedure obliges judicial officers to respect citizen's rights and maintain human dignity in all stages of proceedings, which provides a necessary platform for effective and qualitative treatment of medical crimes within the jurisdiction and interactive field of the police. 

 Strengthening the organizational culture of the police by emphasizing ethical principles and under the shadow of necessary training can lead to the realization of restorative justice and protection of the rights of accused and victims in medical crimes. In addition to increasing public trust in the judicial system, this is effective in reducing social tensions and improving the quality of interactions between the police and citizens involved in medical cases. Accordingly, the most significant approaches to cultivating organizational culture include strengthening infrastructure and specialization within the police force, promoting adherence to the law, developing differentiated behavioral guidelines for medical crimes, establishing a performance evaluation system, implementing a reward and penalty system, assessing the process of fostering organizational culture, and maintaining a desirable organizational culture based on the vision of the Code of Criminal Procedure.