zeinab sheikhhosseini

Intertextuality is an approach that examines the effectiveness of the text in other texts. it is particularly important in the examination of texts and determines how much a genre has mixed with other genres and how much has been created creatively? In the analysis of genres according to Genette theory, "it can be said that the main issue is the predominance of imitation or change aspect, so in the first stage, the amount of imitation or change is of interest, and after that, the type and quality of transformation are discussed. In other words, what has changed and what has been imitated." (Namvarmatlaq,  2013: 147)
Genette has divided the transtextual relations into five basic forms: 1- Intertextuality 2- Paratextuality 3- Metatextuality 4- Architextuality 5- Hypertextuality. Namvar Motlatq,2011: 434). Genres can be combined, and each genre can include subgenres. Sometimes new genres are created from their combination. In contemporary genre theory, this issue has been called "Literary Types Interaction". This attitude refers to the fact that "there is no pure genre; For example, in a novel, it can appear in different genres such as plays, ghazals, and odes." (Wediji, 2014: 281). One of these genres is fantasy in which can be seen different literary genres. This genre arose in the late 19 century in the West. Harry Potter is one of the famous examples of this genre, after its publication, many works have been published in different countries. Fantasy works have been written also in Iran. One of them is the Dasht-e Parsova collection, the first volume of which - Hume Sokoot - has been recorded in the Black Crow list as one of the top two hundred works in 2017.
 
Since in the intertextual analysis of the genre, we identify the genres in a text by using architextuality, and by using hypertextuality, we analyze the amount of changes in the text. In this research we have tried to answer these followig questions: Which genre has represented in Azizi's fantasy? Does the author's work have its own characteristics? Is it an imitation of previous literary texts like Harry Potter? What are the similarities and differences between this work and Harry Potter?

It is a comparative-analytical research method to investigate the intertextuality of genre in Harry Potter and Dasht-e-Parsova. 

According to Razmjo, genre theory is an attempt to divide various literary topics according to the appearance or formats in which the topics have created and composed with their own special characteristics and rules. (Ref: Razmjo, 1374:10). Frow defines genre as "the organization of texts according to the thematic, rhetorical and morphological dimensions" and subgenre as "becoming more specific of a genre according to specific theme" (Frow, 2005: 67). Intertextuality is a very important method in identifying the relationship of the text with other texts. Genet has also mentioned genre in explaining intertextual relationships; He introduces five categories of factors that play a role in accepting and receiving texts, among which "two types of Architextualie and hypertextuality are related to the issue of genre." (Vaezzadeh et al., 2013: 98)
For this reason, by examining these two methods, we will identify literary types in Harry Potter and Dasht-e-Parsova:A) Architextualite
In Architextualite, the longitudinal relationship between a work and the genre to which the work belongs to it is examined. According to Genet, in the main text, "we have the genres, with their determinations that we’ve already glimpsed: thematic, modal, formal, and other" (Genette, 1992: 82) as mentioned in this way, the connection that a text establishes with the texts before it is through genre. In this way, the later text uses the literary type of the previous text and sometimes it includes different types and achieves a new type.
B) Hypertextity
Another intertextual relationship that leads to the recognition of genres is hypertextuality. Hypertextuality examines the way of reproduction and expansion of the text more than other genres of transtextual relations. Hypertextuality "means the placement of the text in a totality of texts and especially the knowledge of literary genres" (Ahmadi, 2018: 321). According to Genet, hypertextuality employs two methods of imitation and transformation. The purpose of sameness is to keep text A in text B without the slightest change and with a little creativity, and one of its functions is to stick different texts together without the slightest change. If the author's goal is to change a lot in the text A, "transformation" has been done, and if the goal has only a little overlap, then "imitation" has been formed. (Genette, 1997: 92-91(

The present research investigated the genre in Dasht-e-parsova and Harry Potter series with an intertextual approach in order to determine the level of creativity and imitation of the Iranian author according to this research, the author has connected with the pervious text by using Architextualite and different genres such as fantasy. Oral tradition, myth, legend, riddle, romantic genre has been used in his work with architextualite. He has introduced these genres into his text by using architextualite and has given it special characteristics by using hypertextuality. Azizi, by following the modern story writing in the space and plot of the story, has created changes that have caused innovation in the story and made it different from Harry Potter.
The author has also benefited from tragedy as a genre in his story to influence the audience, and the genre is not seen in the Rowling story. In general, Azizi, though in the entry of literary genres in his text, has benefited from Rowling's work; but by using the hypertextuality, he has introduced his national culture into his work and has distinguished it from its western sample.
The present research investigated the genre in Dasht-e-parsova and Harry Potter series with an intertextual approach in order to determine the level of creativity and imitation of the Iranian author according to this research, the author has connected with the pervious text by using architextualite and different genres such as fantasy. Oral tradition, myth, legend, riddle, romantic genre has used in his work with architextualite. He has introduced these genres into his text by using architextualite and has given it special characteristics by using hypertextuality. Azizi, by following the modern story writing in the space and plot of the story, has created changes that have caused innovation in the story and made it different from Harry Potter.
The author has also benefited from tragedy as a genre in his story to influence the audience, and the genre does not seen in the Rowling story. In general, Azizi, though in the entry of literary genres in his text, has benefited from Rowling's work; but using the hypertextuality, it has introduced his national culture into its work and has distinguished it from its western sample.

Structural Analysis of Abdullâh Qutb's Epistels   Letters are one of the important types of Persian literature and types of prose that have been of great literary, social, historical and political importance in different historical periods. Islamic mystics, using the art of writing and following the religious leaders, have written letters to convey mystical teachings and guide seekers of the path. Abdullâh Qutb is one of the prominent mystics of the ninth century AH who established the ideal society and utopia called "Exvânâbâd" near Jahrom. Through writing letters, he managed this ideal society and guided and educated his followers; Writings that are noteworthy both in terms of Persian prose and in terms of containing valuable mystical points for the guidance and education of seekers. Accordingly, in this paper, the structure of Qutb's epistels have been studied by analytical-descriptive method. The research findings indicate that the stylistic features of Qutb's writing, i.e. the tendency to simplify and brevity, have changed the structure of his writings and this has caused the difference between the letters of Qutb and other mystical writings. These letters are among the brotherly epistels and multi-faceted letters.

Language plays various roles, and the significance of these roles varies across different societies. The communicative role, however, can be considered one of the most pivotal functions of language. Through communication, social categories, socio-political ideologies, relationships, individual social networks, and social control can be identified and influenced. According to Troike (2003), language has a clear role in social control because it directly conveys instructions to people. Humorous works serve as a significant source for shaping a society's culture, and an examination of the language used in these works can provide insights into the culture of that society. Profanity is a speech genre within popular culture, and its usage in humorous texts has seen substantial growth in recent decades. This research investigates the use of profanity in Sedgi's "Abnabat" collection using Hymes' model. In addition to classifying the profanities in this collection, we analyze the motivations behind their usage, aiming to answer the following questions: What functions do profanities serve in this novel? Is the use of profanity in this humor collection appropriate for the genre of the work and its intended audience?

Genette believes that different texts have taken from earlier works. He divides the relations between texts into five categories Intertextualitie, Architextualite, Paratextualite, Metatextualite, and Hypertextualite. Since the most important issues in comparative literature is literary effectiveness and Genet in transtextuality theory seeks the influence of texts to each other. It can be said that transtextuality are relate to comparative literature. Vampires are European legends that have attracted teenage audience and Golshiri has introduced them to Iranian fiction for the first time. In this research, using the content analysis method, we want to examine Meyer and Golshiri's vampire according transtextuality relations, in order to answer following questions: how the primary text was transferred to the secondary text in Golshiri vampire and Golshiri has used from Which transtextuality elements in his works? What effect cultural relations has been on the secondary text? In his works, Golshiri has used the Intertextualitie, Architextualite, Paratextualite and hypertextualite, and Iranian cultural relations have caused changes in the story,

Chambers is a child and adolescent literature theorisians that has proposed a implied reader theory in text to examine the relationship between author and reader. the author when writing a text, imagines a reader in his mind and narrates his text according to it. the writer uses the four elements of style, point of view, siding, and gaps to communicate with the reader and draw the reader into the text. In the present study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, tried to in addition to identifying the adolescent characteristics, examine the implied reader in the novels "Hasti" and "Call me Ziba" in order to answer the following questions: Who is the implied reader at these works (child, teenager or adult)? And what is its features latent reader? Which of the methods has helped in the creation of implied reader? According to the research results, the audience of Hassanzadeh's works is a teenager and the implied reader has the characteristics of a teenager. He has used four ways to create a implied reader.

Feminist criticism is the approach that began in the late twentieth century to examine the status of women and their experiences in literary texts. Critics of this approach apply two methods of woman criticism (A woman as an author) and, gender roles analysis (woman characters representations) to examine the literary texts.This study tried to analyze two vampire novels of Meyer and Golshiri, with a feminist approach by applying these methods, to answer the following questions: were the works influenced by patriarchal discourse? Borrowing his vampire characters from Western myths, did Golshiris domesticate his characters by letting them enter the streets of Tehran? Did he domesticate the cultural and social issues such as attitudes towards the woman in his work? Is there any difference between Golshiri`s woman characters Meyer`s.Meyer, as a woman writer, has tried to dramatize her women characters as strong and independent, she is influenced by male-dominated discourse in some cases. In the vampire of Golshiri, the gender roles are more frequent than Meyer's, and in some cases

Protecting local culture has expanded in different forms in contemporary literature and has developed a new literary genre called postcolonial literature. Indigenization of English language and its appropriation with language and culture of the former colonial countries is one of the characteristics of postcolonial writing that immigrant authors also enjoy in writing from their experiences in diaspora and transferring their local culture which results in linguistic creativities. One of these creativities is appropriation which is an important component of Postcolonial studies. It is a process which reconstitutes the language of the center to express the ‘differing cultural experiences’ (Ashcroft et al, 2002, p. 38). It seizes the language of the center and replaces it in ‘a discourse fully adapted to the colonized place’ (p. 37). Zabus (2007) also considers appropriation as conscious strategies of decolonization where ‘writing with an accent’ serves to convey ideological variance. Sometimes the English language is unconsciously appropriated by the non-native users. Joseph (2006) believed that a language undergoes a change because of the interference of mother tongue with its inherent resistance. Thus, when a writer from a non-native country would produce something in English, there must be some changes under the influence of their mother tongue.

There are different strategies of appropriation that result in varieties of English language. Some postcolonial writers mixed the linguistic structures of two languages making an ‘inter-culture’ (as cited in Ashcroft et al, 2002, p. 66). Kachru (1983) and Ashcroft et al. (2002) identify at least nine language appropriation strategies: The first strategy in appropriation technique is termed as glossing, it is an explanatory comment affixed to a text. It can be a word, a sentence, or a clause, characterizing the non-English word. The second strategy is the incorporation of untranslated words or leaving words un-glossed, it aims to keep the cultural uniqueness intact. The third one is termed as syntactic fusion, which is the amalgamation of two different linguistic structures, resulting in mixing the syntax of native language with the lexical forms of English, or vice versa. Fourthly, the usage of translation equivalence permits the writer to incorporate the local opinions and insights into a foreign language. In lexical innovation the words are borrowed from local languages and incorporated into the new English. The post-colonial writers use it as a means to describe new experiences, sounds and tastes they come across. Contextual redefinition provides a way to introduce new vocabulary words. The author adopts a new context that is too remote from the English-speaking world to have the same definitions for all the terms. Inter language strategy refers to the entrance of texts, rhythms or sounds related to the writers` mother tongue to the postcolonial writing which shows his/her creativity and interest to the mother tongue. Rhetoric and functional style appropriation strategy deals with changing in different text types and finally, code switching is the technique of moving between two or more codes to bring variation in the ways of expression. Considering the important role of the linguistic appropriation strategy in producing postcolonial literature, this descriptive - analytical study was done in accordance with Kachru (1983) and Ashcroft et al. (2002) framework on postcolonial writing, with an aim of looking for elaboration of linguistic appropriations in the English series of stories Laughing without Accent by Jzayeri Duma and its translation by Mo`takef. Duma is an Iranian immigrant writer who has already published two successful series of stories in America which have been translated into different languages all around the world and they have been translated into Persian too. In her stories, Duma depicted her Persian family life in America for the American readers and helped them to know about the minority of Iranian immigrants living in America through her lens of humorous writing.

Studying Duma`s series, this study looked for answering the following questions: can the English text of the stories be analyzed from a postcolonial point of view according to linguistic appropriation theory? What strategies did the author use to make linguistic appropriations and create a postcolonial work? Were the linguistic appropriations transferred to Persian translation of the stories too? The results of the study showed that the author used glossing, un-translated words, contextual redefinition and inter language and code-switching appropriation strategies in her stories and created a postcolonial text. This study also showed that some of these strategies like glossing and inter language appropriations were left in the translation of the stories, but the rest of them were not transferred and faded away in the process of translation. Inter-language appropriations entered the English pronunciation of the words and glossing made some cultural elements of English language enter the Persian text.

Translation is a proper tool that provides opportunities for reading different texts including horror fiction all over the world. Vinay and Darbelnet are theorists who introduce seven strategies for translation. These strategies include: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation (cited in Munday, 2012). Davies (2003) offers seven strategies for translating culture-specific words, and three strategies of footnote, dropping cultural references and equivalence, play important roles in translating the horror genre. In this research, attempts have been made to study “The Graveyard” novel by Neil Gaiman using library research method and to study the translation challenges at horror works in Persian translation according to Vinay and Darbelnet and Davies; therefore, the following questions were raised: Which techniques the translator has used to translate the horror elements? Was the translator successful in applying translation techniques based on the features of horror genre to create the same effect as the source text? The results showed that the translator has used strategies of omission, adaptation, literal translation, transposition, and modulation and in many cases when selecting the strategies didn't pay attention to the features of horror genre and it makes the reader feel more horror when reading the original text. The results of this study, in addition to helping the translator to identify the strengths and weaknesses of his translation, will reveal the necessity and importance of paying attention to the features of the text for translators and English students.

"Alavi poetry" is one of the main branches of religious poetry that, disregarding scarce research on its content and context, has not been thoroughly studied yet. The religious mission and function of these poems depend on their profound influence on the audience. Given the vital significance of music in the structure of a poem and its influence, the present study is going to investigate the function of the musical elements in 4 external, lateral, inner, and spiritual levels using the descriptive-analytical method. To find out how the musical elements work in Alawi Poetry and how the Alawi poets use musical elements in their poems, three sets of Alawi poems containing 158 poems have been analyzed. The findings of the study suggest that the musical elements were more prominent, creative, and powerful in the two outer and lateral levels. However, Inner and spiritual levels are marginalized in these poems.

The dragon palace, the first volume of the Giants of Persia and I by Arman Arian, is the first mythical novel and one of the most successful examples of Persian teenage novels. The relationship between this novel and ancient Persian texts and Iranian cultural heritage is in reflection. The purpose of this research is to show the textual relation between the novel of the Dragon Palace and the earlier texts by descriptive-analytic method. For this purpose, the more textual approach, one of the cornerstones of the theory of the Gertratt-Genette theory, was chosen as the theoretical framework for this essay. In more text, any textual effects from another text are examined. The relations between texts in more than text, should not be of the same type of interpretation and interpretation, but the admissibility of the texts is the criterion. The findings of the research indicate the widespread connection between the dragon house novel and its predecessors, especially the Shahnameh. This relationship is based on the components of the more textual, more of a kind than the same kind of as the tragedy; However, all three processes of traction, namely displacement, increase, and decrease, are observed in this effect, among which the process of reduction is more frequent.

Fantasy is a literary genre that has been created in the last century in response to rationalism, in which events, characters, and situations are made beyond our beliefs. Fantasies give their readers the possibility of analogy between different worlds. This aspect of fantasy has received warm response from young adults. In the present study, archetypal criticism is used to compare J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and Ali Khaste's Fighters of Parle Aan in order to see whether the mythical and magical concepts in these works have strengthened the structure of the story and if Fighters of Parle Aan  can be considered a successful fantasy  in comparison with Harry Potter. It is argued  that the mythical narration with the help of other element of the plots has been helpful in the structure of these stories. Fighters of Parle Aan can be considered as a successful Iranian fantasy.

The Indian subcontinent, which today consists of several countries, is the largest subcontinent in the world, and the second most populous country after China, and its civilization is one of the oldest civilizations of humanity. The abundance of religions, the diversity of religions, the climate, plants, animals, etc. It has become a phenomenal phenomenon in India; therefore, it has long been called the Land of Wonders. Ferdowsi and Asadi have always mentioned the marvel of this land in their works. In this research, we try to study the wonders of this land through content analysis by studying Garshasfalay and Shahnameh in order to answer the question of whether the wonders of this land appear in the same two effects in the same way. Is? And what did Ferdowsi and Asadi make in the wonders of the land of India in the works of self-portraits? The study of this paper shows that the wonders of India in Garshaspanameh due to its merging with myths and mysteries are more than Shahnameh, while in the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the epic and superficial dimension of the effect of hindering the mythology And it's just a few surprises in Indian Kid's story.

Magical Realism is the way in which fantasy and reality in there so blend together that there isn’t a clear boundary between them. . Although Gabriel Garcia Marquez as leading the way and some of the writers that have lived in the South American but this genre found in the Third World countries . . Gholam Hossein Saedi and Monyru Ravanipoor as a pioneer in this literary field are known In Iran.But the note point to is that the most of this authors are from south of Iran. Our efforts in this paper is while review the political, social, economic and cultural condition regions of south Iran and South America, we investigate the common fields and reasons that writers tend to magical realism in this areas. . It seems certain climatic conditions, distance from urban centers, economic poverty and illiteracy, has caused the tendency of people‘s this region to myths, superstitions and magic and it provided an appropriate arena to imagination such that the element of imagination has part of the reality of their lives. These fields have accompanied with factors such as: strategic location’s these regions and benefit from valuable resources, presence of colonists, strangulation in the central government and the risk of native culture And it has led to the intellectual author to use of the magical elements to enlightenment, escape of repression and trying to revival of native culture.