zeynab barati

 Sand dunes are one of the most important landforms created by wind deposition. They are wide, flat desert areas with wind-swept sand and little or no vegetation.

 For this purpose, the statistics and meteorological data of 19 synoptic stations of the province were used to determine the prevailing wind and the origin of wind deposits, as well as the drift potential (DP), the resulting drift potential (RDP), and the resulting drift direction (RDD) caused by the sand from each sand obtained.

 According to the study, the rate of erosion and change in area in the erg of Qomtape was higher than in the erg of Maghsudlu, and the distance of 37 years was estimated at 72.41 percent for the erg of Qomtape and 26.95 percent for the erg of Maghsudlu. The potential/direction of sand Drift also showed that the origin of the sands of  Maghsudlu reg is from the side of Mount Sahand, and the origin of the sands of the reg of Qomtape is from the side of Lake Urmia.

 The origin of the region's wind Sands due to the prevailing wind direction, which is predominantly northern, can also be expressed as the presence of fine sediment at the end of the region's cone deposits and the place where plate floods spread. The place where plate floods spread supplies most of the area's sands, and the end of the fine sediment deposits provide the fine sediment.Innovation:  In this research, an analysis of the sand drift potential and its paths helps us interpret the formation of the ridges elsewhere.

In the book of Ilal as-shra’ye’ a narration is quoted from Imam Sadiq (as) with the theme that "God the Almighty did not create a creature more hated than a fool because He took from him the most beloved things that is the intellect…”. There is a contradiction in the text of the hadith, and that is: How can God the exalted hate a foolish person when he himself has created him a fool?! The analysis of the hadith’s chain indicates that the hadith chain is severed and Mo’an’an and the authenticity of one of its narrators is also unknown. Also, the study of the content and analysis of the words of the hadith indicates a different meaning from its common understanding and indicates that: "Stupid" means someone who does not utilize his intellect and not someone who has not been given the intellect. The meaning of the word "deprivation" is an indication as well, because taking away something is meaningful after that thing is given, not before it, in addition, "hate" for no reason is incompatible with God's justice and Qur'anic verses, and common sense does not accept it. So, God the exalted has a reason for hating the fool, and that reason is he did not use the intellectual blessing God has given him and ruined it with lust.

In the verse 71st of Surah Maryam “…there’s none of you, but will come to it…”; that the interpreters due to one main challenge which is determination of the audience in the phrase of “none of you”, have been divided in different views. Mostly have regarded all jinn and men, while others according to the narrations regarded all human beings as the audience of the verse. Consequently, they believe that all including faithful and sinful will undoubtedly be entered into the Hell, but this view is on the opposite side of other verses. Some others have only considered deniers of the Resurrection and the infidels as the audience of this verse; which is incompatible with the most of the interpreters’ view and those narrations noted that all human beings would be entered into the Hell. it’s necessary to dissect the verse again. It seems that in respect of disregarding for the verses in the same meaning and being disable of understanding the context of the verses, the different viewpoints have been raised. In this article by the comparative-analytical method, after doing a study on the exegeses of two major Islamic denominations; based on the verses of Quran and making use of their forms, this fact is pointed that people are divided into two groups by verses describing their destiny; at first infidels along with their followers and then faithful ones.“you” is referred to the polytheists and deniers of the Resurrection, not all human beings or all jinn and men..

One of the most important factors to affect artworks throughout history is religion. The territorial integrity of Islamic lands is one of the factors that influenced Islamic pottery. Islam has had a considerable impact on all aspects of Muslims’ lives, including art and specifically pottery. During the 3rd and 4th centuries AH (9th and 10th centuries AD), coinciding with the Abbasid dynasty, similar practices were observed in Islamic pottery. With the discovery of pottery in regions like Nishapur and Samarra, different theories have been raised. This article aims to study the characteristics and techniques of the pottery of each of these areas by studying them in the mentioned time period. The research explains as well the variable techniques, differences and similarities between the pottery produced in Nishapur and Samarra during the 3rd and 4th centuries in addition to the impacts other cultures have had on them in terms of techniques.
This study adopts an analytical-descriptive approach by using library resources to achieve the intended objectives. The research seeks answering some questions relating to features such as the qualification of Nishapur and Iraq pottery variation in techniques of manufacture and glazing, as well as the similarities and differences among such products, and the investigation of the influence of external techniques and styles on Persian tradition of pottery. The results of the study confirm the fact that the variation of shapes in Nishapur pottery mostly consists of bowls, punch bowls and plates with flat and occasionally flattened elongated bodies and ring bases. The pottery herein is decorated with mud coating techniques, white enamel painting, as well as those of underglaze white and ultramarine, splashed, engraved and luster. Samara pottery at the same time is often produced in the form of plates, bowls, vertical walled cups, and no-pot pitchers with vertical handles, using mud coating techniques, white-brown and ultramarine paint, matt white glaze imitating porcelain, and the glaze sprinkled with luster. Differences in body composition of the Samarra and Nishapur pottery are evident, and the base ring is one of the features that could not be copied, displaying its own characteristic in each region.  Examples of similar pottery in Nishapur and Samarra show the influence of Sassanian art, Chinese art, and pottery in Iraq, being the unique features of the Abbasid pottery. Politics, commerce, family relations, and the gathering of craftsmen and artists in Baghdad as well as the possibility of trading on the sea have also had a considerable effect in creating such works.

Neo-tectonic has a very important role in the morphological evolution of each drainage basin. The tectonic history can be retrieved by morphotectonics quantitative indicators in each region. Hamedan batholith masses valleys with NW-SE direction in the South, South East, and West of Hamadan, have been influenced heavily by the geomorphological, tectonic and other eroding factors. The core of tectonic geomorphology is the study of the frequency of tectonic processes that tend to topography and surface processes. By studying Morphotectonics indexes can be assessed valleys an unstable. Evaluation of Morphotectonics indicators in the northeastern and southwestern slopes of the mountain front sinuosity Hamedan according to different heights of mountain front is purpose of this study Evaluation of tectonic activity in Alvand mass range, have been estimated by using Morphotectonics indicators in 28 sub-basin, topographic maps with scale 1:50000, satellite images, field visits and software. The results of slope length of the river (SL), asymmetric factor (Af), integral hypsometric curve (Hi), valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), Mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), transverse topographic (Tp) and sinusoidal of river (Sr) indicators were assessed by using IAT index. According to this index, 50% of Northeast Slope sub-basins and 37.5% of southwest slope sub-basins have gained class 3 activities which imply a more active tectonics of the southwest toward the northeast slope. Due to the erosion and geological factors, south-west slopes tectonic activity is more evident than north-east slopes. The northeast slopes Mountain-front sinuosity is 200 meters higher than south-west slopes, according to the higher density of faults on the southern slopes of Alvand can say that the lower altitude mountain-front has provided favorable conditions for reflection Morphotectonics area.

Alvand batholith is located at thr  South, south East and west of Hamedan with the North West- South East direction. Mountain valleys are formed by initial structure, tectonic and geomorphologic processes of erosion over time. Result of geomorphology processes has impacted the form of counter lines during the quaternary. The contour lines curvature coefficient has obtained from dividing the spatial distance to real distance of counter lines in 1/50000 topography map. The number of contour lines curvature coefficient can show the long-term effects of influencing factors. To achieve this purpose the study area was divided into 28 sub-basins. Morphometric parameters of curvature coefficient were estimated in four basin group according to the highest peaks (3500, 3400, 3200 and 2800). The linear Relations were calculated between the curvature coefficients and the height of contour lines. Subsequently, the calculated coefficients were evaluated in relation to direct of slopes. In the beginning the amounts of Curvature coefficients had a descending process from peak to valley afterward this process has begun to ascend near the mountains front sinuosity. Such changes have showed the glacier process transition to the sub-glacier process. Due to the mountains sinuosity differences in the north-east and south-west slopes of Alvand batholith, the lowest amounts of Curvature coefficients in the north-east slopes have higher elevation than the south-west slopes, whereas the curvature coefficient are lower in number in north-east slopes. These results have shown the influence of elevation and slope direction on the amount of Curvature coefficients. Additionally glacier processes have had more impact on north-east slopes than south-west slope.

Exist of Glacial cirque in northeast and southwest of Alvand Mountain and the presence of moraine an expressive glacial process in the Quaternary Period. Therefore the height of the permanent snow line on the slopes of this mountain mass was evaluated in this study. The estimated height of the snow line to the right, above the permanent snow line estimated in northeastern slopes (slopes towards the southwest) by the way, shows the persistence of snow and glaciers formed in these parts. Furthermore, a comparison between this method and the method of gradient and curvature coefficient was used. Although the difference in the gradient direction toward the snowline but it also seems reasonable (530 meters), according to field evidence seemed unlikely. Because of the curvature coefficient curves presented in this study are the first to estimate the height of the snow line is used. Coefficient of curvature of the curve with the distance from the dominant peaks in the foothills of the basin, the trend has been downward and then upward. The process of changing the curvature coefficient perigee height as the height of the graph is known. Due to the proximity of the height to the height of the snow line altitude was estimated as the previous method, it was concluded that the perigee height, curvature coefficient Quaternary basin can be considered as the height of the snow line. Three methods of estimating the height of the snow line, anddifference in the amount of quaternary cold different domains suggests that Significant differences in the slopes of the mountain front elevation Synuzyth can estimate the height of the snow line and the error effectively.