جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ارزش » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

One of the hallmarks of a favorable normative system is the building/existence of congruence among symmetrical rights, duties, and responsibilities. The right of self-determination is a fundamental human right in various legal and ethical domains. This paper is focused on establishing compatibility between this fundamental right and its subsequent duty and responsibility. Man has the natural and social mechanisms to determine his own destiny. Is it appropriate to give him the right of self-determination in the moral and legal laws, which may cause him to ruin himself and others? Is it unreasonable for righteous rulers to determine human beings’ fate to improve their well-being? On the other hand, considering their fallibility, is it not possible that they become dictators who may ruin themselves and others? Then, can humans be held responsible for their own destruction? This paper aims to answer these questions in a descriptive, analytical, and critical manner. The answer implies a compatible system of thought, mainly based on the distinction between the moral and legal aspects of the three aforementioned concepts.

Today, the role of start-ups in the economic development of societies is such that it has a significant share of planning and studies at various levels, including policy and business management models. Startups have to overcome many obstacles as they grow and mature, and non-dynamic and non-innovative groups rarely escape these developments. Therefore, in order for start-ups to be able to survive in a dynamic business environment, they need to have key marketing capabilities in a pattern that fits their life cycle, Accordingly, this research is defined with the aim of identifying marketing capabilities in start-up companies. In this regard, from a methodological point of view, it is an exploratory research that is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of variables, and was conducted in a cross-sectional time horizon and with an inductive approach in a real and non-laboratory environment. Also, the geographical area of those start-up businesses located in Science and Technology Park, whose data was collected in the second half of 2019 and the first half of 2010. This research has been implemented in three main stages. In the first stage, the marketing capabilities have been identified and extracted using the literature review and previous studies. The method used in this step is systematic review. The reason for choosing this method is the accuracy and completeness of the scientific use of the main researches to minimize mistakes and random errors, and to identify the largest possible number of related studies on this issue. At this stage, the statistical population has all available valid articles and books of the last 20 years, and the validity of the used researches has been evaluated using the Kasp method. At the completion of this stage, using in-depth interviews, the list of marketing capabilities of Nova businesses has been completed. In the second step, the importance of marketing capabilities in the life cycle of start-up businesses was determined using a field survey and using a researcher-made questionnaire. At this stage, the statistical population has been the co-founders of startups based in the Fars Science and Technology Park Growth Center, and the participants were determined based on the list received from the Growth Center, based on access. The statistical population at this stage has been 242 active startups in this center, based on Cochran's relationship and with an error rate of 10%, the sample size of 69 cases was determined, and 56 questionnaires were completed based on accessibility and willingness to cooperate. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal method and based on the opinion of two academic experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.726).In the following, the average of the collected data was compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, and based on the significance of the average difference, the important capabilities at each stage of the life cycle of start-up businesses were determined and the final model was presented. Based on the findings, 56 features were identified and grouped into 13 categories. Names of groups: communication capital management, product management, marketing systems and resources, operational capability, distribution, marketing research, marketing human resources management, brand management, customer management, promotion and advertising, diversification of marketing methods, sales management, digital marketing. As a management recommendation, startups can use this model as a scientific tool for decision-making and problem-solving of the marketing capabilities of their businesses. In addition, the use of this model can help start-up companies in a dynamic business environment, by recognizing important marketing capabilities at different stages, strengthen these capabilities and add to their previous capabilities. Also, scientifically, this model has led to the expansion of the scientific scope of innovation of business models and can be a basis for research related to the management of start-up businesses.

Given the potential impact of blockchain technology on the banking industry, it is crucial to explore how this technology influences business models within the sector. This understanding can provide valuable insights into how value is created, delivered, and captured in banking. The main objective of this article is to present a blockchain technology framework as applied to fintech in the financial and banking sectors. This study employs metacomposition to identify key factors, the fuzzy Delphi method to evaluate, refine, and localize the model, and the Dimetal technique to analyze relationships and effects. The research involved a systematic review of 849 articles (ranging from 1395 to 1402 in the Iranian calendar for domestic articles, and from 2016 to 2023 for international articles), from which 73 articles were selected and analyzed using content analysis. Subsequently, 7 dimensions, 23 components, and 102 indicators were validated and localized with the assistance of 17 experts. In the final stage, these dimensions and components were prioritized with expert input, leading to the extraction of the final framework. The results indicate that fintech-driven blockchain technology enhances value creation in the dimensions of innovation and technology, transparency, security, quality, speed, business models, and collaboration, providing strategic capabilities to financial and banking businesses.

IntroductionThe fields of economic development based on digital economy are increasing in countries, through the use of Information and Communication technology and through the creation of knowledge-based companies. Knowledge-based companies in order to increase knowledge and wealth, economic development based on knowledge and the realization of scientific and economic goals in line with the expansion of invention and innovation and finally the commercialization of research and development results have been formed in the field of superior technologies with added value. Based on the digital economy, it is widely influential, therefore, examining the value roles of these companies is of particular importance. New concepts have been proposed in the economy with the title of "smart economy" and among the necessities of the new economy is a structural change from an industrial economy to an economy in which data, information, non-physical assets, services, communications and networks are among the characteristics. They are Words have been proposed for this new economy, such as: "knowledge-based economy", "borderless economy", "weightless economy" and "network economy". The smart economy is basically based on information, communication and innovation, and in which the combination of network technologies and new business models create completely new markets, industries, businesses and work processes that shape this economy. Smart economy emphasizes on results and achievements (life and business) and its result is evolution and fruitfulness in the field of economy and digital technology and it emphasizes more on information and communication technology as an industry and infrastructure of information and communication technology. The main features of the digital economy are based on knowledge and the use of information and communication technology (ICT)MethodologyThis research intends to specifically answer this question: "What factors and components play a role in the formation of value co-creation in knowledge-based companies in ICT region?" In order to establish the model of value co-creation in the companies under study, and in this way, fill the stated research gap and while presenting the model of co-creation in this field, expand the realm of value co-creation literature and the results of this study helps to create comprehensiveness and develop knowledge from a theoretical perspective. In order to achieve the goal of the research, more than 230 researches and studies were extracted from the qualitative method (using a systematic literature review) and among them 64 articles and studies were analyzed in depth.Results and DiscussionIn this research, the identification of factors affecting value co-creation in knowledge-based companies in the field of Information and Communication technology (ICT). In the general classification, all these factors can be divided into five main categories, stakeholders and actors of the ecosystem of knowledge-based companies, main factors affecting value co-creation, background factors affecting value co-creation, and factors interfering in co-creation. Due to the fact that the process and what are the effective factors and components in value co-creation are not clear and its achievements and results are not presented in a consistent format and framework, it is indicative of its serious lack in the discussion of value co-creation literature and there is a research gap that focuses on the formation of value. It is obvious that it should be paid for all the stakeholders in the knowledge-based companies of the ICT field, therefore, the researcher was encouraged to do so by presenting the value co-creation framework and by considering all the elements and components of the value co-creation between the organizational stakeholders, by creating study fields, observation gaps and cover the gap between existing studies. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to provide a framework for Value co-creation, to create and develop strategic capabilities in knowledge-based companies in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) in the relevant business ecosystem, so that they can use their organizational assets to Valuable resources and capabilities, in order to present to the market and customers, and cause the survival and development of companies.ConclusionValue Co-creation as one of the basic theories in the scope of strategic management and innovation management, therefore, the main goal of this research is to identify the effective factors and provide a framework for Value co-creation (joint creation of value), for the creation and development of strategic capabilities in knowledge-based companies. It is in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) and it is trying to help the survival and development of organizations by identifying the main stakeholders and actors of the business ecosystem in this field and by creating a value network. The value and results and consequences of co-creation of value, which each of them includes the number of these 5 categories, 17 subcategories and 72 codes and in fact, they represent the factors that play a role in the formation of value co-creation in knowledge-based companies in the field of ICT, and their multiplicity indicates that it is not enough to just consider a few general factors (like many articles that had such a view). It can be indicative of the formation of value co-creation in the field of study, because we are dealing with a mysterious phenomenon affected by various factors. In addition, the dimensions of this time complication become more apparent when we know that there are effects and influences between these factors that lead and lag behind each other.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the level of political participation of the youth of Hamadan province and the factors affecting it. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a descriptive-survey method was used. The statistical population studied in this research was all the youths aged 18 to 34 in Hamadan province, whose total number is 543,486 according to the statistics announced by the Iranian Statistics Center. A stratified-proportional random sampling method was used to select the research sample. The sample size of the research was estimated to be 384 people by using the sample estimation table from the Karajesi Morgan community, but with the aim of increasing reliability and reducing errors, 506 questionnaires were distributed, of which 475 questionnaires were collected. The information was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. In general, the level of political participation of 232 people (48.4%) from the studied sample is very low, 84 people (17.7%) are low, 98 people (20.6%) are moderate, 35 people (7.4%) are high. And 28 people (5.9%) is too much. The results showed that education does not have much effect on the level of political participation of the youth, and no significant relationship was found between the level of education of the youth, the education of parents and the political participation of the sample. Also, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the religious attitude of the studied sample and their political participation. No significant relationship was observed between the level of political awareness and the level of political participation of the sample. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the political participation of young people and the amount of use of social networks; However, there is a positive relationship between the political participation of young people and their use of mass media and the use of television and newspapers, and there is a negative relationship with the use of satellite and internet. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the economic status of families and the economic status of the studied sample (youths) with political participation.

Environmental problems have created crises in the world, including Iran, and the risk of irreversibility of its consequences has recently increased. Many of these issues stem from increased energy consumption, population growth, and industrialization. To solve environmental issues and create compatibility between development plans and the environment, the participation of all environmental groups is necessary. Among these groups, there are non-governmental organizations, and examining them on the one hand indicates their positive role and function, and on the other hand, shows that they are facing challenges and obstacles. To increase the efficiency of NGOs, it is necessary to recognize these challenges and make the necessary planning to eliminate, reduce, or transform them into new opportunities. To deal with environmental crises, we can focus on participation as one of the important primary tools. Also, the gradual reduction of decentralization by using NGOs to attract people's participation and create social changes in the field of environment shows the efficiency, effectiveness, and value of their performance and takes a step towards environmental development. Considering that environmental NGOs can be a platform for changing environmental behaviors in society; the goal of the researchers in this article is to measure the participation of environmental NGO activists and investigate the impact of environmental culture on the participation of environmental NGO members. Based on this, the main question of the research is what effect did the environmental culture (knowledge, value, attitude, and norms) have on the environmental participation of NGO members and is there a correlation between these variables?

A survey research method was used and the data collection technique was an online questionnaire. The statistical population of the research was all the members of the registered environmental NGOs in Tehran, and 376 people were selected as a statistical sample using the relative random sampling method. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. To check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used, which were acceptable for all variables. Also, the validity of the questionnaire was measured through face validity using the opinion of specialists and experts in the field of study, and the definitions of the concepts and the questionnaire were approved by the judges. The validity of the structure was also measured based on the confirmatory factor analysis test. The value of KMO = 0.789 indicates the ability of the data to apply the factor analysis technique to them, and the significance level of Bartlett's test (0.000) indicates the ability to generalize the factor analysis to the entire population. The factor load also indicates a high correlation between the questions and the factor. The results of this test indicate that the construct validity of the research variables has been confirmed.

Based on the results of descriptive statistics, 61% of the respondents were male, 39% were female, and their average age was 44 years. About 90% of the respondents reported a bachelor's degree or higher. According to the findings, about 100 percent of the respondents had average and higher personal norms, knowledge, and environmental attitude.
In addition, the environmental values of 98.4 percent of respondents were reported to be medium and higher. The environmental norms of more than half of the respondents were at an average level or higher. Also, equivalent to 65.4 percent of the respondents have expressed their collective norms at an average level or higher.
The findings of inferential statistics showed that there is a significant, positive, and direct correlation between the variables of knowledge, attitude, value, individual norms, collective norms, environmental norms, and the total dimensions of environmental culture with environmental participation and that there is no correlation between environmental norms and environmental participation. Multivariate regression analysis was done to predict changes in the dependent variable (environmental participation) by a set of independent variables. According to the regression model, the correlation coefficient of independent research variables to explain participation is equal to 0.58. The proportion of the variance of the participation variable explained by the research variables is 33.7%. That is, 33.7% of the changes in the environmental participation variable are covered by independent variables. The beta coefficient indicates the influence of independent variables on participation. In addition, the research findings indicated a high level of environmental culture among the majority of respondents (97/3). Also, a positive, direct, and significant correlation was reported between environmental culture and the participation of NGO members.

The results of the research showed that NGOs are interested in participation, mostly in environmental protection and symbolic activities. This is due to their greater appearance in society and social impact, and causes more visibility and participation, strengthens the relationship with the local community and mid-level planners, and increases their bargaining power. According to the level of participation in NGOs and planning of members to prevent damage to nature, the results confirm and align with the new ecological paradigm of public sympathy towards other species, action to prevent danger to humans, nature, and participation. Also, because the members of NGOs consider themselves committed to environmental protection and have environmentalist behaviors and participation, there is an alignment with the value-belief-norm theory. The members of NGOs are the basis for changes in environmental behavior in the society. Although their activity and participation are subject to structural and social limitations; they are trying to improve the culture of participation and change in people and influence the construction of society. Finally, it can be said that in the interaction between culture and society, what guides people's behavior and participation, is culture, and by considering cultural dimensions or changes in them, it is possible to change the direction of people's actions and their participation in the direction of sustainable development.

Many of the most prominent political theories have been written in response to the loss of coherence or the sense of danger of disintegration of the order, and have forced humanities thinkers to evaluate the stabilizing elements. Why and how despite political conflicts and lack of consensus, social collapse does not occur? Basically, every thinker has provided a solution to this question and solving this crisis according to the time and geographical period. The social order that is placed against disorder and insecurity depends on the type of relationship between the government and civil society as well as social contracts. In the period of anarchy and social crises, governments try to overcome the crisis and prevent collapse by strengthening solidarity factors, whether value-based factors or fair distribution of wealth or by coercive means. In the era after the Islamic revolution in 1357, with the formation of a political system based on religion and with the centrality of Shiite jurisprudence, crises and disorders have arisen, and each of them has had different reasons during the last four decades, which in this research at different stages of the factors Instability and its solution tools have been investigated.

As the last and most complete divine book, the Qur'an contains precise and comprehensive cultural components and patterns for the education and guidance of humans. This research has analyzed the components and cultural patterns of the Quran. The author has used descriptive and library research methods to explain the discussion.
The findings indicate that the components are located in the three areas of beliefs, values and behavior; The basic beliefs are faith in the origin and resurrection, the mission of the prophets, the holy books, angels and the unseen; Values are located in the four axes of ethics, education, justice and jihad, and in the field of behavior, obligatory Shariah tasks are centered. Also, the cultural models in the Quranic logic, the first prophets, the Holy Prophet, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, and the aspects of their role models have been described and explained. Undoubtedly, the calculation of these components and patterns, while the numerous capabilities and unique characteristics of Islamic culture, authenticity and authenticity, the ability to build civilization, the superiority of this culture over other cultures, its adaptation to all human needs and the achievement of human beings to true happiness in all dimensions. depicts, it can be introduced to other schools as an authentic and real model.

Given the significance of the notion of authenticity in preservation and restoration, the present study aims at investigating this concept and other related concepts (like value, integrity, and the artist’s intent) in the history of preservation and restoration. The article attempts to reconsider authenticity and determine various approaches regarding authenticity throughout the history of preservation and restoration. In doing so, the history of preservation and restoration is to be reviewed and explored. The qualitative method of research and content analysis strategies are employed to carry out the research. The study of concepts such as value, authenticity, integrity, artist’s intent, and the preservational-restorational approach in historical artifacts across time reveals that the values expressed in historical artifacts and cultural heritage are transformed by the particular philosophical perspectives, schools of thought, and events of each era. These factors have indirectly exerted influence on authenticity, integrity, artist’s intent, and eventually on the preservational-restoration approach.

This research focuses on the values of the Iranian national railway heritage and the importance of conserving and optimally utilizing these values. It introduces and emphasizes the key role of these values in the development, management, and conservation plans of the railway heritage, as well as the sustainability of tourism. Using descriptive, analytical, and survey methods, the research evaluates and prioritizes the values of the railway heritage based on their importance and impact on conservation and development.As a result, this research can assist managers, stakeholders, and decision-makers in the field of railway heritage conservation and development to formulate and implement their programs and plans based on the priorities of these values. This approach can contribute to the preservation and continuity of these values. Additionally, this research can help researchers and enthusiasts in the cultural heritage and tourism sector to identify the best solutions and strategies for the conservation and utilization of these values.The use of the ANP method has prioritized the recognition, prioritization, and scoring of the railway heritage based on values. The achievement of the research has been comprehensive prioritization and categorization, with a focus on the shared aspects of conservation and tourism. The first priority is given to the perspectives, the second priority to the bridges, the third priority to the central railway stations, the fourth priority to intangible aspects, and the fifth priority to the tunnels. The recommendation emphasizes the attention of managers, stakeholders, and decision-makers to base their programs and plans on this prioritization.

The purpose of this study was a systematic review of the application of caring thinking and its correlations in ethical philosophy. The research method is literature review and library research. In this study, existing articles on the subject were used in order to comprehensively and systematically review and summarize the interested content. For this purpose, articles from Persian and English sites in the field of caring thinking were studied and reviewed.Caring thinking, as the third component of Lipman’s three modes of thinking theory, has cardinal dimensions such as Appreciative Thinking, Affective Thinking, Active Thinking, Normative Thinking, and Empathic Thinking and progresses towards ethics and a better life which are rooted in theories of moral development by theorists such as Kohlberg, and can be used to design educational packages for cognitive development and the buildout of different levels of thinking (including moral development of children and adolescents).Despite its philosophical roots, caring thinking has rather straightforward and relevant psychological and moral correlations that together can manifest in the feeling of being cared for, companionship, positive and committed thinking based on values, emotions and norms.

The field of value has a wide spectrum in the world of humanity and has significant applications and effects in philosophy, religion, economics, social sciences, ethics, psychology and even daily choices. One of the most fundamental issues that Allameh Jafari paid attention to in his philosophical opinions is the attention to the nature of "value" with an epistemological approach. According to him, "real values" are attributed to the realities of the world; Although the field of value and propositions related to it may not fall into the grid of contemporary experimental-laboratory weighing; But value propositions are knowable and can be as valid and valid as scientific propositions. According to Allameh Jafari's point of view, the measure of the reality of value is measured by its relationship with human nature, and the greater this relationship is, the more real the value appears. In his opinion, the home of "values" is the rational life of man and its origin is the divine and divine existence, therefore, "value" and "ought" can be deduced from human being. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims at a new exploration of Allameh Jafari's views on value realism, which results in creating a path to confirm the theological-Islamic value propositions in various fields of human sciences.

Social values are created and perpetuated within the social life context of community members and therefore, studying them helps in gaining a deeper understanding of society. Accordingly, this research aims to explore and comprehend the social values during the Qajar era. Utilizing a qualitative methodology based on a phenomenological approach, structured interviews were conducted with 15 sociologists, historians, and historical sociologists. The interviewees were selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. The collected findings were analyzed using the Colaizzi (1973) method and the Glaser and Strauss (1967) theoretical coding technique. The findings of this study are organized into two themes: "Pre-modern Qajar Social Values" with ten categories including "Chivalry/Generosity," "Belief in Divine Destiny," "Nobility and Freedom," "Spatial/Social/Ethnic/Religious Segregation," "Luxury and Attention to Appearances," "Purity and Modesty in Women," "Hospitality and Observance of Decorum and Respect," "Kinship and Helping Others," "Religiosity and Performance of Religious Rituals," and "Justice-oriented and Fairness"; and "Modern Qajar Social Values" with six categories "Patriotism," "Nobility and Freedom-seeking," "Advancement in Technology, Economics, Social, etc.," "Growth in Thought and Enlightenment," "Emphasis on Science and Education," and "Justice-oriented and Fairness." The analysis of the data extracted from the interviews indicates that the Qajar era represents a period of transition and fundamental transformation in the cultural fabric of society.

The relationship between knowledge and value is a subject of interest within the realm of transethics. To that end, Soroush has put forth the theory of knowledge and value separation. The purpose of this article is to delineate the fundamental components of Soroush’s theory through the application of descriptive-analytical methodology. Five factors, according to the research findings, influenced Soroush’s conception of this notion: adhering to positivists’ definitions and differentiations of sciences; the notion that the deduction of “must” from “is” violates the principles of logic; believing that values are nothing more than credits; consider scientific ethics to be an impersonal branch of ethics; the conviction that scientific ethics and determinism are inextricably linked. As evidenced by the research findings, deriving “oughts” from “beings” does not necessitate a connection between knowledge and value; rather, it enables the development of ethics through reliance on facts (beings) rather than determinism and impersonality. In reality, the moral provisions are the same necessity that exists between human action and its consequences. Science can also encompass non-experimental knowledge; it comprises experimental knowledge as well as intellectual, mystical, narrative, and philosophical knowledge.

In the age of modernity, meaninglessness has taken over the soul of the civilized human being. It has caused moral values, which human beings have always regarded as metaphysics values, to become worthless and lose their meaning. Therefore, the study and explanation of the undeniable necessity of the importance of meaning in life have become particularly important and have led thinkers to come to a consensus on it. Existentialist philosophers, meanwhile, paid more attention to the nature of the subject, which is concerned with human quidditas. Via descriptive-comparative study, this article has attempted to give a response to the most important human biological problem today through the role of rebellion in providing meaning to life while examining the views of two philosophers of existentialism. Nietzsche and Camus try to show that theism and moral values lead to emptiness and understanding the emptiness of the world leads to rebellion. Rejecting moral values, Nietzsche refers to rebellion as a kind of treatment in which man no longer considers suffering worthless, but considers it as a new basis of morality that leads to a new understanding of pleasure and its place in life. Camus also rejects traditional ethics and relying on the concept of rebellion, he established a new morality from which a kind of pleasure is obtained, resulting in simultaneous acceptance of the world with all its good and bad. Denying God, both Nietzsche and Camus see rebellion as the only way to salvation. In their view, rebellion combats nihilism by instilling a spirit of commitment in human beings and training active human beings, and ultimately leads to a pure pursuit of life in this world.

Proving the reality and its characteristics and the possibility of knowledge about it are two necessary preliminary discussions to enter into the main topics of epistemology such as the nature, characteristics, types, limits, tools and sources of knowledge, etc. In this article, we first examine these preliminary issues in Western philosophy and then trace its extension in the philosophy of conventional economics. After that, we explain the viewpoint of Muslim philosophers and also the Qur'anic viewpoint and analyze its results in the knowledge of Islamic economics. Studies show that in the philosophy of conventional economics, the existence of economic reality outside the mind is certain and happens, and in the mainstream of economics, economic reality is considered to be material and the same as natural realities. But the views about the possibility of knowledge have evolved from the possibility of knowledge in a dogmatic way to the possibility of knowledge in a non-dogmatic way and finally to the impossibility of knowledge. From the point of view of Muslim philosophers as well as the Holy Quran, the existence of reality outside the mind and the possibility of knowing it is certain, and according to this, economic reality exists outside the mind in the four fields of religion, system, systematization, and economics, and knowledge of it is also possible. Is. Fateful realities have material and abstract dimensions and are different from natural realities. Economic realities are surrounded by rational and religious social values and mental aspects and they occur within the framework of divine traditions which are the laws of natural development. Activists are involved in the construction of economic reality and have an independent truth from social science researchers.

In recent years, with the definition and development of a new phenomenon called cryptocurrencies, we have witnessed challenging and scientific discussions about the origin of the value of these currencies. The evolution of cyberspace and the effects of blockchain and the emergence of virtual currencies have overshadowed the theories put forward in response to questions about money, including the value of money, and presented a new structure. It seems that the expansion of cyberspace will have fundamental effects and changes on scientific and knowledge issues, and this assumption can be seen in virtual currencies. Meanwhile, with the expansion and general popularity of the people of the country to buy and sell virtual currencies, determining the appropriate position and answering religious and Islamic issues in the field of various cryptocurrencies, including their value in the Islamic economic system has become necessary and inevitable. Therefore, first, the views of monetary schools on the value of money and virtual currencies are analyzed using basic and descriptive methods, and then, using valid jurisprudential methods, the Islamic view on the value of money is explained. Finally, operational suggestions and a suitable model for designing national cryptocurrencies based on Islamic values are presented. The results based on the research hypotheses show that first, credit matters such as cryptocurrencies in Islam will be valuable and acceptable when they have a valuable value in the real world to be recognized as valid, and credit without value is not acceptable in Islam. Second, cryptographic protocols can be designed in a way that is based on Islamic values, and in designing Islamic cryptocurrencies, these protocols must be considered.

In Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai’s view, primordial nature or ‘fiṭrah’ appears to be the cornerstone for philosophical analyses related to the human being. In this paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, Tabatabai’s theory of fiṭrah has been explained, and some of its implications in terms of the meaning of life have been inferred. Then, its impact on the conceptual analysis of ‘meaning’ in the different theories of the meaning of life, especially ones that are based on ‘purpose’ and ‘value,’ is investigated. The result of this study shows that Tabatabai defines fiṭrah as the unique creation of each creature. Additionally, value and purpose are conceptual components of each other, that is, a human being who gives meaning to his/her life by a purpose, finds that purpose necessarily valuable, and on the other hand, by any valuable thing he/she is going to find meaning, inevitably considers it somehow as his/her purpose. Moreover, purpose and value cannot be conceptually analyzed without the theory of fiṭrah. This means, according to Tabatabai, every purpose and every valuable matter, regardless of their instances, are necessarily defined in accordance with human fiṭrah. This point indicates the importance and necessity of the ontological discussions about human fiṭrah, its requirements and its place in existence, for adopting a theory in the meaning of life.

The subject of Scheler's metaphysics is man, in other words, meta-anthropology. In this type of anthropology, by reflecting on the nature of man and presenting a comprehensive picture of it, which includes various aspects including natural, rational and emotional, emotions are emphasized as prior elements in the creation of values, in fact, emotions are a way to understand Values are known. From Scheler's point of view, values are not a posteriori; That is, they are not taken from foreign experiences; Rather, they are known as prior elements of emotion, so from his point of view, we have knowledge with prior characteristics that are related to the field of emotions. It can be said that with this point of view, Scheler is in front of philosophers like Kant; Because according to Kant, human emotions cannot have prior elements; In this article, after explaining metaphysical knowledge as one of the three types of knowledge from Scheler's point of view, the nature of man and the epistemological role of emotions as prior elements in the creation of values are explained. In this research, through documentary method, content analysis and descriptive method, we plan and examine Scheler's view on moral values and its relationship with emotions. Our claim is that based on Scheler's point of view, morality is formed not based on purely formal and rational values, but based on emotions and feelings.

Every moral school must show its rationality in four elements: logical, epistemological, semantic and ontological. Below each of these elements are questions that need to be answered in order to form a complete moral theory. The most important question concerns the ontological element, Its meaning is the determination whether the value and moral obligation are real or unreal. And there is a fundamental approach to this: realism and moral unrealism. Realists have used various things as the basis for proving realism, the most recent of which is the reliance on the love of nature. Our effort is to show that the above question can be answered on the basis of perfection. Perfection means either human or divine perfection. Relying on human perfection, a secular approach to moral values can be adopted and at the same time the rationality of moral values can be explained, but by relying on divine perfection, the most logical and reasonable justification for moral values is provided and the highest moral value makes sense.