جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "الگوی توبیت" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational and research efficiency of 27 public universities in Iran in the academic years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. This was done using non-parametric methods of data envelopment analysis and parametric random border analysis for the input variables (number of incoming students, number of faculty members, number of staff and budget) and output variables (specific income, number of students studying, number of graduates and conference papers). Such information was extracted from the budget bill, statistics and documents belonging to the Institute of Higher Education Research and Planning and the Islamic World Database website. The results indicated that there were inefficiencies in academic units and that the degree of these inefficiencies varied from university to university. In addition, there was an average increase in the efficiency of all comprehensive universities in 2016 compared to 2015. Furthermore, the data showed, while the average educational efficiency of selected universities has increased over time, the average research efficiency has decreased. The results of the data validity test obtained via the evaluation method of random border analysis indicated the heterogeneity of variance of the study data. The variance inflation test was conducted with the aim of investigating the problem of alignment between explanatory variables. The results showed, alignment between some explanatory variables, including faculty members and budget. In addition, the tensile effect of the estimated coefficients of some research inputs was not significant for the educational and research outputs of selected universities. Thus, universities should be efficient when making resource allocation decisions.

Increasing human tendency toward abnormal and often chemical inputs to boost food production, resulted in an increase of diseases and environmental problems. In such circumstances, the value and importance of production and consumption of healthy products is recognized more than ever. In recent years, the production and consumption of healthy food products free of chemical inputs has been growing rapidly. In the meantime, no study has paid attention to the green poultry (poultry free of antibiotics). This study aimed to examine the factors affecting the green poultry consumption in Sarpole Zahab city in Kermanshah province in 2019. For this purpose, Tobit model by Heckman two-stage method is used. Data and information are gathered through surveys and questionnaires by a random sampling method of 382 respondents from Sarpole Zahab citizens. Examination of final effect of Probit model variables showed that education, monthly income, indigenous and local green poultry, guaranteed labels, had positive effect on consumption of green poultry, while household size and high price variables, had negative effect. Also, the results of the second phase of linear regression showed the positive effects of monthly income, the green poultry market, and government support for the production of green poultry by private sector

The use of public transportation, along with benefits such as saving time, reducing fuel consumption, economic savings, reducing air pollution, reducing noise pollution, and proper safety, also increases the quality of urban life and increases social interactions. Therefore, understanding the demographic, technical-promotional and socio-cultural factors affecting the decision-making process of citizens in the use of public transport will play an important role in the planning and policy-making system in this area. In this study, to determine the behavior of citizens when using public transportation, a descriptive and analytical method with Tobit model has been used.The data was collected in 2019 and includes 300 citizens of Mashhad. The required data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The results showed that the distance between the place of residence and the place of employment has a negative effect on the use of public transport system. But factors such as the presence of highly educated people in the family, access to bicycles, compliance with pollution control criteria at home, personal literacy and awareness of the long-term dangers of using a private vehicle, have positive impacts on the use of public transport systems. According to the findings, two suggestions were made: 1- Educating and informing citizens about the long-term dangers of private vehicles, and 2- Targeting literate households for citizenship education related to public transportation. These people can encourage citizens to be sustainable and protect the environment.

One of the key issues in the development of the industrial sector is to increase energy efficiency to improve the quality of the environment. On this issue, the study uses industrial sector data of two-digit ISIC codes for the period of 2007-2015 to estimate energy efficiency of sub-sectors of industry and evaluates the effect of industrial concentration on it. The results show that recycling has lowest energy efficiency equals to 0.01 and Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products has highest energy efficiency which is equal to 0.78. Also, the Manufacture of fabricated metal products, Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products and Manufacture of food products and beverages have lowest spatial concentration index equal to 0.031 and Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery in highest level is 0.394. The results of the Tobit estimation show that industrial concentration has negative effect on energy efficiency, and R&D expenditure, energy prices and human capital have a positive and effect on energy efficiency. The allocations of R&D expenditures to identify novel production processes, improve the quality of human capital and distributing industrial activities in provinces basic on relative advantages are effective policies to increase energy efficiency.

Investment in the Agricultural Sector is considered as special importance. Basedupon some reasons such as high risk of agricultural crops production, insufficientinvestment in this sector is not conducted. Agricultural crops insurance isconsidered as one of the most appropriate strategies for dealing with risk anduncertainly in agricultural sector. In this study, effects of agricultural insurance onagriculture sub-sector investment in of Khorasan Razavi province is discussed byusing multilevel modeling. To collect required data and information for this study,two steps cluster sampling method is used. Required information is collected byusing interviews and questionnaires from 595 farmers in agricultural years 2013-14. Results from estimation of four levels model showed that a part of investmentdissimilarities is related to placing the farmers at different levels (Climate, cityand insurance). The results also showed that factors such as loan, the insuranceyear, the insured level, lead to significant and positive effect on investment andtype of available water source have significant and negative effect on investment.According to this study, it is suggested that in order to achieve effectiveagricultural crops insurance, offered insurance services should be consideredbased on the climate type and each province cities.

Extended abstract 1-Introduction Analysis of poverty determinants in order to study welfare by household traits is effort to study how a particular variable would affect on poverty situation، ceteris paribus. Poverty is a social phenomenon with which human society has been inflicted in all eras and is well known as a universal phenomenon causing the poor not to have a correct perception from their abilities and capacities. The resultant empirical model of the determinants of poverty provides insights as to how a particular household characteristic affects its poverty status conditional on the level of other household characteristics that are also potential determinants of poverty. On the other hand، different provinces are different by total governing economical conditions so compiling programs of combating with poverty requires close recognition of detail properties of poor groups and taking poverty eradication policies along with regional or provincial directions. Among provinces of Iran، northern Khorasan having 863 villages is one of provinces its rural population has been more than urban one in recent years based on censuses of Iran bureaus of census however based on comparative report of Iran provinces in 2010 issued in Mars 2012 by census and data office، 400،000 from 839،000 of its total population reside in rural and non-residential areas indicating emigration growth of villagers to urban areas. So، recognizing poverty correctly، its aspects and identifying its determinants in this province can be a good guide for compiling poverty programs and using resources optimally throughout the province. With this purpose in mind، this research aims at studying the properties of household which are identified as important and effective factors in household welfare and poverty situation. The results of the study can be used by policymakers in order to promote society welfare. 2-Theoretical bases Sen (1981) considers poverty as deprivation from basic capabilities rather than only low income. It is of note that privation is a relative concept having different definitions in different times and places. Atkinson (1989) considers two concepts for poverty. In the first concept، poverty means lack of availability of certain subsistence facilities according to which if total expenditure of consuming particular goods by a person is lower than a particular limit، he is considered poor. The second one is the right of having socio-economic facilities and if one’s income is lower than a known level، they aren’t available for him. 3-Discussion In this research poverty determinants in urban areas of Northern Khorasan province were studied. First absolute poverty line was estimated based on cost data of 162 goods extracted from data of 717 families of sample of cost and income of urban families plan in 2010. The effect of variables of support load، sex and age of family supporter، educational and sanitary costs of family were studied using estimated poverty line and Tobit model in order to study poverty determinants in detail. Having calculated poverty line، effective factors on poverty line have been studied by using Tobit model. Dependent variable، household income (expenditure)، is zero for household being under poverty line and more than zero for those above of poverty line. Regression equation of this model is: Where variables are following: POV: poverty line، DEP: pure dependency ratio. GEN: gender of guardian، AGE: age of household guardian، EDU: household educational expenses، HEL: household health expenses، HAP: the place in which household reside which is one for rural and two for urban. Tobit model has been used to study the effect of respective variables on absolute poverty line. Using of Tobit model is the most important differences of this study from other studies in Iran. Tobit model was developed by Tobin in 1958 and has been used widely by economists for measuring the effect of changing explanatory variable on poverty (McDonald and Moffitt، 1980). Considering annual poverty line for a typical household in the urban in 2010 was calculated 14491151 Rial، so 559 household of total sample household are under poverty line. As seen، 24% of population urban area of Northern Khorasan is considered poor. The value of statistic LR is -10874. 418 ruling out null hypothesis that all variable coefficients studied are zero. Indeed it can be said that at least one of explanatory variables has significant effect on probability of poverty creation. Square correlation coefficient (r2) is 0. 404 indicating good performance of model. 4-Conclusion To find development obstacles، in this research absolute poverty line has been estimated based on calorie need in 2010 to provide a required ground for poverty eradication in the urban area in province of Northern Khorasan. To study in detail the factors affecting on poverty، poverty is defined as a censored dependent variable. If household expenditures are under poverty line (being poor)، the value is zero and if household expenditures are above poverty line this variable takes real values of expenditures. To measure poverty determinants، Tobit model has been used. 5-Suggestions Due to inequality of employment system، women are more vulnerable to unemployment and poverty than men. So poverty affects on female guardians more severely and they experience poverty more than their male counterparts because of limited availability to education، employment and health. training plans on rural jobs such as farming and animal husbandry to increase efficiency and productivity of female guardians of rural household and plans to insurance cover of female guardian should be prioritized of supporting female guardians. Since pure dependency ratio has direct effect on household poverty and pressure of dependency ratio in the household is sensible and heavy for employed members and guardian، it is suggested that employment system of the country should design a variety of models of dividing household labor considering proficiency and ability level according to Iranian culture as a solution to balance this problem in household and considering that employment is one of big economic subject. Health expenses are considered an investment affecting on household welfare by increased efficiency and productivity. This reflects the importance of government health support shelter and especially state health insurance covering low income people. Public education has positive effect on income from job by increasing productivity of low income people leading to their improved position in labor market.

Due to considerable changes in the consumer demand and rising competition in the world markets, firms are under the intensive pressure to maintain their competitive power in the long run by innovation. Clearly, accessing innovation is possible only through research and development activities. Therefore persuation of R&D in firms and recognition of factors that influence R&D activities is very important. The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of probabilityof Research and Development activities in the industrial manufacturing firms of Iran using Heckman and Tobit regression models and Survey Data Collected by statistical center of Iran in 2008. The results of Heckman and Tobit models estimation indicates that R&D intensity in firms have positive correlation with firm size, ownership dummy, market concentration, human capital and profitability of firms. However export variable has not significant effect on ofResearch and Developmentactivities.

By using cross-section data which gathered through a survey research in Mashhad, contingent valuation approach and Tobit model this study tries to determine economical value of air pollution and effective factors on WTP. Based on contingent valuation approach, air pollution total value of airpollution in high-polluted region equals 7134146560 Rials per month and in middle-polluted region equals 5242428950 Rials per month. Therefore according to citizens’ opinion percent improving Mashhad air pollution state equals 12376575510 Rials per month. Also Results of investigating effective factors on willingness to pay (WTP) by estimating one-stage tobit model showed that education level, household income, having car, age, kind of settlement region and having children are effective factors on willingness to pay.

In this investigation, first the equation of food demand was estimated using an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and Iranian cross sectional survey of income expenditure in 1384. Because of the cross sectional form of the data, the prices have calculated as marginal or unit values. Then with applying the elasticities of food categories, nutrient elasticities have extracted using Lancaster technology of consumption. These elasticities are useful to analysis the effects of aid policy on food demand and nutrient consumption respectively, and show the effects of the change in one food category price or food expenditure on the availability of each nutrient. In this article, as regard as demand equation is blocked-recursive simultaneous system, and zero value are existed as dependent variable, we use seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) and tobit model.In another section, effects on demographic variables on food prices are examined. These variables are: age, education, region, urban or rural and Percapita income. Results have shown more food expenditure causes more food quality of food consumption and education, household size and other demographic variables are often effective on the quality of food.