جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زبان شناسی شناختی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Lakoff and Johnson's research in the field of metaphor proved that the uses of metaphor are not limited to the field of literary studies and are rooted in human thought that one of the manifestations of it is language. Conceptual metaphor is a term in cognitive linguistics that explains most of the metaphors around us along with the origin-destination pattern. In Masnavi, Rumi has used the conceptual metaphor of light as a linguistic tool to expand cognitive meanings and concepts. This research answers the question through a descriptive-analytical method How does the contemporary theory of cognitive linguistics match the conceptual metaphor of light in Masnavi? Finally, we concluded that the conceptual metaphor of light refers to the absolute essence of Hazrat Haqq, the mirror of guidance, the guide of the religion, the sun of truth, and the expression of Ana al-Haqq (I am the Truth) of selected saints. Due to the large volume of Masnavi's hundred verses, a statistical sample was selected from the second book, in which the word "light" is used 122 times.

One of the word formation processes in Persian language is the compounding process, which speakers use in a productive way to create words with new meanings. This process contains at least two components, both of which are involved in the construction of meaning. The aim of this article is to analyze the polysemy of compound words ended to “negar” stem in Persian with a cognitive approach. This analysis is done in the framework of Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), and the data of the research is extracted from the Zansu Persian dictionary (Keshani, 1993), the dictionary of Farhangistan authorized vocabularies, and Bijankhan's corpus. According to Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), language words are linguistic constructions and these linguistic constructions are the unit of construction morphology analysis. In Booij's construction morphology theory (2010, 2016), construction schemas are patterns that clarify the form and meaning of a construction and determine how other constructions are derived from this pattern. In order to investigate the polysemy of compound words ended to the "negar" stem, first the construction schemas and sub-schemas related to these words are identified, and then their polysemy network in drawn. The results of the research show that at the lowest level of the schema network of the compound words ended to "negar" stem, there are eleven different sub-schemas, seven of which have a nominal base, and four have an adjectival base. Also, the frequency of the sub-schema with an adjective base is much lower than the frequency of the sub-scheme with a nominal base. According to the study of the body of research, the combination of a noun with the "negar" stem creates different meanings such as "writing", "describing", "studying", "depicting", and "measuring" and the meanings of "writing" and "depicting" is realized with both human and non-human agents. The combination of an adjective with the "negar" stem also creates the "depicting" meaning which is realized with two human and non-human agents. Finally, four subschemas with the meaning of "depicting with a special instrument", "depicting a person with special characteristics", "depicting with a special manner", and "depicting from a special location" are results of the hierarchical classification of the subschemas of compound words with an adjective base that ends to “negar” stem. The polysemy of compound words ended to the “negar” stem can be explained at the level of these construction schemas which are more or less abstract.

The Qalandariyya is a prominent cult within Islamic mysticism and Sufism. Due to the diversity of the Qalandari lifestyle, the existence of both positive and negative aspects, and the apparent and hidden contradictions within the cult and its poetry, many theoretical, social, and behavioral dimensions of the Qalandariyya remain unexplored. This paper employs a documentary approach and utilizes the theory of conceptual metaphor to examine the multiple abstract concepts of the Qalandariyya cult as reflected in Persian literature. By mapping and aligning the source and target domains of three conceptual metaphors: "Qalandar is free", "Qalandar is a fighter", and "Qalandariyya as a social and secret system", the study reveals that although Qalandars perceive themselves as liberated from all attachments, in practice, they are bound by self-created customs and traditions. This group often attempted to bring about change in the insincere society of their time through cultural and subversive struggle, sometimes resorting to armed conflict. The Qalandariyya possessed a complex, intricate, and open cultural system with its own set of rules, meeting centers, goals, and symbols. The Qalandariyya, which was considered an extreme offshoot of the Malāmatiyya cult, was always depicted in Persian literature with both positive and negative connotations. The conceptual metaphor, which establishes a link between abstract concepts and tangible matters and concrete experiences, can serve as a valuable tool for understanding certain unexplored aspects of this cult.

One of the topics raised in cognitive linguistics is the topic of radial network. The purpose of this study aimed to comparison of the learning process of prepositions (from, in, to and with) from the perspective of the radial network in children of age group A and B by the theory of stages of child development and language learning. In should be mentioned that the radial network has not been sufficiently focused on by cognitive linguistics. The results of this research can have a great impact on children's fiction literature and fiction writers in the field of children can use the results of this research. The present study was descriptive _analytical in the theoretical framework of cognitive semantics. The statistical population includes 40 children from 2 and 9 years. To collect the data, children's natural speech was used the field method (Instagram videos). The research results show that the preposition "to" with the meaning of addressing someone has the highest frequency in age groups A and B. From the point of view of Bruner's cognitive theory, children in age group A are in the stage of movement and image representation and in age group B are in the stage of symbolic representation. A radial network is a term used to describe a collection of words that are interconnected through their meanings, concepts, and expressions. These words possess multiple definitions and are categorically related radially. Within this framework, a single meaning is designated as the primary or archetypal meaning, while alternative meanings are situated around it, akin to rays radiating out from a central, exemplary core.

Cognitive linguists do not negate the metaphorical creativity inherent in the works of poets and writers. According to the ‘Cognitive Poetics’ theory proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989), poets and writers frequently employ the same conventional conceptual metaphors in their compositions that are prevalent in everyday language. The creative aspect of poetry emerges from the adept manipulation and modification of these commonplace conceptual metaphors, achieved through the application of four conceptual tools: expansion, complication, questioning, and combination. The primary objective of this research is to introduce these strategies and assess their applicability in conducting a cognitive analysis of certain novel metaphors found in two collections of short stories authored by Zakaria Tamer (1931), a distinguished contemporary Syrian writer. The analysis of the data indicates that Tamer has utilized the same everyday conceptual metaphors in his narratives. Consequently, the creativity exhibited by this author could potentially be attributed to the proficient application of the aforementioned tools in the usage of ordinary metaphors. Based on the data analysis, it is observed that Tamer, in the creation of the metaphors examined, has predominantly employed the tool of combination, sparingly used the tool of questioning, and has made moderate use of the tools of expansion and complication. The findings also suggest that Tamer, through his judicious use of metaphor, not only imparts elegance and beauty to his prose but also effectively communicates the underlying concepts and messages of his stories to the reader.

The contemporary metaphor theory is based on the belief that the system of human understanding and perception is based on metaphor, which is entirely involuntarily mixed with human daily life. In this approach, it is considered a part of human life. So, metaphors are not only a pure linguistic function but also an essential tool for understanding abstract and intangible things in the human mind, and their scope of work and influence is not at the level of words but in the depth of meaning and concepts. Since part of the language structure of religious texts, such as Nahj al-Balaghah, contains metaphors, and the metaphors of this religious text are far beyond linguistic and literary metaphors, this research aims to find abstract metaphors of "sadness and "happiness". In the present study, by reading, searching, and examining the translated text of Nahj al-Balaghah, some sadness and happiness words and their synonyms were found, and some contained conceptual metaphors. Therefore, the words containing the conceptual metaphor of sadness and happiness were chosen and explained according to the theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). As a result, metaphorical mappings were obtained, such as sadness is substance, sadness is a living thing, sadness is fire, sadness is a fluid, sadness is destructive, sadness is dust, sadness is clothes, and the mappings of happiness is the object, happiness is a living being.

Cognitive linguistics research has revealed that the human body and its physical experiences are integral components of cognitive architecture. The concept of "embodied cognition" is a fundamental principle within the Cognitive linguistics. The utilization of linguistic expressions to depict abstract notions is a manifestation of a fundamental principle. This phenomenon is ubiquitous across all languages and presents a viable avenue for investigating the cognitive and cultural conceptualizations of various ethnic groups. Utilizing the descriptive-analytical approach, the current study has examined the term "Ayn" in the three-volume work of "Al-Maajm al-Musaoi Lal-Tabir al-Istalahi fi Al-Lagha Al-Arabiya" authored by Mohammed Mohammad Dawood. The objective of this investigation was to ascertain how Arabic speakers have employed this term in conceptualization and to identify the specific regions where it is most frequently used. The findings of the data analysis suggested that the term "Ayn" in this language serves as a cognitive instrument that conceptualizes multiple target domains, many of which pertain to abstract domains. These target domains align with the ones introduced by Kovecses (1946), including "psychological and mental states and actions," "experiences," and "social processes." Notably, the frequency of the "psychological and mental performance domains" is noteworthy among these domains. The cognitive examination of these concepts can be customized to the cognitive processes of conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, and conventional knowledge. The metaphorical mappings "eye is a container," "eye is a person," and metonymy of "a tool instead of an action" is noted to be among the most prevalent.

Nahj al-Balaghah is undoubtedly the most comprehensive book after the Qur'an, which can be considered a human guide in all aspects of life and can be responsible for guiding humanity in various fields. This precious book contains a wide range of abstract concepts that cannot be expressed in everyday language, and to make the subject understandable to the audiences, appropriate linguistic tools must be used, among which metaphor is one of the most widely used tools. Imam Ali (AS) sometimes used illocutionary acts in his words to encourage the audiences to do good things and to warn them about evil deeds. Therefore, the present study tries to extract those sentences with metaphorical structures responsible for conveying abstract concepts from Nahj al-Balaghah sermons and analyze them based on cognitive metaphor. The research results indicate that Imam Ali (AS) conceptualizes the destination area using maps taken from everyday life that everyone can understand and uses various cognitive metaphors based on the audience's knowledge and understanding of the target concept.

This research investigates, describes and analyzes the linguistic errors of a Persian speaking student with Down syndrome who studies in the third grade of elementary school. The aim of the research is to apply the concepts of Cognitive Linguistics in the analysis of the samples of this student's narrative speech. For this purpose, research data were collected by Nili-pour et al.'s language test (2023) and Speech Therapist assessment by recording the subject's speech. After collecting data, the researcher classified the errors in the form of tables. Investigations and analyzes showed that this person has more problems in micro-syntactic structure than macro-syntactic structure. In fact, this student has acquired what Tomasello (2003) has named to as core schema and syntactic construction. So, the schemas proposed by Lakoff (1987) have not been formed in this student. Also, this student does not use abstract words in his speech, and he don’t use the correct forms verbs and timed relations was also imperfect. It is suggested that in speech therapy training for this student, along with the current teaching methods, methods based on strengthening the schemas proposed by Lakoff should be designed and carried out to improve the macro-syntactic structure.

The theoretical structure of conceptual blending is based on the idea that the process of meaning construction arises from the combination and fusion of conceptual structures. In this process, inner mental spaces are formed, mappings between these spaces occur, and as a result of selective blending between these spaces, a new space called blended space emerges, which is more than the sum of its constituent parts. This article examines the mental spaces related to the term "rend" in Hafez's poetry. The main goal of this article is to clarify how the character of "rend" in Hafez's poetry transforms into an elevated and perfect human being with all the negative characteristics associated with it in the external world, deserving of authority and leadership. The research findings indicate that Hafez has created a character by using mental spaces and blending them regarding "rend", which, despite possessing the real qualities of a "rend

Among new achievements of cognitive linguistics some have resulted from returning to the concepts of literary traditions, from which one can mention the participation of metaphor, metonymy, and allegory in the process of cognition, and metaphor and metonymy have always had a place of significance. In the history of Western rhetorics the relation between these two was not at issue as they are disconnected in nature. In subsequent eras, they were even regarded as having a confrontational relation. Unlike Western rhetoricians, Muslim rhetoricians have always maintained a close relation between metonymy and metaphor. They considered metaphor as a type of metonymy. In this paper, we are going to show that the metonymic basis of metaphors, as the Muslim rhetoricians believe, is a provable matter of fact. For this purpose and as the first step, we deal with the evolution of approaches towards metonymy and metaphor in Western and Islamic rhetoric history. Then, we will discuss how the confrontation of these two concepts fades as cognitive studies come to work. Still, the cognitivists mostly do not believe that all types of metaphor rise from metonymy, while the Muslim rhetoricians firmly believe that all types of metaphor have a metonymic basis. We are going to show that not only some but all kinds of metaphors have a metonymic basis and all types of conceptual metaphors are constructed upon conceptual metonymy. The theory of Categorization which is one of the most significant ones in cognitive studies has been part of our argumentation framework.

One of the new scientific fields directly related to the human mind is cognitive science. Visual diagrams, first proposed by Mark Johnson, are one of the most important infrastructures in this field. Due to its psychological nature and direct connection with the mind, vocabulary can be investigated through cognitive studies. Cognitive science and its related disciplines, such as cognitive linguistics, have provided researchers with the necessary tools to conduct cognitive research due to their communicative nature. The goal of this article's authors is to use these tools to decipher the meaning of words.The current research involves a case study of equivalent vocabulary found in Persian and Arabic in biology courses during the first and second terms. The aim is to determine the use of visual schemas in equivalent vocabulary and examine these two languages based on Johnson's linguistic approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The study seeks to investigate how far equivalent words in Persian and Arabic in biology lessons from seventh to twelfth grade reach meaning with the application of physical experiences, and whether they have been found in language form.The purpose of this research is to show the prominent role of image schemas as semantic tools in making abstract spaces concrete in people's minds. After analyzing the data, it was found that the volumetric schema has the highest rate in equivalence of words in Arabic language. The Arabic word is not found in the movement schema, but it has an equal contribution as the power schema does in transferring meaning for equivalent words between Persian and Arabic languages.

The purpose of this article is to explain how Sarrami knew the world based on the theory of conceptual metaphor. this paper, we show that, according to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is not merely linguistic, but it is a tool for cognition. The theoretical framework of this paper is indebted to theory of Johnson's image schemas. In this article, after explaining the metaphor and introducing the theory of image schemas, we report the image schemas of Sarrami poetry. This article concludes that the image schemas of this poem show the poet's cognitive system and strengthen the foundation of his experiences to achieve a specific language. By discovering conceptual metaphors in this work, it can be understood that the images of this poem originate from the unity of the poet's attitude and stable actions with the cultural and physical environment, etc., and ultimately lead to the formation of a specific language. This article is an analytical-descriptive method based on library studies

"Conceptualization" is a dynamic process based on which language units serve conceptual operations and background knowledge. Cognitive science experts consider language structure to be a direct reflection of cognition; Accordingly, a single word can have different conceptualizations in different situations. Schemas, as one of the tools of cognition, are general concepts that are created from the internalization of lived experiences and are responsible for organizing, interpreting and exchanging information. Pragmatic micro-schemas are micro-schemas that are called depending on the situational and functional context. This research, paying attention to the macro-schema of self-destruction, seeks to classify the pragmatic micro-schemas and their corresponding conceptualizations. The scope of the current research is children's stories with the theme of self-destruction. Each of the stories is considered as a pragmatic and objective situation for calling a specific micro-schemas of the macro-scheme of self-destruction. The present research with analytical-descriptive method aims to answer how to conceptualize the self-destruction scheme in the situational contexts of children's stories. The result of the research introduces five pragmatic schemas as five different conceptual bases: schemas of discontinuity, continuity, individual discontinuity-continuity, collective discontinuity-continuity, and unwanted discontinuity. For the first time, this article focuses on self-destruction in children's literature

The purpose of the current research, which was carried out using a cognitive linguistic method, is to evaluate the metaphorical function of business as a source field in the metaphorical conceptualization of concepts such as life, jihad, worldliness, hereafterism, and tendency towards halal or haram so that the real image of these concepts in the Islamic perspective can be better and more deeply understood. The results of this research showed that metaphorical language expressions with the origin of trade in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balaghah are very wide and diverse, and this conceptualization of imagination and sense in various forms and correspondences has been used to explain and depict concepts such as faith, jihad, the afterlife, and the world, piety, charity, and worship. In addition, in these cases, Alevi's thinking and viewpoint is in accordance with the Quran, but the variety of metaphors and its correspondences in the Holy Quran is wider and more.

One of the most important issues concerned by Imam Ali (AS) is the moral and spiritual approach. He forbids worldly worshipers from paying attention to the world and encourages them to pay attention to the hereafter. Because not paying attention to this world and paying attention to the hereafter is one of the most important bases of moral life in the world. Therefore, to better express this attitude, Imam (AS) uses various linguistic, expressive, and rhetorical methods. Many of his lofty themes can be better and more effectively explained and taught with the contemporary theory of metaphor (conceptual metaphor). Considering that these moral themes and their examples are mental concepts, the way humans understand them is thought-provoking. Therefore, this theory is one of the important theories of linguistics that can explain these issues. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to decipher the moral and mental concepts of Imam Ali (AS) about the world and the hereafter by relying on linguistic data. For this purpose, the authors collected the maps related to the domains of this world and the hereafter in the letters of Imam Ali (AS) and analyzed them based on conceptual metaphor.

Cognitive linguistics is an approach that sees language as a means of discovering the structure of human cognition. This approach, which has increasingly received attention in recent decades, considers language as a sign of illustration and construal aspect of human mind. Cognitive linguists believe that scene construal is a cognitive matter and that each story can be more deeply analyzed from the view of cognitive linguistics. Given Langacker's (1987) views about scene construal and its different aspects such as perspective, profiling, scanning and focus of attention, the present descriptive-analytical research analyzed the story of Prophet Yusuf (AS) and then focuses of attention were examined in the ayahs of this surah. Additionally, the frequency of each aspect of scene construal in the 111 ayahs of this surah were studied. The findings show that, out of all scene aspects, perspective and profiling respectively have the most and the least frequency. Furthermore, most of the focus of attention in this surah is devoted to the dimensions of sleep and dreams and their interpretation, shirt, and deception.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate double negation in Persian in the framework of Cognitive linguistics and based on the theory of mental spaces. Negation is one of the most important cognitive, intellectual and linguistic categories in the human mind, which is manifested in different languages of the world in different ways. This category is also manifested in Persian by various negative elements and structures that generally can be divided into two categories: single (simple) negation and multiple negation. The research data consists of 921 Persian sentences extracted from the social network of Instagram. The results of data analysis show that each double negation sentence, in addition to its own mental space, evokes the mental space of the positive sentence and sometimes the mental space of the corresponding single negative sentence. Understanding the meaning of double negation depends on the formation of these mental spaces and the creation of conceptual maps between them based on the three cognitive processes of understatement, intensification and semantic neutralization.

From cognitive linguistics' point of view, the conceptual system according to which man thinks and acts has a metaphorical nature. Therefore, metaphor is an important part of colloquial language and can be one of the ways to understand the psychological structure of people in society and their mental concepts. Consequently, technology-derived metaphor can also express the psychological structure of language speakers and their mental concepts about how humans encounter technology and the way these two interact with each other. Enjoying the descriptive-analytical method, this study has investigated the anthropological role of the conceptual metaphor of "man is technology" in the colloquial Arabic. Studies show that, in the colloquial Arabic, there is a cognitive-ideal model regarding the relationship between man and technology, in which the source territory includes elements such as "car", "cell phone", "computer", "internet" and "industry" and "Man", as the target territory, is the center of gravity in this cognitive model. The conceptual metaphor of "man is technology" with all its components is subconsciously evoked in the colloquial Arabic which creates a metaphorical mapping between the source and target territories. Based on this mapping, abstract concepts are expressed in a simple and tangible language and they somehow convey the inability of man against technology and the domination of technology over his present and future life.