جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زمین لرزه » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Today's metropolises are always exposed to damage caused by natural hazards for various reasons. These risks require immediate prevention and measures due to the many human and financial damages. One of the most destructive and common natural disasters is the earthquake, which has caused the greatest damage to human society from the past to the present day.Several studies have been conducted in relation to the resilience and management of natural hazards at home and abroad; Among these studies, we can refer to the researches of Ebrahimzadeh et al. with the title of analysis on the vulnerability caused by earthquakes with emphasis on providing the optimal model for the location of special uses for health care and education, a case study of the worn out fabric of Tabriz city. Mansour Naimi et al.'s research titled "Earthquake Risk Microzoning with Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Model in Zone 1 of Ahvaz Metropolis", Alexander with a research titled "Resilience against Earthquake", Kusumastoti et al. Natural Indonesia as well as the doctoral thesis of Boston in relation to building resilience through design with the approach of improving the efficiency of hospitals after earthquakes.Resilience as a concept can be used for any community and any type of disorder, whether natural, man-made or a combination of the two. The definition of resilience includes: 1. The ability of a system to absorb damage and loss, without going out of normal state 2. The ability of a system to organize and reorganize itself in different conditions 3. The ability of a system to increase and create Capacity to learn and strengthen its adaptability.Vulnerability is the possibility that a person or group is exposed to the incompatible effects of a hazard, which is actually an interaction between spatial hazards and social forms of societies.One of the goals of this project is to provide solutions to improve resilience according to the results and the strengths and weaknesses of Khalkhal city. Knowing the characteristics of the resilient city, measuring the level of urban resilience and also determining the effective methods of evaluating the resilience of Khalkhal city are among the main reasons for conducting the present research.

The method of collecting information in this research is mainly field and library method was also used during the research. In this research, first, the theoretical framework of the research was done by collecting information using documentary studies.In the following, in order to check the degree of resilience of the studied cities by examining previous researches, criteria and sub-criteria of resilience were determined; Then, in order to analyze the data, from weighting to the research indicators, the ANP network analysis model was used in the form of Super Decision software, and in the Arc GIS environment, after preparing a vulnerability map for each criterion, using the technique of layer weighting and scoring the main and sub criteria. Its criteria have been used to prepare the final map of the natural index of Khalkhal city in Arc GIS software.Considering that some criteria are more important than other criteria and had a decisive role in the physical resilience of the city, a questionnaire was prepared to determine the relative importance of each of the indicators and it was distributed and completed among 15 expert experts.

It should be mentioned here that in order to evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city, all the layers and sub-criteria effective in the natural resilience of the region, which was the result of applying the weights obtained from ANP in the GIS environment, were analyzed and integrated, and then after standardizing all the indicators and using From the weight obtained from the network analysis model (ANP), standard balanced maps were prepared and finally zoning of resilient urban spaces. Therefore, at this stage, the resilience of the natural dimension was calculated using the Raster Calculator tool to be used in the final zoning of this dimension of resilience. This process was carried out for each index, and finally, the general natural resilience map of Khalkhal city, which is the result of combining 8 sub-criteria of the research, was extracted.

In the researches that are formed with the aim of analyzing the state of resilience, the most important issue that should be paid attention to is the analysis of vulnerability and the recognition of upcoming threats in order to identify the capacity and capabilities of resilience. The city of Khalkhal has little resilience against the earthquake crisis due to its geographical and tectonic location, numerous active faults, the irregular growth of the city in the boundaries of the faults and unstable lands, so planning to deal with this risk is considered vital. The current research aims to measure and evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city against different earthquake intensities and to achieve the first step of planning to deal with the earthquake crisis, which is to identify the overall resilience of the city. In this research, using standard indicators, the degree of vulnerability of Khalkhal city has been determined, and taking into account the results of the methods and combining them with the geographic information system, the vulnerability map of the city has been drawn. According to the final map, which is the output of GIS software, it can be said that the western part of the city is naturally highly vulnerable. In the current research, it was determined that the conditions in the western part of Khalkhal city are critical and during an earthquake, the number of casualties and financial damages will be high. Finally, in this thesis, the obtained results showed that the method used in the research was able to evaluate the studied area well and showed the vulnerable parts, which mostly include the western areas of Khalkhal city, in the final map.

Earthquake is one of the natural disasters on earth that causes a lot of economic and human losses every year. Although this natural hazard cannot be predicted with current science, use of technology and technological progress, makes it possible to plan properly to reduce damages. These measures are the result of recognizing and examining the potential areas of the earth where there is a possibility of earthquake risk, and by taking advantage of it and analyzing them, the necessary preparation for earthquake prevention or control can be obtained. In this purpose, the geographic information system plays a significant role in the integration of related maps. In this research, the impact of various factors on the occurrence of earthquakes and the zoning of earthquake risk in Kermanshah county has been investigated. In order to achieve this, the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method was used to obtain the weight of each of the studied criteria and the degree of their impact, and by obtaining the small values of the weight of each criterion, a fuzzy weight map of the criteria was prepared and finally a risk map. The acceptability of different areas of Kermanshah county has been obtained. The results show that 15.6% of Kermanshah county is at risk of earthquake with "high" degree and 16.7% with "very high" degree. Also, 18.2 percent of the villages in Kermanshah county are at risk of earthquake with "very high" degree and 17.7 percent with "high" degree, and in the urban area of Kermanshah, the risk of earthquake with "very high" degree is equal to 6.3%. And it covers 18.1% of the area of Kermanshah city with "high" grade.

Today, in addition to exploiting environmental resources, humans must be able to recognize environmental hazards and try to reduce their damages. The location of Iran in the Alpine-Himalaya mountain belt has made Iran one of the high-risk seismic areas, and the east of Iran is no exception to this rule. The fault activities of eastern Iran, especially east and west of Lut, are a serious threat to the residents of eastern Iran. The activity of old and young faults and the emergence of new faults have provided the basis for the occurrence of destructive earthquakes in these areas. And it still continues and has been able to provide problems for the population living in the east of Iran.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the Giv fault system in the occurrence of morphotectonic evidence and active tectonic analysis in the studied area, which has achieved favorable results according to the model used and the studied sources. The model used in this research, which is derived from similar examples in foreign sources, mostly deals with the destructive aspect of tectonics and has achieved the desired goals. Based on this, it should be seen if the morphotectonic evidence of the Giv fault system can be a sign of more activity and more threat in this part of the range (southern domain of Baghran mountains) or not? After studying various sources, the sources that answer the research questions were selected and further analyzed, and the conceptual model derived from these sources, which has a qualitative-analytical aspect, was used. Therefore, according to the main objectives of this research, which follows the destructive and instantaneous tectonic aspect, sources were selected that provided the most information to answer the research question, the sum of the information expressing the active tectonics in the studied area.

The Giv fault system is a part of the Nehbandan-Kash fault in the east of the Lut block, and in the Giv plain, north-east of the Lut, with an almost west-east direction, it passes through the south of the Giv village and continues to Deh Mir and Karijgan in the west of the Giv plain. Giv village is located in Khosf County in South Khorasan province and in the center of Giv plain, south of Baghran Birjand Mountains and north of Shah Mountain.
The current research is of applied and developmental research type, and according to the history of seismicity of the region and historical data, it can be a step in the direction of knowing the seismic risk areas and also reminds the local residents to be more prepared. The conceptual model used in this research, which is derived from similar foreign examples, examines mostly the destructive aspect of tectonics.
In this research, the library work started by collecting and receiving a series of domestic and foreign sources, followed by the translation of foreign sources over a long period of time. Also, statistics and information were received from Geological Organization and Geophysics Institute, Birjand University, Birjand Seismological Center. Field studies, interviews, surveys and field measurements, using geological and topographic maps and satellite images, and using Google Earth and Arc GIS software, analysis and synthesis of information were carried out. Most of the data were used as qualitative data and to some extent quantitative data in the analysis.

The morphotectonic evidence in the studied area indicates a high risk of seismicity in the Giv fault pack, which is more dangerous than other parts of the Giv fault system.All the evidences such as uplift and cliffs in the south of Giv, significant change of the bridge river near the mouth and bed digging in this section show the uplift and activity of the South Giv fault and the travertine formation associated with the earthquake in the south of Giv, as well as the evidence of the growth of the Young Giv fold in 5 km. North of Giv village, such as the deviation of Pol and Minakhan rivers and excavation of the Minakhan river bed (Antecedence phenomenon), the presence of three generations of alluvial fans in the vicinity of the Young Giv fold, all indicate active tectonics and the rise of the Giv fold and the occurrence of destructive earthquakes. All the above-mentioned evidences are a serious alarm for the residents of Giv fault, especially Giv village, and require more study work, strengthening of villages, and proper planning for construction works so that the past tragic events of Giv village do not repeat in the future and this issue is taken into consideration in the discussion of land development.

Earthquakes as one of the most important natural disasters on earth, have always caused irreparable damage to human settlements in a short period of time. Severe earthquakes have led to the idea of developing an infrastructure plan to reduce the risks and damages caused by it. The urban water supply system is the most important critical infrastructure that is usually damaged by natural disasters, particularly earthquakes and floods; hence, the function of the pipelines of the water system determines the degree of resilience and design of the infrastructure against multiple natural and man-made hazards. Considering the inability to prevent earthquakes and the inability of experts to accurately predict the time it is necessary to know the status of earthquake-structure and seismicity in Tehran to determine the amount of earthquake risk in order to make the necessary planning for structural reinforcement. Theoretical and field studies of tectonic seismicity in the Tehran area show that this city is located on an earthquake-prone area around the active and important faults of Masha, north of Tehran, Rey and Kahrizak. The occurrence of 20 relatively severe earthquakes illustrates this claim. Regarding the location of faults in Tehran city, it is necessary to assess the vulnerability of Tehran water facilities.

The present study is a practical-analytic one. Considering the severity of earthquake damages, it is necessary to conduct earthquake hazard zonation studies in different urban areas and to determine important indicators of damage assessment such as maximum ground acceleration, maximum ground speed, maximum ground displacement. Three indices were considered for mapping earthquake seismic zones and their integration into the GIS presented a seismic hazard map. In the analysis of earthquake risk, it is necessary to evaluate two indicators of risk and vulnerability. To prepare the general hazard power mapping the weights obtained from the ANP model were applied to the existing raster layers via the Raster Calculator command. In this way, the standardized layers are multiplied separately by their respective weights and finally overlapped. In order to evaluate the vulnerability, a series of evaluation indices are introduced and ANP techniques are used. The relative value of each index is then calculated using the multivariate approach using the SAW technique. In order to calculate the earthquake risk based on R = H * V relation, the values ​​of these two components were multiplied. This calculation was performed in GIS software on the risk and vulnerability raster layer and the final result of this calculation was displayed on the map.

In this study, we tried to estimate the relative risk and risk of seismic hazard on the water supply lines in Tehran, using available data and scientific methods, and map the risk level. These lines should be prepared first by the amount of earthquake hazard risk and then by the risk map, to estimate the earthquake risk on the water supply network. first the earthquake risk then the status of the hazard lines should be calculated. The vulnerability of the water supply lines was calculated using the ANP model by multiplying the total potential hazard risk then substrate transfer network vulnerability risk map obtained transmission network. The highest risk was in the west and north of Tehran. The maps showed the risk potential and the vulnerability of the lines. These areas had high seismic potential and the density of the lines was higher in these areas. Water transmission facilities are at risk and earthquake hazards may be affected by damage to the transmission lines, drinking water to a large population will be difficult, as well as performing necessary zoning to prevent future expansion of the facility in place. These analyzes are a prelude to applying corrective techniques to pipelines to reduce their vulnerability and prevent newly created pipelines from locating in vulnerable areas. Since the results of this study are risk maps along the route of the water supply lines, so in order to prepare a risk control program, we can identify the high risk pipeline map and identify the pipeline vulnerability. And, depending on its location, provided an appropriate prevention and control plan for the conditions surrounding the pipeline environment.

After an earthquake, people are seeking for useful information about the mainshock and its possible aftershocks, and the vulnerability of their buildings to any future shakings. Actually, safety assessment of buildings after an earthquake is very costly and time-consuming, and lack of an interactive system between public and authorities for post-earthquake crisis management, especially in metropolitans, is a major challenge. Due to the widespread use of mobile-apps, information such as felt intensity of earthquakes and general structural status of buildings, as well as necessary trainings might be exchanged on an interactive cybernetic system. The purpose of this study is to design and implement a prototype software for earthquake intensity assessment and to give an overall rough estimation of seismic vulnerability of buildings by using a rapid damage estimation method. In this research, following a systematic method for software design, system users and their requirements, and possible solutions are identified, and a prototype system is implemented. The presented software is capable of interacting with public to receive earthquake intensity estimates and building information, as well as reporting building vulnerabilities, and may contribute volunteers to register aftershocks. Using data received from the users, the system can provide a nearly complete database for urban vulnerability, as well as real-time interactive DYFI (Did You Feel It?), shake and damage maps, which may efficiently be used for earthquake crisis management and securing urban regions for hazardous future earthquakes.

Earthquake, as one of the natural hazards, causes irreparable damage to humans and the environment, and assessing the vulnerability of an earthquake is an important step in planning, preventing, and reducing the damage caused by it. Khalkhal City has a high potential for earthquake occurrence due to the existence of many faults and seismic points. However, despite the importance of the subject, the evaluation and zoning of Khalkhal city's vulnerability to earthquakes has not been investigated yet. Based on this, the current research seeks to evaluate the vulnerability of this city against the risk of earthquakes. For this purpose, first, the effective parameters were identified by examining the resources and paying attention to the environmental conditions of the city. Then, the standardization of the layers was done using the fuzzy membership function and the weighting of the criteria using the CRITIC method. Finally, using the MARCOS multi-criteria analysis method, a five-level vulnerability map was prepared. The results of the study showed that the factors of distance from the fault, land use, and distance from the epicenter, respectively; With the weighting coefficient of 0.133, 0.120, and 0.113, have the greatest impact on the occurrence of earthquakes in the region. In addition, according to the results of the research, 24.53 and 15.83 percent of the city's area has a high and very high vulnerability potential. Also, based on the findings of the research, the cities of Kolur and Hashtjin, along with 28 villages of the city, have a high vulnerability potential, and Khalkhal city and 42 villages of the city are also in the zone of high vulnerability. Therefore, to reduce potential risks, appropriate planning should be done in vulnerable areas. In addition, according to the results, the accuracy of the MARCOS method is excellent in evaluating the vulnerability of Khalkhal City against earthquakes, with the level under the curve (0.86).

In addition to damaging structural effects, earthquakes also have adverse environmental effects, including polluting water resources. In this article, the quality changes of surface water resources due to earthquakes are monitored. In the present research, in order to achieve the above goal, by using various data from Sunnynell 1 satellites, optical data from Landsat 8, and Madis satellite images, the data has been unified in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing. be placed In this research, by using the combination of satellite images (radar and optics), the Starfam algorithm, the spectral signature of Sentinel 1 data and the use of remote sensing indicators (MNDWI, NDVI and RGB color combination), water resources The studied area was identified and then the quality changes of surface water resources affected by the earthquake were obtained in the environment of ARC GIS and SNAP SANTINEL software. The results show that the earthquake caused shaking and displacement of the surface and subsurface layers of the earth and due to the karstic location of the studied area, it caused an increase in the concentration of dissolved anions and cations in water. In the studied area, the role of faults is very obvious. According to the geological structure of Zagros, Sarpol-Zahab city has numerous faults and the most changes of water resources are located in the main path of the faults and follow the fault lines of the region. Also, in terms of geology,

Environmental hazards invariably lead to significant human and financial repercussions, underscoring the crucial need to thoroughly investigate and recognize hazardous areas. Recognizing the importance of this matter, this study focuses on identifying regions susceptible to natural hazards within Roodehen’s urban area. To achieve the objectives, a variety of data sources, including a digital model with a 30-meter height resolution, a geological map at a scale of 1:100,000, a topographic map at a scale of 1:50,000, and additional information layers were harnessed as primary research tools. The research method integrated multiple analytical tools, incorporating a digital model with a 30-meter height resolution, a geological map at a scale of 1:100,000, a topographic map at a scale of 1:50,000, and various information layers. ArcGIS software served as a pivotal component in data analysis, bolstered by the fuzzy logic model and the ANP model. The approach encompassed a multi-step process commencing with the utilization of the integrated fuzzy logic and ANP model, driven by diverse parameters, to pinpoint areas susceptible to flood hazards, amplitude movements, and earthquake vulnerability. Consequently, a comprehensive hazard map of Roodehen’s urban area was formulated based on the obtained outcomes. The study underscores Roodehen's urban area as being at a heightened risk of natural hazards. Particularly, the western and northern regions exhibit elevated vulnerability due to their proximity to fault lines, earthquake centers, and steep slopes, making them susceptible to slope movements and earthquake hazards. Conversely, the central parts of the region, situated in close proximity to the river with low slopes and altitude, face a higher risk of flooding, and demonstrate significant earthquake vulnerability.

Due to the devastating effects of earthquakes, it is essential to understand the potential risks and develop strategies to minimize their impact. The aim of this research is to analyze the vulnerability of Ardabil City in Iran to the risk of earthquakes. The study focuses on the five regions of Ardabil City.

The research is applied and descriptive-analytical in methodology. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized for data analysis, which weighs four criteria and 19 sub-criteria. The information layers in Arc GIS software were combined together to produce a map of vulnerable areas.

The findings indicate that planning and land-use criteria are crucial factors in assessing the vulnerability of Ardabil City. The structural and natural criteria also play a role in the seismic vulnerability of the city. The study shows that the northern, northwestern, eastern, and central parts of Ardabil City are more vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes. Conversely, the southern part of the city is considered the most resistant.

The results indicate that nearly 30% of urban spaces have moderate to high vulnerability to earthquake risk, while around 50% are exposed to high vulnerability. This suggests that the physical structure of these areas is not suitable to manage a crisis caused by seismic activity. In conclusion, this research presents valuable insights into the risk of earthquakes in Ardabil City. The findings can inform the development of mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of earthquakes and protect the local community.

As a natural hazard, earthquake has always caused destruction and loss of human life throughout history. Proper planning to prevent or reduce the destructive impact of earthquake hazard is of particular importance. In this study, to prevent and decrease the risk of this phenomenon, faults were detected and earthquake risk zoning was done in Rumeshkan County in Lorestan Province. For this purpose, first, the lineaments in the region were detected by using 2013 satellite images from Landsat 8 OLI sensors (row 37 and pass 166) and applying Directional Filters in ENVI software, as well as Lineament Extraction in Geomatica software. Afterwards, by comparing the lines with the constructed band combinations, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and geological map of the study area were investigated, the faults were separated, and their map was prepared in the Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). In this study, by using expert judgment method and AHP-Fuzzy, the factors that affected the risk of earthquakes in Rumeshkan County, including distance from fault, slope, geomorphology, lithology, and distance from epicenters of past earthquakes were weighted and the seismic hazard map of the region was prepared. According to the obtained results, 31.8, 34.3, 10.3, 14.6, and 9.0% of the area were in very low, low, medium, high, and very high hazard classes, respectively. Examination of the earthquake hazard sensitivity map showed that the highest sensitivity to seismic hazard was in the eastern parts of the county and that the central parts had very low and low risks; thus, settlement of population in the latter areas is recommended.

Natural hazards with their various types and their range of influence as repeated and destructive phenomena have always existed throughout the life of the planet, and after the advent of mankind, they have always been a serious danger to humans. Therefore, this planning before the occurrence Crisis is one of the most important issues facing urban managers today. One of the cities in Iran, which is more than the other cities facing this problem, is Tehran. The 20th district of Tehran is located in the south of Tehran and is one of the areas that is on the dangerous Rei fault, and is one of the major efforts of the past decade in terms of building some infrastructures based on demographic and existing texture. It has not been enough. In this regard, the present study uses a descriptive-analytic method and qualitative and quantitative research to investigate the role of urban open spaces in reducing the damage caused by earthquake with the emphasis on participation of citizens in the region of Tehran. The statistical population of all citizens in Region 20 is 453740. In this study, the present study examines the concept of participation, physical structure of districts in the region 20, the structure of the road network and the consideration of citizens' views on their participation in open spaces after the earthquake. The results of the research showed that there is a relationship between the infrastructure, facilities and the expansion of urban open spaces and the participation of citizens and the damage caused by the earthquake, as well as the lack of planned advertising, the lack of awareness of the facilities and locations of urban open spaces, among the most important Obstacles to the participation of citizens in the use of urban open spaces during an earthquake.

Geomorphology is one of the tools to identify active faults and tectonic of active areas. Due to the presence of geomorphological deformations related to tectonics, the east of Iran is one of the active tectonic areas. Long strike-slip faults as well as the Sistan suture fault in this area is one of its most important features. These strike-slip faults are all dextral. The Nahbandan fault system is the longest fault system in the east of Iran. This system is composed of two eastern and western faults, and the eastern fault is longer. These faults and surrounding faults have created various landforms in the eastern part of Iran. From these various landforms, we can mention the displacement of young streams, folds, formations and the creation of pull-apart areas. In this research, in addition to displaying the landforms and fault displacements, the earth's formation has also been investigated following the cumulative and long-term movement and displacement of the faults. In this review, MrSID and SRTM satellite images have been used. In this study, MrSID and SRTM satellite images have been used. By using these images, the maximum and minimum elevation measured perpendicular to the faults were estimated as 200 meters and 1300 meters, respectively. The maximum horizontal displacement of the streams and formation measured along the faults were estimated to be 7782 meters and 13740 meters, respectively. The faults had outcrops in some places; some of these faults with visible outcrops were documented and investigated.

Morphotectonics is a science that determines the effect of active tectonics by using geomorphic indicators as a measurement and quantitative description of landforms and landscapes. Morphotectonics provides quantitative measurements that can be used to identify areas with active tectonics. In this study, using quantitative morphometric indices obtained from morphotectonic studies, a part of Central Alborz (Marzanebad and Taleghan cities) has been studied and five hierarchical anomaly indices (a∆), branching index (R), Basin shape (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and roughness coefficient (Bh) were calculated in 19 drainage sub-basins. In these areas, each of these indices is classified into five groups: very high, high, medium, low and very low, and finally the relative active tectonic index (Iat) is obtained. Based on the results of this study, the Caspian, North Alborz, Dozdben and Kandovan and North Taleghan fault basins are in very high and high groups, which indicates the impact of these faults on the active tectonics of the region. Due to these high values, it is expected that the seismic risk of the region will increase due to fault rupture. The density of recent earthquakes in the region confirms this.

Complexity of natural processes especially tectonic processes that shape landscapes cannot be evaluated by classic geometry. In comparison with integer dimension of Euclidean space, fractal geometry can analyze features with non-integer dimension (Turcotte, 1977:121). Fractal behavior in such features shows self-similarity that this component is independent of the accuracy of investigation (Baas, 2002, 311). In fact, fractal dimension, is scale-invariant (Phillips, 2002, 144). Spatial variations of fractal parameters are an important factor in studying the tectonic state of regions. By determining the fractal dimension of Linear structures such as faults, it is possible to compare their geometry disorder (Suk moon et al, 1996:5). This parameter affects seismic behavior of fault because earthquake is an event related to faulting (Bachmanov, et al, 2012: 221) and Their concentration in an area indicates tectonic activity. In this research we performed fractal analysis using box counting method on fault and seismic data of northwest of Zagros about different scales of fault and different time periods of earthquake epicenters of two organizations with various detail to find and examine their fractal behavior by fractal dimension.

Data in this research can be divided to three clusters: 1. Fault lines of two scales of geology maps (1:100000 and 1:250000), 2. Earthquake epicenters of two periods of times prepared by two organizations (20 century data of Institute of Geophysics and 1900-2020 data of International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology) and 3. The second cluster with exert of Magnitude of completeness of earthquakes that show the minimum magnitude above which the data in the earthquake catalog is complete. Fractal analysis applied on these data by box counting method. To achieve this goal firstly, under study area divided to 6 boxes that contain main fault trends horizontally and vertically (A: folded Zagros in west of Kermanshah, B: faulted Zagros around Kermansha and east of kermansha, C: folded Zagros near mountain front fault, D: An area between faulted and folded Zagros near Khoramabad, E: Area around Balarud fault and F: An area between Balarud and mountain front fault to faulted Zagros). To calculate fractal dimension of fault lines and distribution of earthquake epicenters, box counting method suggested by Turcotte (1997) were applied by using Hausdorff dimension, which in two quantity of size (side length of grids) and number (number of grid boxes containing earthquake epicenter or fault) are used to calculate FD (total fractal dimension) value (Schuller et al, 2001: 3). Relation between reciprocal of side length (quantity of size) and number of boxes containing point and linear features (quantity of Number) was drawn Logarithmically as a linear regression in Excel that shows fractal dimension.

Larger values of fractal dimension indicate greater geometric disorder (Sukmono et al., 1996: 5). Analysis of faults of two scales represent that faults geometry is fractal and the amount of FD for scale of 1:100000 compared with scale of 1:250,000 is larger but their result approximately is same. The FD values for both scales are locate between 1 and 2 that expresses development of the fractal community of faults has a linear trend. On the other hand, for earthquakes, increase in FD values shows that earthquakes are not clustered and are distributed homogeneously (Oncel & Wilson, 2002: 339) along a line in understudy area. Calculated number-size values for faults and earthquakes represent both partial and popular FD changes. Based on partial FD, two populations can be classified: (a) Background with FD larger than popular FD; (b) Threshold with FD lower than popular FD.

Fractal analysis of faults of two scales of geology maps reveals that the order of active areas with high FD values in both scales are same but due to different details of faults in geology maps of geology survey and oil company, in scale of 1:100000 area labeled B and in scales of 1:250000 area labeled A is the most tectonically active region, however, area labeled E in both scales has lowest value. The order of active areas based on FD values for earthquake epicenters of 1900-2021 data of geophysics institute do not support other results because area labeled C with low density of faults and earthquake epicenters is in the first order and area labeled A is on the contrary of it. However, FD results of 20 century earthquake epicenters with exert of magnitude of completeness are reliable and higher magnitude of earthquakes spatially recent Ezgeleh earthquake in area labeled A is its evidence.

Urban geology uses geological studies to manage risk of natural hazards and sustainable development in urban areas. In the circumstances that the geological hazards caused by the earthquake of November 12, 2017, had been sweeping the Sarpol-e-Zahab region, two underground tunnels were being excavated in the vicinity of the city.  The negative effects of drilling operations of these two underground structures could intensify the crisis in the region.

With the results of field visits and specialized texts review (articles, documents and reports), the geological hazards caused by the earthquake in Sarpol-e-Zahab region have been studied from the perspective of urban geological knowledge. Using the authorschr('39') executive experiences in the water transfer tunnels of Sarpol-e Zahab and Bazideraz, how to manage negative effects caused by drilling these underground structures (preventing the escalation of the crisis in the area) has been discussed.

The occurrence of earthquake has led to the occurrence of other geological hazards such as: "landslides, Rock Fall" and the region has experienced a pervasive crisis. In such circumstances, the tunneling operations intersected in places with surface water flows as well as with the citychr('39')s transportation roads. The destructive effects of drilling operations of these tunnels could cause many problems (reduction of water resources, land subsidence  and the problem of vehicle traffic on roads) and naturally the volume of problems of earthquake-stricken people increase.

The crises that occurred after the earthquake were directly and indirectly related to the geological characteristics of the city, so during the construction of tunnels, operational solutions tailored to the geological conditions were considered so that drilling machines safely cross high-risk areas and from the escalation of the social crises in the earthquake-stricken area be prevented.

Natural Causes of Earthquake from the Perspective of Precursors of Islamic Era (Late 2nd Century AH to 11th Century AH) and the Quality of Their Attention to Its Hazards Khalilolah Bayat1,*, Fakhredin Ahmadi Danesh Ashtiyani2, Abdorasool Emadi3 1 Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran (*Corresponding Author. Email: [email protected]) 2 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University, Tehran, Iran. 3 Associate Professor, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran Abstract It is broadly asserted that Muslims adopted the "Hot-Wet Air & Dry-Hot Air" [Arabic 'adkhaneh': plural of 'dokhān', lit., 'smoke' in Arabic and the 'wet-hot air' 'abkhareh': plural of 'bokhār'], theory based on Aristotle's view to explain earthquakes. Although his view carries some glimmers of truth, highlighting this theory underestimates the efforts made by Islamic scholars to explain earthquakes. This study seeks to find an answer to this question: what innovative theories did the early scientists of the Islamic era employ to explain the natural causes of earthquakes? The historical research methodology is applied to explore the views held by Islamic scientists of the late second century AH to the eleventh century AH. It further analyzes those perspectives through the relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that while developing, discussing, explaining, and acknowledging the theory of "Hot-Wet Air & Dry-Hot Air" and finding out that the aforementioned theory failed to answer their primary questions on earthquakes, Muslims introduced six other theories in addition to Aristotle's.

The city of Tabriz is one of the largest and most important cities in Iran, which is located in a very high risk area, adjacent to the Tabriz fault and having a population of 1558693 people and the existence of huge human, cultural and historical capital of Tabriz as the most dangerous city In terms of earthquake risk, it introduces and according to this, Tabriz fault is considered the most dangerous fault in the country. The existence of such conditions predicts the occurrence of a human catastrophe in Tabriz in the coming years. If the earthquake zoning plan of Tabriz city, carried out by Tehran Padir Company, has predicted 426 thousand human casualties for the Tabriz earthquake in a maximum of 426 thousand people. In this regard, the most important purpose of this article is to evaluate the vital impulses affecting the resilience of Tabriz city against possible earthquakes. The research method is based on common methods and models in futures research. The results of this study show that among forty factors affecting Resilience of Tabriz city against earthquakes Twelve factors which are fault activity, marginalization, population density, building resistance, damage rate, poverty, hazard zoning map, income, open space access, crisis budget, temporary housing and security are among Key and important factors for resilience of Tabriz city against earthquakes have been determined.

Today, paying attention to the topic of resilience is crucial to building a resilient, disaster-free society. Increasing the resilience of cities to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, is greatly effective in reducing these damages, as well as in the recovery time of communities. In the meantime, urban planners and managers, as the most important institutions involved in the design of cities, play a key role in enhancing the resilience of urban communities to earthquakes. The concept of resilience is a new concept, more commonly used in the face of unknowns and uncertainties. The purpose of this research is to measure and evaluate the rate of spatial resilience in central Kashan. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the main data gathering tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was residents of central Kashan, who analyzed the results of questionnaire, ANOVA test using SPSS software and SEM using Amos software, and T-test was used. The results of the significant indices of the indices are: economic index (021), physical index (147.), and social index (579.), respectively. The results of this study showed that Kashan neighborhoods were significantly different in terms of economic, physical, and social indexes and ideally resilience indexes. Social, economic, and income variables also influenced resilience.

Damage estimates based on predetermined models and field visits have many shortcomings because they require a lot of time and money. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to develop a web-based system for collecting voluntary geographical information during an earthquake, which allows users to quickly share information about financial and human losses caused to themselves or other people during an earthquake. They provide information to the crisis management team for analysis. In this research, to classify the classified map of damage, based on the amount of damage reported by the people, it has been used. To evaluate the results, the system was implemented in the city of Masjed Soleyman, where the recent earthquake occurred, and 132 people participated in data collection. Data validation was performed using the damage map and the accuracy and accuracy of the verification was significantly increased and according to this method, 76.76% of the correct information was considered. The results of this study show that the use of voluntary geographic information improves 83% of the estimated damage rate and reduces costs by 75% compared to existing methods. In addition, the results show that the implementation of these systems in any organization, in addition to significantly increasing the speed of data collection, will reduce the time of data analysis based on the production of spatial analysis.