جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « معیار » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

One of the issues of contract law is the presentation of criteria and effects of the division of contracts according to Imamieh and Iran's subject rights. Therefore, the main question of the research is what are the criteria and effects of the division of contracts in Imamieh jurisprudence and Iran's subject rights؟ The present research seeks to answer this main question and its related questions, so that, while examining the theories of jurists and lawyers in this regard, it can be a criterion consistent with Iranian law To divide the contracts headquarters from Imamieh jurisprudence and Iran's subject rights by analytical and citation method. The autonomous theory of research in the criteria and effects of the division of contracts headquarters is the integration of different criteria under the criteria of opposition and non-contradiction of contracts with the required rules and laws of the book and the age of comparison and its works.

In this research, the physical resilience of the rural settlements of Amlash County against landslides was investigated using hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and overlap index. Then, the spatial pattern of the resilience of the villages was determined using spatial statistics indicators. For this purpose, ten criteria of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, the direction of slope, width of passages, and height were used in order of importance. Also, two methods of local Moran's I statistic and hot spot analysis (G* Gettys-Ord) were used to identify patterns. The results showed that the physical resilience of rural settlements against landslides varies from very low to very high. Villages with very high resilience are in the northeastern region, and towns with very low resilience are in the northwestern region and the plains. They are located in the foothills of Amlash County. In the mountainous area of the County, villages with low and medium resilience were also visible in all three investigated models. In this regard, the results of the local population statistics show the presence of high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) clusters in the northeast and northwest of the studied area, and these patterns have also appeared in the villages of the plains and foothills. Also, the existence of hot and cold hot spots in the northeast and northwest of the County has been proven, and with three positive and negative standard deviations at the 99% confidence level, they have been shown in the plains and foothills. Most of the counties' villages have moderate resilience to landslides, and their random behavior was confirmed by local Moran's I statistics and hot spot analysis. In total, the points of villages with high and low resilience with high-high and low-low cluster patterns of local Moran's I and hot and cold spots of G* Gettys-Ord in all three models of hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and matching overlap index were.

Tourism, as an industry, is an important source of income and, at the same time, a social issue and an effective factor in cultural exchanges with a special status. In the reality that Islamic Iran can benefit from its blessings and be one of the important tourist destinations in the region, there is no doubt; however, despite the existing capacities, it is not clear what policy and goal Iranian society should pursue regarding tourism. It seems that for achieving the solution for development and promotion of its status, examining various factors including analyzing Quranic terms is of special importance. In the Quran, there are terms such as "sair," "safar," "siahah," etc., each having a specific meaning and indicating tourism. To this end, Quranic terms were examined using Izutsu's semantic analysis method as theoretical support, and Quranic principles and criteria regarding tourism were extracted and analyzed. Based on the Quran's comprehensive view of humanity, the findings indicate the existence of criteria such as attention to both the material and spiritual aspects of human beings, positive semantic value, universality of travel in terms of audience and time, purposefulness and obligation, individual and collective dimensions, permanence, readiness for travel foundations and destinations, indication of material life, rejection of classist views, defensive readiness, encouragement of learning, learning from lessons, etc. The utilization of these criteria in planning and goal-setting regarding tourism will be an effective solution for its development from the perspective of the Quran.

In addition to the market effects of human capital, non-market effects are also of special importance in economic growth and development. The main purpose of this article is to calculate the criteria and indicators of non-market effects of human capital from theoretical foundations and then compare these effects in Iran and other geographical and income regions of the world. Using library method, non-market criteria of human capital such as health, democracy, human rights, political stability, inequality and poverty, environment ،Crime, and finally quality of life were extracted and studied and compared over time as well as cross-sectional. The results showed that regardless of the indicators of human development and human capital and scientific in which Iran has a relatively good position but the product of these criteria and indicators is the non-market effects of human capital in very low political sphere, relatively low in social sphere, and if we consider the quality of life index as a combination of all indicators and criteria we are evaluated at a very bad and low level.

The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate., the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.

One of the important topics that has taken up a large part of critical studies of translation is the employment of relevant theories with the aim of clarifying the qualitative level of translation and the extent of its quality. Many theories have been proposed in this regard, including the theory of norms, which calls for the necessity of making a decisive decision in the translation process in light of a set of criteria. An effective target text criteria can be taken as a model for evaluation.This is what prompted us to conduct research to study the theory of criteria, to clarify its reality, and to demonstrate the possibility of employing it in the translation of the Holy Qur’an, especially the translation of “Fath al-Rahman Bi Tarjam al-Qur’an” by Waliullah Dahlavi. Some of them are more compatible with the culture of the target text than others.We chose this translation because it followed a specific methodology from the beginning, which in most cases does not go beyond the words of the Holy Qur’an and its grammatical rules, which there is no justification for anyone translating literally to skip, which called for the translator to draw broad lines for his translation inspired by the values ​​prevailing at that time in his cultural and social environment, which did not go beyond. parent text culture framework.This research followed a descriptive analytical approach and concluded with results, the most important of which is the possibility of employing norms theory in the Matricial Norms for translating Fath al-Rahman without its textual norms, and this is what will become clear throughout this article.

In this paper, in addition to investigate the pro and anti-ideas with Feiz, the strength and weakness of different ideas have been evaluated. Moreover, it has been tried to derive up-to-date sentences and rules in puberty so that it can be used in religious obligations and civil laws. This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. In opposite to the famous sentence about puberty which knows 9-year-old for girls and 15 for boys for puberty, Feiz believed to the relativity in puberty. Feiz believed that the puberty is different from one to one or a religious obligation to another. the puberty for religious obligations can be given over to religious jurists, but in case of trades, criminal affaires, and marriage which are the reference of decision making and judicial rulings, age 18 is suggested for both man and woman. In the other side, age 18 covers all the ages (9 to 17) about puberty believed by all the previous jurists. Moreover, this age has been proved by human experiences in different societies during different ears.

Religion is among the topics that are described as truth and falsehood. In order to attain eternal felicity through adopting a religion and adhering to its teachings, the discernment of true religion from false one holds great importance; Since there is nothing better than Reason, as a measurement, to select a true religion. The present study, providing a descriptive-analytical method, aims to present rational evidence for selecting and adopting a true religion. Reason does not leave humans free in adopting a religion they want; rather, it obliges them to select a religion that its origin and teachings are not in contradiction with the dictates of Reason. Likewise, denying religions, accepting any kind of religion, and considering all of them, in the present time, as true are not compatible with Reason. The true religion, therefore, must be selected among the existing religions. Judaism and Christianity, due to distortions in their holly scriptures, deviation from their originality, and some their teachings which are in contrary to Reason, not only have no rational obligation to accept, but may also be condemned by Reason. Islam is the only religion that has been affirmed by Reason and possesses the criteria for selecting the true religion.

Lack of coordination between the establishment and efficiency of criminal laws and basic principles and regulations has deprived the criminal laws of the necessary efficiency and effectiveness and has led to rooting in efficiency criteria from a religious and customary point of view. It has been shown that disregarding these criteria and principles can be effective in criminal factors, especially social ones. Criteria, such as compliance with the principle of necessity and appropriateness, compliance with the reference laws, and attention to national norms and international norms, are among the cases that appear futile if ignored, and irregular rules are established without considering the mass of abandoned laws and non liquet. In some cases, despite a large number of laws, in some cases, it faces a signficant non liquet, which is examined in this paper using a descriptive-analytical method. This research includes representing the current status of criminal laws and providing some suggestions in establishing laws based on the effective factors in the occurrence of crime and existing criteria.

This research seeks to evaluate the characteristics of an influential TV presenter and determine evaluation indicators. Based on this, it’s trying to develop a criterion for evaluating the presenters, using precise scientific indicators and also the hierarchy of importance of these criteria. The research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative exploratory and its method was to collect and formulate the criteria for implementing thematic analysis, to rank the criteria using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, and to collect data using in-depth interviews. The statistical population, media elites, includes managers, programmers, presenters and professors of communication sciences, sociology and psychology, and 31 of them were selected in a snowball method to discover and rank the criteria. The findings showed that the personal, professional and content criteria of presenters, with 60 percent, are the most important, and communication, psychological, organizational, sociological and technical criteria are in the next ranks among experts. The indicators of avoiding imitation, public relations, vocabulary, high intelligence, audience knowledge, crisis management and recognizing the similarities between the speaker and the presenter from the experts' point of view are the most important characteristics for professional presenters. Performers also should know more than what they knew about performance and media. Characteristics such as the ability to engineer messages, knowledge of the world of propaganda and psychological warfare, knowledge of equipment, technical terms, mastery of journalism principles, detailed knowledge of research tools and religious issues, media literacy, knowledge of the position of presenter and media, and interviewing ability.

Cities are facing many challenges due to excessive population growth and rapid expansion. To organize this indiscriminate growth, new planning models such as smart growth have been proposed. In recent years, the metropolis of Ahwaz has faced the adverse effects of unbridled growth, which necessitates serious attention to the smart growth model. The present research, by stating the necessity and importance of smart growth, has ranked the areas of Ahwaz metropolis in terms of suitability with smart growth criteria with a descriptive-analytical method. The study area includes the 8 districts of Ahwaz metropolis. The data related to 81 smart urban growth indicators for eight districts were analyzed in the form of 4 criteria: physical-land use, social-economic, access-transportation and environmental using the gray relational analysis model. According to the findings, district 4 is the most suitable and district 6 is the most unsuitable. Also, among the above-mentioned 4 criteria, the environmental criterion is in the most unfavorable condition in Ahwaz metropolis. Finally, based on the findings of the research, some solutions were suggested.

This article discusses about one of the most difficult and the most challenging problems in the theory of knowledge. It should be noticed that this problem is not about whether knowledge has criterion or not, but it concerns with this puzzle that if knowledge should have a criterion, then what is the criterion of the criterion? or by what criterion, a criterion should be chosen? In fact, the position of challenge would be the problem of the criterion of the criterion. Really, it can be said that this problem is the main challenge between sceptics and anti-sceptics. Hence, it has been known as a metaepistemological problem in the contemporary epistemology, because it differs substantially from other epistemological problems in the epistemology. This problem has two versions: classic version and modern version. The classic version of this problem has been related to Sextus Empiricus (Empiricist, belonged to the Empirical School of Medicine), the author of Outlines of Scepticism. He was a pyrrhonist philosopher, a physician and a pyrrhonian skeptic living probably in the second or third century. Many of whose works survive, including the Outlines of Pyrrhonism, the best and the fullest account of Pyrrhonian skepticism (a kind of skepticism named for Pyrrho). Pyrrhonian skepticism involves having no beliefs about philosophical, scientific, or theoretical matters.

Method of Study: 

The method of discovery in this issue is library method and the method of evaluation is rational analytic.

Whereas modern skepticism questions the possibility of knowledge, Pyrrhonian skepticism questions the rationality of belief. Now, the classic version of the problem will be discussed by analytic and comparative method in this essay. Finally, we come to this conclusion that this problem is really a fallacy, that is a dilemma fallacy, and it can be solved by analysing the self-evident foundations of knowing.

" Dilemma fallacy" is some kind of fallacy which shows decisively that there are only two ways for getting something and all of the ways are unacceptable. sceptics use this kind of fallacy and claim that we can have knowledge, if we have reason but the process of reasoning finally comes to circle or vicious regress. So, we cannot have knowledge at all. But this is a fallacy, because the process of knowing is not limited to the process of reasoning. Actually, having knowledge comes from two ways: the way of self-evidence and the way of reasoning. Hence, we can pass from two horns of this dilemma fallacy and come to knowledge without circular and vicious regress. A well-known example for this dilemma fallacy is that a Greek mother said to his child " Do not be a politician, because you will tell truth in politics or lie. Now, if you tell truth as a politician, certainly God will be satisfied of you. But people would hate you. Otherwise, if you lie as a politician, God will become angry of you, but people would be satisfied of you. Therefore, you should escape from politics as much as possible. It worth mentioning that sceptics use this kind of fallacy and say: you have knowledge if you give reason, but giving reason leads to circle or vicious regress. So, you cannot know anything; the main claim of scepticism. But it is clear without saying that this claim is really a dilemma fallacy, because taking knowledge is not limited in the way of reasoning, but knowledge, as a true justified belief, comes from self-evidence and reason(argument). So, from this way, we can pass from two horns of this fallacy and come to knowledge without circular and vicious regress.

This article seeks to examine the criterion of moderation from the perspective of Imāmī theology. To this end, we have explored into the criterion of moderation in terms of semantics and methodology, and we have addressed moderation in its general meaning based on the Qur’an and hadiths. Then, we have assayed the verses and narrations indicating moderation with the interpretations and traditions related to them, presented the basis of Islamic moderation, and discussed its verification based on the sīra of the Infallibles (A.S.). Along the discussion, we have also discussed the validity of reason in proving moderation. By comparing the sīra and moderate manner of these noble figures as the Source of Messengership (ma’dan al-risāla) and Imamate with the verses that order moderation in method and character, the criteria of moderation and extremism were determined in such a way that the authority and validity of the book, tradition, reason and usage of them should be considered regarding the level of moderation, and anything that contradicts the sīra of the Imams (A.S.) is considered to be a departure from the path of moderation and is not trustworthy.

Although ‌ Administration of justice in the contractual relation has been proposed as one of the functions of contemporary contract law, but from an executive point of view, it can be examined whether contract law should play a positive role or can only play the role of preventing injustice. In this article, by descriptive-analytical method, it was proved that due to Necessity of protection of will principle, contract law has a role in preventing injustice. In this regard, although several criteria such as exchange of unequal economic values, dishonest wager, inappropriate terms, undeserved return and advantage, have been proposed to detect injustice, but the criterion of lack of rational purpose or unrasoablness is more appropriate than others because it includes all the above criteria.

The logic of social life is based on culture. Depending on the type of cultural system, the goals, structure and content of society can be defined and the division of society into desirable and undesirable means. Accordingly, the determination of social injuries, their classification, and the type of interpretation that takes place from them vary from culture to culture. Therefore, in the subject of social pathology, defining the criteria and indicators of social injuries is one of the focal issues. The two ideal types of good and evil are the two dominant models of society in Quranic literature. Evils are injuries that lead the purity and health of the good society in the path of the instincts and requirements of the ignorant society. This research has tried to network the Qur'anic concepts in the framework of the epistemological system of the Qur'an through thematic and semantic interpretation methods and to deduce the criteria and indicators of social injuries in accordance with the image that the Qur'an presents of a healthy and damaged society. All topics are categorized into two levels. At the level of diagnostic criteria, the three principles: right, justice and solidarity have been analyzed and, in fact, the logic of understanding and recognizing injuries has been revised. The sum of them, what they are, the consequences, and the logic of injury control are also understood.

The geostrategic position, establishment in the border areas, as a defense city in the northwest of the country, and the existence of Ara's free trade zone and border bazaar and industrial trade hub have avoided the need to investigate the principles of passive defense for the border city of Jolfa, which this research aims to evaluate Passive defense measures have been implemented in the border city of Jolfa. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is the group of experts, who were selected in an accessible way, 20 people. Using theoretical foundations, the principles and criteria of passive defense were identified, and then the importance of each of them was obtained using Swara's method. In this regard, 8 main criteria were identified, and the results of the analysis showed that the location and camouflage criteria are the most important in terms of importance, which confirms the need to pay more attention to the above criteria. The criteria of concealment, reinforcement and fortifications, dispersion, deception, division and displacement, and cover were recognized as the most important criteria of passive defense, respectively. Also, the results of the sample T-Tech test showed that the general situation of passive defense principles in the border city of Jolfa is average (3.18). However, because it is a border, the average limit for the border city of Jolfa is not considered favorable, and it is necessary to consider more considerations to comply with these principles.