جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « institution » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Some economists support the free market and list the advantages of the market such as high motivation, competition, and optimal resource allocation via price system, and the disadvantages such as inefficiency and corruption. Also, some economists support the government and express market failures and the necessity of government intervention. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the failures of the market and the state are explained and community is introduced as an institution that can be a complementary for the market and the state and in some cases it does not have their failure. There is a false duality in debates between the supporters of the  market and the state and the community as an economic organization has received less attention. This study investigates the importance of social groups (community) in promoting economic cooperation in situations that are instances of Prisoner’s Dilemma and are not self-interest in line with social efficiency. Considering social bonds in Iran and different types of active social groups in the public sector, this capacity should be paid more attention to and be used to promote economic coopetition.

The path of modernization and growth of industrial technologies passes through the historical developments of countries, and in this sense, industrial growth is a complex process in which many factors play a role in its realization. Based on the historical experiences of societies, various theories have been presented regarding industrial development and growth that may emphasize aspects of this phenomenon. This research is based on the research project of Boras and Landvall, comparing the government functions and the historical experience of Iran, regarding the creation of the ball casting and metal melting industry and industrial modernization at the beginning of the 19th century with similar experiences of Cannon, Gun and Butter in two historical periods in England and Denmark and then examines the technology policy of these countries in the form of innovation system theories.
The main question is that despite the factors of the innovation system in Iran's industrial modernization experience at the beginning of the 19th century and government measures in this regard, why did the industrial modernization program of Iran not succeed?
This research is historical comparative in terms of development goal and in terms of institutional method, and its data was collected by library method.
The results show that the lack of institutional evolution and the formation of a systematic interactive relationship between the elements of innovation caused Iran's industrial modernization program and technology policy did not succeed.

Traditionally, oil has been mentioned as a commodity that has a distant relationship with development. Consedring the oil producing countries, especially the countries that converge with the Middle East region in terms of geographical, political and bio-economic conditions, shows that the relationship between oil on the one hand and the capabilities of the government on the other hand, there are in this area.It seems that a common denominator is that the government has been powerful in terms of control but weak in terms of political, economic and cultural capabilities. Regarding the reasons for underdevelopment in countries that have abundant resources, many perspectives and levels of analysis have been discussed; economic, political, social and even cultural reasons. Therefore, the view from the angle of political economy can be explanatory to a great extent.However, in some countries, oil is not only considered the main variable of underdevelopment, but also has become a part of the development process. Norway is one of the countries where oil has not been the only cause of backwardness, but in a systematic process, it has acted as an important part of the realities of the system based on public welfare and social services.The question that arises here is what caused Norway not to be captured by the mystery of "resource curse" and "Dutch disease"? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the research is that the institutional capabilities in Norway have led to the formation of a powerful government along with other institutional resources and these economic and political institutions are capable both in oil production and the allocation of oil revenues in the national budget and in the system. Their distribution shows a developed performance.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The important issue is the effects of the type of political systems and political institutions similar to the government on the levels and quality of the economy. In addition, according to Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, subsequently, the effects of political institutions or political alignments on economic relations cannot be hidden (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012). Therefore, economics as the science of understanding the optimal and productive human behavior is affected by politics and political processes, and politics as "authoritative allocation of values for a society" (Easton, 1957: 383-400), or "struggle over authority" (Lindblom, 1997) is affected by economic institutions. Therefore, the institution's role in both economy and politics is considered a central role. Institutions are defined from different perspectives and levels. Of course, the definition of institutions also suffers from the same plague that other concepts in human sciences suffer from; It means lack of consensus in the definition. 1. Institutions Among political economy thinkers, there is less consensus definition of institution, even among institutionalists, there is no single definition of institution, each thinker has chosen an independent definition of this concept based on his research flow or intellectual project. Some of them have defined institution as follows: a set of behavioral rules created by humans in order to manage and shape human interactions, which helps them to some extent, expectations from have the actions of others (North, 1990).One of the most utilitarian definitions of institution was provided by Hamilton, an institutional economist (Hamilton, 1932: 84). He considered the institution as "an intellectual or practical path regarding the prevalence and permanence of a certaingroupthat is engraved in the group habits or customs of a people". This definition explains Veblen's previous definition of institution as "fixed habits of thought common to all human beings" (Veblen, 1919: 239).Or with the same interpretation of North, they are considered "the rules of the game in society or the limits invented by humans that shape human interaction" (North 1990: 3).2. Development in the Attitude of InstitutionalismSome believe that institutionalism lacks a systematic core theory (Hodgson, 1998: 174) and therefore, institutionalism has a gradual view of categories similar to development, which means its lack of theoretical coherence.The lack of institutional resources causes the rule of law not to exist, or the rule of law suffers a systematic weakness. This is the reason why strong economic and political institutions lead to the formation of a strong and powerful government. Some researchers even argue that institutions can differentiate the quality of use of governance and even the quality of statecraft. Ideas similar to that oil causes the formation of rentierism. The rentier economy is a sick economy. Oil makes governments addicted to rents and they are the result of an understanding of the relationship between resources and development, which confirms that countries with rich resources are facing setbacks in terms of development.This idea follows that "institutions are weaker in countries with rich resources" (Van Der Ploeg, 2010).The starting point of this idea is, on the one hand, the theoretical formulations related to rentierism, and on the other hand, the empirical evidence regarding the underdevelopment of resource-rich states.Rich resources cause an increase in resources and capital accumulation by the government and ruling elites, an increase in resources causes political rulers to become economic investors, windfall resources make the government independent from all political and economic institutions, and the background It creates a big and fat government that intervenes in the public and private spheres. A big state not only does not provide the basis for the formation of economic and political institutions, but also becomes a political super-institution. The super-institution of the government takes the place of the government as an institution of institutions and an institution alongside other institutions. By taking over the system of extraction, production, distribution and redistribution, the government's super-institution has ordered the economy and this issue causes the creation of an institutional vicious circle.

The current research is applied-developmental in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the researcher's approach. Documentary method was used to collect data and "grounded theory" method (institutionalist theory) was used to analyze them, which was introduced in the theoretical foundations section.

1. Democracy Authoritarianism means anything other than empowering the government. Authoritarianism means making rulers and political institutions unaccountable. They use the main sources of rent and the result of this use of rent sources is the monopoly of power in the hands of the governing body and the closure of economic and political processes. Ranked first in the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2021 World Democracy Index, Norway has a very strong democracy. This country respects the civil liberties of its citizens and the government is held accountable by civil society actors and independent media. 2. Tax Based on development indicators, it seems that there is a relationship between development and a strong tax system (Besley & Persson, 2013: 110-51). Not relying on oil for distribution resources, and relying on a strong tax system, has led to the formation of a strong democracy in Norway. Chart number (1): Personal income tax in Norway (1995-2022) (Tranding Economics, 2023) 3. Social Welfare.Social Progress Index (SPI) measures the level of social and environmental needs of citizens in countries. Fifty-four indicators in the field of basic human needs show the foundations of prosperity, the opportunity for progress and the relative performance of countries. This list is published by the nonprofit organization Social Progress Imperative and is based on writings by Amartya Sen, Douglass North, and Joseph Stiglitz (Economist Intelligence, 2013). The situation in Norway is at a tipping point. Norway, having a social-democratic government, has created a situation that has been placed in the first place in the social progress index in terms of social security measures. 4. Economic Freedom.The economic freedom index is an annual index and ranking that was created in 1995 by the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal to measure the level of economic freedom in the countries of the world. The creators of this index claim to have adopted an approach inspired by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations that "fundamental institutions that protect the freedoms of individuals to pursue their economic interests lead to greater prosperity for the larger society." They become" (Heritage, 2023a). The welfare states of the Nordic region are known as the states that follow the social-democratic-free market hybrid economy approach (Rahmati, 2020: 235-195). In fact, from an economic point of view, they are considered to be among the protectionist countries or the welfare state (the government that provides social and welfare services to the social classes). Norway rank is 10th among 45 countries in the European region. Norway's economy has registered an overall 2.9 points of economic freedom since 2017, with increased points for the rule of law. However, Norway's economy is still under pressure from excessive government spending (Heritage, 2023b).

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

The existence of economic-political institutions is an important factor affecting the formation of democracy and its determining indicators. The formation of democratic political discourse in contrast to authoritarianism can cause greater accountability and transparency in the political system and the empowerment of strong social and political forces in the political environment.In this article, focusing on the subject of economic and political institutions, an attempt was made to examine economics and politics through the lens of institutional discourse. An attempt was made to examine the case study of Norway based on indicators obtained from institutional studies, hence indicators similar to democracy/authoritarianism, social welfare index (SPI), economic freedom index (EF), the tax index and the perception index of corruption were taken into consideration and analyzed accordingly in a comparative approach. Considering the effect of oil on the quality of the formation of institutions in Norway, it seems that the idea of resource curse and Dutch disease, which is one of the main factors of the underdevelopment of countries with abundant resources, has not happened in Norway.In Norway, oil is not only considered a factor of underdevelopment, but due to the formation of established economic institutions, it is also considered as a basis for looking to the future. Norway is an exception to the resource curse. This country is significantly different from the usual oil producer; both in the economy of oil production and in the allocation of revenues in the national budget.The presence of a powerful state along with various economic institutions, which are neither complicit nor forced by the government, has an impact on the Norwegian economy.

In this research, we will face two concepts; The ruling class (here as the state) and the social base (as the enslaved and ruled class) "Mosca" consider society to consist of two ruling and sub-ruling groups. The ruling class also consists of two groups. The upper echelons are the ruling elite, which is small in number, and the second group, which includes a larger number of people, has the potential to lead. The political stability of a society depends on the level of morality, intelligence and activity of potential elites. According to Mosca, change in the ruling elite occurs when new sources of well-being, a practical interest in the growth of new knowledge and ideas develop, or an old religion collapses or a new one emerges.

The objective of this research is to examine the moral role of institutions and its developmental implications for Iran. The study aims to address the issue of distrust and non-cooperation in the relationship between the government and the people of Iran. Drawing upon a theoretical framework that combines phronetic and institutionalist approaches, as well as incorporating Aristotle's virtue theory in understanding the function of institutions according to institutionalists, the research employs qualitative analysis to explore the moral function of institutions as intermediating variables in development. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide insights into the developmental implications of such a function for Iran. The findings indicate that during specific periods in Iran's history, notable institutional arrangements were in place to facilitate the adjustment of government-people relationships. These periods demonstrated increased predictability and transparency, leading to higher levels of cooperation and mutual trust between the government and the people. Consequently, these improved dynamics resulted in enhanced developmental indicators across various economic and political domains. Consequently, based on the established hypothesis that the relationship between the people and the government is a crucial variable in the development process, the moral function of institutions, defined as enhanced trust and cooperation, can be viewed as an intermediary variable within this process.

Almost all researchers have accepted that meaning is formed in the intersection of the mind of the author, the text, and the mind of the audience. But this proposition is incomplete and unjustifiable if one does not pay attention to the meaning of the discourse. This is because the author's mode of operation, the subject and organization of the text, and the thoughts of the audience are all determined by rules of discourse. This article attempts to provide a conceptual model from the perspective of Michel Foucault's philosophy and considers Bidel Dehlavi as an example. This model describes the relationship between discourse and meaning. Moreover, this model is a comprehensive system for the study of Persian poets.

In many countries, especially developing countries, foreign direct investment is considered as one of the most vital capital flows and the driving engine of economic growth and development. So that since the 80s, new factors and variables have been proposed as a stimulus for attracting foreign direct investment and have attracted the attention of economists, in which the impact of innovation and globalization variables is felt despite their importance. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the interaction of the components of innovation and globalization on the inflow of foreign direct investment in the top 47 science-producing countries in the world in the period from 2011 to 2020. For this purpose, the econometric approach of dynamic panel data and dynamic generalized moment’s estimator has been used to estimate the model. The results of the research model show that all the studied variables with different estimated coefficients have a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment. So that the improvement of each of the five innovations input variables (institutions and institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market complexity and business complexity) increases the amount of foreign direct investment in this category of countries. Also, the interaction of all the input indicators of innovation and globalization on the attraction of foreign direct investment is positive and significant. Therefore, it is recommended that in the legislative sector, institutions and organizations help attract funds by adopting correct laws that have the necessary quality and transparency. In the implementation and control sector, the related institutions and organizations must work efficiently and effectively in the field of bureaucracy, taxation, reducing corruption, etc. In addition, by taking advantage of the atmosphere of globalization in various fields, especially in the parts related to the complexities of the market, they should be used to improve the structures of innovation, and also the training of capable human resources and managers should be put on the agenda.

Throughout history, the rise and fall of great powers has always been one of the most important and fundamental issues in the international system. With the beginning of the 21st century, observers and analysts have argued that the transition period in the international system has begun, and although the new era does not have a clear formulation, what is clear is that America's hegemonic position has weakened. So the question is, what is the reason for the decline of American hegemony based on Robert Cox's theory? In answer to this question, it is hypothesized that the decline of American hegemony has been due more to the inappropriate behavior of the United States in recent decades than to the balance of power of the world powers that It has focused more on hegemonic political behavior than on trying to create satisfaction based on Robert Cox's theory of hegemony. Research findings using descriptive-explanatory research method show; American political behavior is different from Robert Cox's view of hegemony and domination has played a greater role in American performance than consent and this has affected the decline of that country's hegemony.

The problem of identifying the roots and causes of underdevelopment of countries is a complex issue for which the extensive research has been done to explain it. The contribution of the present paper is that by using the method of direct content analysis in order to improve institutional analysis, it shows that the main element in the underdevelopment analysis is not "institutional quality" but "institutional consistency", the function of institutions appears in an institutional consistency. Thus, using such an approach, it is shown that one of the most important roots of underdevelopment and ultimately the decline and collapse of the Pahlavi's regime has been institutional inconsistency. The special focus of this study is on theorizing the new concept of "institutional inconsistency" and using it for institutional analysis of Iran's economy with emphasis on the inconsistency between traditional authoritarian political institutions and modern legal institutions such as parliament and civil law, between modern economic institutions, such as industry and tribal social structure in Iran, also in the light of the concept of institutional consistency for Iran, the key concepts of institutional analysis were identified.

The first goal of any economy to move on the path of growth and development is to achieve sustainable growth. Hence, countries are working to reduce volatility in economic growth. One of the factors affecting the volatility of economic growth is foreign trade. The effect of this variable on the volatility of economic growth is different in different countries and one of the reasons is the difference in the institutions of countries. The present study seeks to answer the question of how trade openness considering the situation of government institutions has an effect on the volatility of Iran's economic growth. For this purpose, the volatility of economic growth was obtained by calculating the standard deviation of economic growth. The ratio of exports plus imports to GDP as a degree of trade openness, an average of six indicators of good governance including the Voice and Accountability, Political stability, Government Effectiveness , Regulatory Quality , Rule of Law and Control of Corruption as indicators of political governance and the ratio of government debt to GDP were also used as alternative to government economic governance. In order to achieve the research goal for the Iranian economy during the period 1996-2019, the model was estimated by ARDL method. The results showed that during the study period, increasing trade openness and improving good governance has led to a decrease in the volatility of Iran's economic growth. On the other hand, the increase in the government's economic governance has increased the instability of Iran's economic growth.

One of the most important stages of an academic research is choosing a certain suitable theoretical framework. Therefore, this research aimed to find a theoretical framework according to the prerequisites for sustainable rural development. A theoretical framework is a perspective and a school of thought based on which a research is organized. There are different theoretical frameworks and schools in economic knowledge, which can explain issues differently. Therefore, an appropriate theoretical framework should be chosen to identify a specific subject and analyze its related issues. Accordingly, to analyze and identify the issues related to sustainable rural development, it is necessary to use an appropriate theoretical framework that can provide a more realistic explanation. Thus, the data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method, and the most important prerequisites for sustainable rural development were identified by referring to the literature. According to the results, education, human development, institutional regime, social development, improvement of productivity, environment, equality, improvement of infrastructure, promotion of non-agricultural employment, and technology were recognized as the most important prerequisites for sustainable rural development, most of which having an institutional nature. Therefore, the best theoretical framework that can explain and analyze the issues related to sustainable rural development and provide more realistic explanation is “institutional economics”.

Iran's Islamic Revolution has a unique mission in the developments of the present era, including the introduction of new models of organization and management. Based on the surveys, so far no study has been introduced that deals with the comprehensive understanding of the background features of the institutions of the Islamic Revolution and their model-oriented presentation. The current research has been conducted in order to identify the background features of the institutions of the Islamic Revolution in one of the organizations of the armed forces based on thematic literature and to introduce the model of systemic communication between them. For this purpose, by analyzing the content of 49 studies in 1423 final codes, The background features of the institutions of the Islamic Revolution were identified in 3 categories of values, mechanisms and functions, with 36 themes and 560 indicators and sub-indices, and were classified in the form of a systemic model and validated by the Delphi method. Based on the findings, the values derived from pure Islam and crystallized in the Islamic Revolution are the core of the institutions of the Islamic Revolution. Value-oriented organization in an organized, indigenous and efficient format is the mechanism of revolutionary institutions. Being multi-purpose and playing social, cultural, political, economic, defense and security roles according to the conditions constitute the functions of a revolutionary institution. Also, the dynamic analysis of the problem emphasizes the importance of adopting dynamic and intelligent positive and negative mechanisms in the institutions of the Islamic Revolution.

The economy and economic issues, indicates the importance of the economy in today's world and at the same time the vulnerability of the Islamic Republic through this. This applied development research, which is qualitative in approach and descriptive in terms of analytical method, has tried to provide a roadmap for the implementation of general economic policies by analyzing the literature and analyzing the documentary content by web and library methods, as well as by interviewing experts. To resist. The main question is what is the model that examines and emphasizes the relationship between executive institutions and practical measures to implement the practical requirements for the implementation of these policies, and obviously the main purpose of the research was to provide the model. Institutional mapping is a representation of the status of institutions active in a particular field, along with the relationships between them and a tool for identifying and displaying key institutions (formal and informal) and individuals inside and outside a community and the importance of different social groups; Thus, institutional mapping shows the process of examining and designing the components of a system and their dynamics, interdependencies, interactions, relationships of components, and how activities flow.

The efficiency of the public sector is expressive of the capability and ability of managing the country by the managers and the society agents leading to the people's satisfaction. The ability of governments in performing their duties provides requirements of peoples in a community. In this paper, the efficiency of the public sector of Iran , after Islamic revolution in the institutional sphere of economics and politics has been extracted, during the 44 years. For this purpose, political stability, economic stability, political development and economic development as the outputs and manpower, years of rule, oil revenues and other revenues, as inputs of the public sector decision-making unit, have been used in the data envelopment analysis method. This paper has used the Mann - Whitney test to confirm the significance of changes in public sector's efficiency. The results of this research show that the efficiency of Iran's public sector has been stable in some periods of time and has decreased in others, and in general, it has a significant distance from the efficiency limit.

Institutional capacity, as an important factor, plays a bedrock role in the realization of smart cities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the current status of institutional capacity for the realization of a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz and ranking its indicators. The present study is a descriptive-analytical purpose in terms of applied purpose and methodology. In assessing the status of the components, it was selected as a statistical population by the experts of organizations that are involved in the smartening of Ahvaz metropolis or will be involved in the future; Finally, 380 questionnaires were completed by the statistical community; Which were selected by snowball sampling and supervised network. Data collection tool is a five-point electronic Likert questionnaire based on qualitative content analysis method; In order to analyze the data, mean statistical tests, one-sample t-test and Friedman ranking were used using SPSS software. Formal validity of the questionnaire with the opinion of professors and content validity using the relative content validity coefficient of CV equal to 0.78; And its authenticity and reliability were confirmed by Kendall coefficient W. According to the research findings, the status of the institutional capacity for the realization of a smart city in the metropolis of Ahvaz is not appropriate, and among these, the peripheral components and smart governance are in a lower situation compared to other components.

Today, one of the most important platforms for increasing economic interactions in the international arena, transferring new technologies and continuing economic growth, is foreign direct investment; Because achieving economic growth and development in any country requires the formation of capital to provide the required financial resources. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to search for specific variables in order to facilitate the attraction of foreign direct investment, among these variables is life expectancy at birth as a special form of human capital. Considering this necessity, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of life expectancy at birth on the flow of foreign direct investment in the top 47 science producing countries for the period from 2011 to 2020. For this purpose, the model of the current research was estimated based on the dynamic panel data approach and the results showed that all the studied variables including life expectancy at the beginning of production as an indicator of population health with different estimated coefficients have a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment; Therefore, it is suggested to the policy makers in order to attract foreign direct investment, in addition to other attraction policies, to implement the human resource development policy such as the policy of promoting health and population health through increasing the budget of the health sector and achieving health infrastructure facilities, so that the health and Improve people's life expectancy and in this way facilitate the attraction of foreign direct investment to the country.

The historical experience of many countries in the world shows that developed societies have efficient institutions that have played a large role in the realization of development. This has caused institutionalism to become a necessity today that, in addition to the formation of the institutional structure, its functions are also carefully monitored and its effects on the sustainable development of the region are explored. Based on this, this research is trying to use the descriptive-analytical method and use the existing documents; while explaining the concept of institution and institutionalism; investigate the influence of institutionalism in regional development planning and the impact of institutionalism and institutional capacities on sustainable regional development. The results of the research show that institutionalism, instead of focusing on the summary of descriptive and collected statistics in the field of growth and development results, seeks to explain the basic characteristics and type of growth and development. Based on this approach, local separate assets and internal economic capabilities are considered as a basis for development and a foundation for establishing and launching local and regional competitiveness. Institutionalism emphasizes the necessary conditions and foundations for local and regional development. Based on this approach, both formal and informal institutions are considered as an important and integral part in reducing uncertainty and risk and increasing trust in regional development.

The current research was carried out with the aim of designing a higher education model using the approaches of internationalization and validation. Research

The participants of this study included 20 experts, professors and researchers in the field of higher education, who were selected through purposeful sampling and then interviewed in a semi-structured way. The data was coded with the help of MAXQDAv2020 Software, and to validate the research model, Strauss and Corbin’s acceptability indicators were used. Members’ observation and researchers’ self-review were used as the research tool.

According to the findings, the most important institutions influencing the internationalization of higher education included macro policy-making institutions, intermediary institutions for policy implementation, executive institutions, executive policy-making institutions, and programmatic policy-making institutions. Also, the most important functions of these institutions in the internationalization of the higher education were the functions of policy making, regulation, facilitation and service provision.

According to the results, in addition to the structure within the universities and higher education, the institutions and the entire environment outside the university were also involved in the direction of internationalization. Therefore, internationalization will occur when the institution of the university along with the whole country and the system move towards internationalization with serious determination and will, policy, program, document, law and vision. Moreover, the role, function, and relationship of each of these institutions should be determined so that the right step can be taken in this direction

Inclusive growth has been the focus of much attention in many countries due to Low economic growth and widespread inequalities. Inclusive growth is a development concept that focuses on the process of achieving growth. It is created by opportunities and people’s participation in the growth process. Given that the government can take appropriate measures to providing the way for more inclusive growth, there is a close relationship between inclusive growth and government performance in good governance. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the relationship between good governance and inclusive growth and the panel data method has been used for two selected groups of middle and high per capita income countries in period 2010-2018. By measuring the multidimensional index of inclusive growth, it was observed that the average inclusive growth index for high income countries is higher than middle income countries. The results show that the good governance has a positive and significant effect on the inclusive growth index in middle per capita income countries, and other determinants of inclusive growth such as capital, labor, technology, trade openness, government expenditure and human development index have a positive effect on inclusive growth. It is recommended that middle income countries pay special attention to institutional reforms to provide the appropriate for people to participate in economic opportunities and achieve inclusive growth.