جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « inversion » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

What is the methodology of discovering the explanatory hypothesis? In the contemporary era, and in the West, above all, Peirce, Harman, and Lipton have been involved in this question. Their efforts have led to the concept of inference to the best explanation, which is a type of non-comparative reasoning consisting of two stages: (1) generation of explanatory hypotheses, (2) selection of the best explanation. Therefore, the initial question will be reduced to the question of what is the methodology of each of these two stages. In the traditional era, and in the Islamic world, among theologians and jurists, two inference methods have been popular by the names (a) thrust and inversion (ṭard va aks), or rotation (davarān); (b) division and fathoming (sabr), or hesitation, which can be interpreted as anticipations of the inference to the best explanation and, in particular, applied as a methodology of step (1). This perusal will not only make rotation and hesitation defensible against the critiques of Muslim philosophers and logicians, but also, on the one hand, it will give a contemporary aspect to the methodology of the two designers, and on the other hand, it will bestow an ancient background in a completely different culture to the inference to the best explanation. These findings can be important for the history of logic, the history of speech, and even the history of the philosophy of science.

Today, the Iranian government is in greater need of tax revenues due to economic sanctions and declining sales of underground resources. But tax evasion and tax evasion is one of the obstacles that has challenged most countries, including Iran, in collecting real taxes. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with the aim of identifying the state of taxation and taxation and the factors that play a role in its occurrence, with a qualitative approach and the method of grounded theory. In this way, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 financial managers of large manufacturing companies and 7 experts of the General Department of Taxation of Yazd Province. Simultaneously with data collection, their analysis was followed through three processes of open, axial and selective coding. The results of this study show that the tax staff and taxpayers have become alienated from the ideal tax and voluntary taxation at the theoretical and practical level. As a result of their actions and other conditions, the credibility of the organization and the value and meaning of taxation are questioned and the inverse tax-inverse taxation inversion is represented. But through strategies such as culture-building at the objective and mental levels, we can see the deconstruction of the organization's credibility and the taxpayers' trust and motivation for voluntary and committed taxation.

According to the statistics of the Organization of the Environment, a total of 48 days of air pollution exceeds the admissible threshold (AQI more than 150) for the three months of the year. These days coincide with the time when Tehran's inversion reaches its maximum stability. The purpose of the present study was first to determine the height of air pollution in Tehran on the days when pollution exceeds the permissible limit. It also aims to study the pressure and temperature masses of such days, considering the geographical and topographic conditions, and finally to identify the best of these cells for theoretically possible air turbulence. The results of this study, based on Tehran temperature and pressure data over a 15-year period (2003-2017), show that the highest elevation of Tehran inversion does not exceed 1800 meters on polluted days. Only within 6 days of whole days beyond the admissible threshold, temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of such cells shows a pressure difference of 32 milligrams in November, 7 milligrams in January, 100 milligrams in December, as well as a temperature difference of 1.1 degrees in November, 4.4 degrees in January, and 1.9 degrees in December. Based on the results and topographic conditions as well as the cell adaptation to such conditions, it seems that theoretically, it is possible to artificially create air turbulence in Tehran to mitigate the contamination amount.

With the arrival of the new era, the Persian Gulf, like all eastern lands, faced a new problem. With the presence of Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom in the region, the old order and balance faced new and unprecedented opposition, and as a result new political, military, and trade relations were established that upset that balance. Eventually, after defeating rivals and absolute sovereignty over India and then the Persian Gulf, Britain became the absolute ruler of this canal.The result was the absolute domination of foreigners over the region. Since then, in order to maintain its presence, the United Kingdom has tried to provide a legitimate picture of its presence in the region and to present a new historiography of the Persian Gulf by presenting an English account of the developments in this region.If the first issue was an objective issue, from here on, mental and epistemological issues arose because a new image of the Persian Gulf was presented, which challenged the old image. The research findings, which are based on a combination of comparative and rational methods, show that despite providing a lot of information, the presented image not only does not correspond to the historical facts of the Persian Gulf and the situation in the region during the creation of these works. Orientalism and the interests of the British East India Company.

This research is trying to identify the effective factors in public opinion inversion. The methodology of the research is qualitative & phenomenological in category. To achieve this, 21 experts & pundits from communication, media, sociology & psychology have participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews. The findings show that the inversion of public opinion- as a multidimensional phenomenon & interdisciplinary – is dependent on its process & reactions. Factors such as weakness in information exchange, reactionary & traditional routs of official media, sensing the divide in society while ignoring real needs of the public, neglecting the persuasive capacities…. are among the most important factors in emerging of the inversion. Likewise, gaining public opinion satisfaction and maintaining it, assigning the target audience in communication process, paying special attention to persuasion issue in the process of managing the message are the factors which can prevent facing inversion if taken into consideration.

Introduction :

The temperature in the troposphere usually decreases with increasing height, therefore, with increasing distance from the ground, the air temperature will be lower (roughly 0.6 degrees Celsius per 100 meters. However daily atmosphere evaluation shows unlike the above description, in many cases the opposite is seen to be called inversion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptive trend of inversion of the temperature of the boundary layer of Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz metropolis in 2007-2017 on the daily, monthly and annual time scale. 

Materials and methods:

 The atmospheric sounding data from the Meteorological stations of Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz for the years 2007-2017 were extracted from the Wyoming climate database at 0 o'clock. In order to determine the types of temperature inversion in each metropolis, the graphs of the atmospheric data of each station were mapped using RAOB software and the total number of days with temperature inversion was extracted at the stations. Three types of radiation, superstructure and frontal inversion were identified as three main types and four other types as combinational types of these three types of inversion. Then the frequency distribution and percent of each of the seven inversion types were calculated for each station in the 12 months of the year. The eleven-year process of each inversion type was determined using the non-parametric Man-Kendall method and the estimator of the Estimator slope and compared with each other. 

Results and discussion:

 Results analysis indicated that from the seven inversion types, the inversion type of radiation in the three stations under study in all months of the year has been quite decreasing and significant trend at 95% and 99% levels. The subsurface inversion type at all three stations showed a positive and significant trend at 95% and 99% levels in the most months of the year. The trend of forward inversions in the stations under study has been decreasing for the most months (the Z score and Sen’s Estimator Slope is negative). Radiation-submerged-frontal combined type inversion in the study period in all studied stations in most months has no significant trend. Among the seven types of inversion observed at the studied stations, the combination of radiation-subsidence type has the most significant and incremental trend in all three stations. In all three stations, for 6 months of the year, the increasing frequency of radiation-subsidence type at 95% and 99% confidence levels was significant and the most frequent increase in this type of inversion occurred in the winter and autumn seasons. The combined type of radial-frontal inversion and the Subsidence- frontal type at all stations in Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz have not been significantly trendy for most of the months. The investigation results of the number of inversion layers in the stations showed that in all three stations in all months of the year, the number of inversion layers increased significantly at 99% and 95% confidence levels. An annual review of the frequency of inversion days in all three stations showed a significant increase in the annual scale. In this study, using the inversion layer temperature difference, the thickness of the inversion layer and the station height were used to calculate the intensity of the inversions. Formula (1) I=((Δθ)2)/(3+Z(Δz)) The inversions were calculated only for inversions of the surface of the earth up to the surface of 500 hPa, then by applying the two conditions of the Haffter ((Δθ / (Δz)> 0/005 km ^ (-1) and θ_"t" -θ_"b" >2( Critical inversion was investigated by the total inversion occurred and the severity of the inversions trends. The results of applying the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen’s Estimator Slope on the data of the severity of critical inversions in different months of the year showed that except for the months of October, November and December at the Mehrabad station, the rate of critical invertebrates was significant at 95 % level. For the rest of the months, the trend of severity of critical inversions has been increasing, but they are not significant at all levels of confidence. In February, the trend of inversion was decreasing in all three stations. Conclusion The results showed that the radiation type inversion occurred in the period 2007-2017 at all three stations decreased significantly, conversely, the subsidence inversion type showed a significant increase in all three stations. Radiation- Subsidence combined type had a significant increase in all three stations. It can be concluded that the types of inversion in the period of 2007-2017 have changed from pure inversion types to combine and multi-layer types and, specifically, to the Radiation- Subsidence type. The significance of the increasing trend of inversion layers was also confirmed by statistical tests. Despite the increasing trend of the inversions occurring during the statistical period, this trend has not been significant at any level of confidence. However, the intensity of inversions other than the fall of Tehran station at other stations did not have a significant trend, although they have experienced a positive slope for many months. Several factors, including the release of high heat energy, the increase of greenhouse gases, as well as the increase in population and land use change, the change in surface evolution from heat transfer, pollutant emissions, evapotranspiration and land cover due to the impact of wind currents considered to be reasons of this increased air stability in the boundary layer and the local climate change of these metropolises.Despite the increasing trend of the inversions occurring during the statistical period, this trend has not been significant at any level of confidence. However, the intensity of inversions other than the fall of Tehran station at other stations did not have a significant trend, although they have experienced a positive slope for many months. Several factors, including the release of high heat energy, the increase of greenhouse gases, as well as the increase in population and land use change, the change in surface evolution from heat transfer, pollutant emissions, evapotranspiration and land cover due to the impact of wind currents considered to be reasons of this increased air stability in the boundary layer and the local climate change of these metropolises.

The classical knowledge and epistemic systems of the Middle Ages have a pyramidal structure. That is to say, the elites or aristocrats were responsible for maintaining the social hierarchy and the division of labor and political office into the class base. One of the foundations and mechanisms of ancient Greece and Iran to maintain and maintain a monotonous structure was class self-sacrifice, in which a particular ethic was defined for each social class. In Plato's Republic, the Old Testament, the treatises of Farabi, Ferdowsi, and Obaid Zakani have emphasized class kinship. This article focuses on the akhlagh-alashraf Obaid Zakani's work on self-sacrifice, the mechanism of class morality, and its inversion to critique power in times of crisis in the Mongol invasion. To answer the question of how the representation of class kinship in the thought of Obaid Zakani, using phenomenological method, it has been shown that in the tradition of Iranian political thought, Obaid Zakani tried to preserve the class kinship of the king, agents and ordinary people, such as Farabi and Ferdowsi, but In the raids and rapes of deserters, there is no hope of direct reform with the industry of secrecy and inversion in the form of satire trying to critique the power and culture of its time.

Defamiliarization is including all of techniques that are involved in foregrunding and beautification of a literary text. These techniques will result in delay and expansion of the context meaning and so the readers will enjoy and take adventage more. The Contemporary and powerful Authors Austrain, Ilse Aichinger, in creating the Mirrorstory didn’t draw the fact like it is as well es Kafka. But with the help of surrealism imaging and variable Methodes of semantic defamiliarization such as the use of paradox and also different types of symbols, masterfully described it in this story and With this outlook Aichinger challenges the readers of his work with regard to the social problems of their time. The present article is an attempt to familiarize the readers with Aichingers’s ideas and her various techniques of semantic deviation and their application in Mirrorstory.

In issues related to air pollution, the thickness of the boundary layer is known as the depth of the mixed layer because the pollution on the ground surface is mixed in this entire layer through turbulence processes. In most cases, the boundary of the area is clearly visible on big industrial cities. The depth of the mixed layer has an important effect in the concentration of air pollution which is dependent on the intensity and duration of solar radiation and wind speed. Usually after 2 to 3 hours from the time of maximum solar radiation, air temperature near the earth's surface reaches its maximum value. At this time convection of heat is formed in the air near the earth surface and transfers the heat from the surface to higher altitudes. These vertical movements will cause atmospheric turbulence and increase in instability. This is when the growth of the mixed layer reaches to its highest level. After sunset, night temperature inversion occurs near the surface. This temperature inversion is due to the rapid cooling of the Earth's surface. In such condition, the cold air layer is near the earth's surface and the warm air layer sits on top of it and air is in a stable condition. As a result, the accumulation of contamination, if there are sources of pollutants, will increase in the earth's near-surface layer. If the conditions remain steady during the day, the mixed layer will not have much growth and as a result, contamination in the shallow layer near the surface of the Earth reduces solar radiation.
Each year, thousands of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter are emitted in the metropolitan area of Tehran and due to the geographical and climatic conditions of Tehran, temperature inversion phenomenon is not something unexpected. By formation of the inversion layer, these pollutants will remain near the earth's surface for a long time which in turn will be the cause of a lot of heart and respiratory problems. Therefore, identifying the characteristics of this layer on polluted days is of particular importance to the health of the residents of this city.
In this research, the study area is Tehran which is in the foothills of the southern Alborz and between longitudes 51 ° 2 'to 51 degrees 36' east and latitude 35 degrees 34 minutes and 35 degrees 50 minutes northern. The height of the northernmost point of this city is 1800 and up to 1200 meters in the center and 1050 meters in the south.
To conduct this research, inversion data including temperature, wind, atmospheric pressure and humidity and vertical navigation radiosonde data at the Mehrabad weather station from January to 29 December 2013, were taken from the Meteorological Organization of country. Then the statistics of daily vertical scroll of atmosphere above the Mehrabad synoptic station was received from the University of Wyoming. Also, the hourly data of air pollutants including gaseous pollutants CO, N2O, O3, SO2 and particulate matter (PM10) were prepared from the air quality control center (AQCC) for the stations Aghdasiyeh, Geophysics, Poonak, Rey and District 11.
After receiving information about the vertical scroll of the atmosphere in Mehrabad station, in order to have a closer examination of the vertical profiles of potential temperature changes in the lower atmosphere, using daily data from the radiosonde to obtain potential temperature changes in height were measured. Then, in order to identify the days with high pollution levels (the unhealthy condition for sensitive groups) and days with good conditions, so that all stations under study were the same, based on a standard index of air pollution Table 1 was developed. In the end, 4 days with critical inversion of potential temperature, including two polluted days (February 6th and August 16th) and two clean days (9 February and 5 June) were detected. Then according to the proposed method of Hefter, the approximate height of the boundary layer was calculated for these 4 days.
In this study, it was observed that the boundary layer height in contaminated cold season of the year reached 1,200 meters in the morning hours while in the afternoon in the cold samples, it grew to 1900 meters. In the warmer months based on the height of critical inversion layer in the selected days it reached more than 6,000 meters. In pure samples of warm and cold seasons, the boundary layer height had significant growth to the extent that in the cold sample of the year it reached to 2,100 meters in the morning and 2,600 meters in the afternoon. On June 5, which is intended to represent the clean and pure heating season, boundary layer height was of 5300 meters in the morning hours which shows a 4,000-meters increase in comparison to its polluted counterpart. The point to be noted is that since the active track of potential temperature can be considered as a measure of air stability, in the critical inversion, for the case of polluted samples of morning hours that were irradiated with inversion, active track of the potential temperature was very high in them. Thus on days with radiated inversion (polluted days) we can say that border of boundary layer was based on the inverted layer. Also the methods used in these types of inversions are more efficient for the determining height of the boundary layer.

Modernization for long time has been the main concern of many developing countries. In Russia also this process, began in earnest from the time of Peter the Great and until today continues as one of the key issues in this country. This article is a descriptive and analytical research based on Russian sources and data, historical investigation of political and economic modernization in Russia. Moreover, this article addition to offer the definitions of the modernization, and different points of view, insinuates to intensity and weakness of Russian government’s policy and measures. In line with barriers and problems of political and economic modernization. The main question of this article is that why political and economic modernizations in Russia were reversed? The hypothesis of this paper is that modernization in Russia in effect of the state modernization, never hasn’t could found the depth of the social, thus has been superficial and vulnerable. In fact, the main goal of this article for the expansion of this idea is studying the process of construction and genealogy of modernization in Russia. Therefore this article is trying to explain the historical necessity to establish economic modernization in Russia, and the root of many of the problems and barriers to political modernization in today's Russia

Displacement is one of the characteristics of language and common phenomena in the Arabic language. Not only is this phenomenon limited to Arabic poetry and prose, but it is also broadened, so we can see examples of this in the Quran. Because of this phenomenon extensively in Arabic literature and also because of its essence that leads to the transmission of the elements for the first visibility to the other visibility in the sentence and sometimes had to change the grammatical role of the words, its identify helps us in a better understanding of text and the correct translation of it and protects the reader from mistakes. This paper in the descriptive analytical approach tries studying of the phenomenon of the displacement in the Arabic language and bringing its instances in Arabic poetry and prose as well as verses contained in the Holy Quran, to show that through the types and characteristics in the Arabic language and to response to several questions, including: how important is the displacement and what is its types in rhetoric, and the reasons of the displacement, and etc... Of the most important results of this study may refer to the undeniable role of the displacement as a rhetorical method to better understanding of the texts including: one of the most important reasons of the displacement in the use of language is to improve speech verbally and morally, and violation of the standard language and create a poetic atmosphere, and the recognition of the occurrence of the phenomenon of displacement in the Arabic language that uphold different interpretations remote and estimates when faced with the displacement in the text and help us to understand it and etc..

Air Pollution in Tehran is one of the fundamental problems of the city. This city is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Part of pollution like the rest of the world Mostly is due to overpopulation، The use of fossil fuels، heavy traffic، lots of old vehicles، Inappropriate development industries and disregarding the location of industries and The other part of pollution Is related to the geography of Tehran that Located on the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains and Surrounded by high mountains on the north and east. In addition to the impact of climate like a gentle wind and weather stability، the lack of precipitation and temperature inversion is very effective on Tehran''s air pollution. Between The selective inversions it can be seen that When the inversion height is close to the surface of earth، The severity of air pollution has been added. In the inversion transitions this problem Caused air pollution rises dramatically. In The dynamic inversion the prevailing climatic conditions، has created deep Sustainability in the layers near the surface. Due to the process of descending ruling، in the large thickness of the atmosphere، Inversion depth increased.

Stable Climatic conditions such as thermal inversions and high-pressure systems established in stable weather, particularly in cold periods of a year increase the density and air pollutants mass in the layers adjacent to the ground surface. Spatial and synoptic scale winds are effective on the pollution aggregation as well. Tehran is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world and on average one day out of each 3 days, is polluted by one or several main pollutants during the year. Air stability in both autumn and winter seasons; provide favorable conditions for thermal inversion and thus leading to pollution aggregation in the ground surface layer and breathing layer of people. The objective of this study is to analyze climatic causes of air pollution and its intensity in Tehran through studying the effects of synoptic scale atmospheric systems based on climate modeling. At First, the synoptic systems affecting Tehran were identified. Surveying the synoptic charts we looked for establishment of anti-cyclonic events in the city more than other atmospheric systems that are effective on air pollution intensification. In addition to establishment of stability and still air, the anti-syclonic events are important factors for creation of thermal inversions. Furthermore, during the cold season, mainly in high-pressure conditions thickness of mixed layer reduces due to air contraction and coldness. To detect the inversions, thermodynamic diagrams (SKEW-T) produced from upper air data of Mehrabad Station were used. At the next stage, using the TAPM numerical air pollution model, spatial and temporal distribution of polluted episods were analyzed based on the model outputs for surface wind speed and direction, and vertical profile of atmospheric elements. The air quality is controlled by variations of temperature and wind elements and the air pollution sources. Both of the weather elements may be considered as the most effective climactic factor affecting the temporal and spatial distribution of Tehran air pollution, so that the horizontal and vertical variations create different phenomena such as horizontal and ascending flows. Out of 4 identified types of atmospheric systems that affect air pollution intensity, two have the maximum frequency and effect on spatial and temporal distribution of the polluters, namely northwest anticyclone and Siberian highpressure. Between the two elements, the northwest anticyclone is more effective on the spatial distribution and the Siberian high-pressure is more effective for the temporal continuity of air pollution episods. Indeed, in this study by comparing synoptic and modeling analysis methods, it was concluded that the results for the descriptive analysis of the systems are justifiable for numerical analysis of overall air pollution in the city and climatic synoptic analysis is an appropriate method. In order to examine air pollution intensity locally in a district or city, modeling facilities are important because status of elements affecting air pollution such as wind as an important and effective climatic factor on urban polluter, can be analyzed and investigated in detail.

Inversion of physical models which are based on the concepts of radiation propagation within a canopy structure, has demonstrate to be among the successful approaches in retrieving canopy parameters such as leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll, using remotely sensed data. In this study rice chlorophyll content as an indicator of crops health status, was estimated using inversion techniques. To do so, the PROSAILH radiative transfer model has been utilized taken by with images from AVNIR-2 sensor on board of ALOS satellite. An extensive field campaign was conducted during June and July 2009 in Amol city, northern part of Iran. Sixty plots of 20 by 20 m2 were randomly selected and in each of them four to seven subplots, depending of homogeneity of plots were adopted. In each subplot chlorophyll was measured using an SPAD-502 chlorophyll - meter instrument. The MODTRAN model was used for radiometric corrections of the images, and the PROSAIL model was modified in order to be used for AVNIR-2 bands. After sensitivity analysis, the PROSAIL model was inverted by an iterative optimization method and the amount of the estimated chlorophyll was retrieved at the leaf and canopy level. To evaluate the results of inversion, R2 and RMSE criterion between the measured and estimated chlorophyll were calculated (R2=0.57, RMSE= 0.47). The results approved the ability of PROSAILH model to retrieve rice plant chlorophyll content with an acceptable accuracy required for ecological modeling or crop land monitoring.

The slope of vertical temperature changes rise in height. This state of temperaturerise with height is called temperature inversion.Ahvaz is considered as one of the 7 major polluted cities in Iran.Intensification of the phenomenon of inversion leads to atmosphere stability andcongestion of pollutants in the lower layers of the earth’s surface. High density andcompression of cold heavy weather, just under warm weather with lower density,hinder vertical movements in the atmosphere. Surrounding heights and high rises inbig cities decrease horizontal wind movements and lead to concomitant intensificationof the temperature inversion layer and further pollutant compression inside the lowerlayers of the atmosphere.In this study we considered climate element data for 55 years ago and analysis earthsurface plans and 500 milibar surface in order to evaluation of temperature inversioneffect on Ahvaz pollution processing.The results of this study in indicate the maximum of intensity of temperatureinversion, weather stability in low pressure areas and high pressure upper air levelsduring the hot seasons. This thesis studies the parameters, regional factors andpollution processes in Ahvaz and attempts to find ways to control and reducepollutions. To this aim, it offers solutions and argues that observation and control ofthe gases and industry chimneys as well as planning the land use can play crucial rolesin decreasing pollution and moving in the direction of appropriate development.