جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « non » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

 The aim of this study was to investigating the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls.

 The statistical population consisted of all female students of the second secondary school who were studying in the city of Shush during the academic year 1401-1402. For this study, 380 students selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data from Gratz Deliberate Self-Harm Inventorys Questionnaire (DSHI) and Uncertainty of Tolerance (IUS). Data analysis was performed by simultaneous regression method and using SPSS 26 software.

The obtained results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-injury in teenage girls and intolerance of indecision. In other words, the higher the level of intolerance of uncertainty in teenage girls, the higher the self-harm. Intolerance of uncertainty predicts 10.3% of the variable variance of self-injury rate. P >0/01.

Therefore, the results of this research can be used in training, prevention, and intervention for mental health and education professionals to reduce the risk of self-injury and suicide among teenagers

One of the economic goals of the countries is to increase economic resilience and reduce vulnerability to internal and external shocks. Several factors influence the economic resilience of a country, among them are diversity in exports, reducing dependence on oil, and increasing the share of non-oil exports from the total export. This issue has double importance for Iran's economy, which has always been exposed to foreign impulses such as sanctions and is also considered one of the oil exporting countries. The main question that the current research answers is whether the resilience of Iran's economy will increase by reducing the share of non-oil exports in Iran's export portfolio. In order to answer the main question of the research, while using the methods of  constructing a composite index of resilience, data related to 31 years of Iran's economy (1970 to 2020) were analyzed using regression analysis methods in order to determine the short-term and long term, relationship,  direction and  intensity  between the share of non-oil exports in total exports and economic resilience,  The results show that in the long term, with the increase of each non-oil export unit to the total export, the country's economic resilience will increase by 0.81 units. In other words, the impact of non-oil exports on economic resilience is a relatively large number, and as a result, by reducing the share of oil exports in the countries export portfolio, economic resilience will increase effectively.

Article 252 of the Civil Code states: "It is not necessary to authorize or deny immediately if the delay is caused by the original party, the transaction can disrupt the transaction." Now the question is, what is the meaning of the word "can" and the phrase "disrupt the deal"?In other words, what does "can" mean and what is the nature of "disrupting the transaction" and with which well-known legal format can be justified? Can Asil ask the court to break up the deal? Or will the voyeurism deal be disrupted by noble will? In this case, which of the transactions is the application of genuine will in the form of one of the disruptors of the transactions?The answers to these questions, in addition to the theoretical importance, have practical effects such as determining the type of demand during the litigation, declaring or establishing the sentence and determining the time limit of the possibility of allowing the yard to pry. However, only some jurists and jurists have dealt with this issue in a transient and different interpretation regarding the above questions. The present paper discovers all the available and possible opinions and then rehabilitates them with descriptive-analytical method under the title of judicial annulment theories, cucumber legal termination, abstinence from necessity, option of termination of permissible transaction, rejection of non-penetrating voyeurism transaction, referral and independent necessity, and among them has strengthened and introduced the independent theory as al-Mukhtar's theory.

Accountants in the world of economic progress today have the necessary professional skills, without which the current economic organization can not exist.The occurrence of financial misunderstandings in accounting is not a new issue and we expect it to have a new misunderstanding, the title of the original law. Are there any shortcomings in the laws and regulations and standards of non-ethical behavior of accountants?Research background shows that professional ethics has not been very successful in institutionalizing ethical principles in professional accountants.Reporters report that financial institutions do not have the scientific ability to do so, but rather because there is a lack of professional ethics between professionals and professionals. Reporters report that financial institutions do not have the scientific ability to do so, but rather because there is a lack of professional ethics between professionals and professionals. Reporters report that financial institutions do not have the scientific ability to do so, but rather because there is a lack of professional ethics between professionals and professionals.

According to official statistics published by the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the amount of exports of industrial sectors in the first 4 months of 1399 compared to the same period in 1398, decreased by an average of 28%. In this article, using the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in 2016, assuming the continuation of this trend throughout the year, the effects and consequences of shock reduction of non-oil exports following the outbreak of Corona virus on economic sectors production and income distribution are analyzed. These results then serve as the basis for identifying the five important origin and destination segments for applying the structural path analysis approach to impact chains. Also, important paths of impact of export reduction on 5 economic sub-sectors are identified using structural path analysis approach. The findings of the study show that, firstly, the total output decreases by 6.49 percent. Second, the functional distribution of income, changes to the detriment of operating surplus and compensation for employee services, so that they experience a decrease of 5.63 and 3.84 percent, respectively; While mixed income decreases only 2.79 percent. Third, with a 3.23 percent decline in urban household income and a 2.98 percent decline in rural household income, the institutional distribution of income also changes to the detriment of urban households. Fourth, the explanations of the major paths of impact identified using the structural path analysis approach range from 45percent to more than 99 percent.

Non-oil export development is one of the policy priorities in countries dependent on oil exports to achieve balanced and comprehensive development. However, the development of non-oil exports depends on the growth of the private sector and the growth of the private sector is also possible through both the transfer of assets and public corporations to the private sector (privatization) and the removal of barriers to private sector activity (improving the business environment). But, empirical evidence has shown that privatization does not result without improving the business environment. Hence, economists emphasize that improving the business environment is prior to privatization. In this regard, the present study has tried to determine the impact of Business space on market share of non-oil export in developing selected countries during the period 2008-2019. From the three indicators, Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export were used as an alternative to the business environment. Eventually, the research model using panel data and the generalized method of moments estimated and results showed that the impact of Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export on market share of non-oil export is negative and meaningful. Also, the effect of controlling variables including per capita production, real exchange rate and openness on market share of non-oil exports is positive and significant

The focus of this article is on the position of myth in Plato's dialogues. With a descriptive-analytical approach, this article addresses the issue of what are the characteristics of Plato's dialogues in different periods? And how did Plato's approach to myth change in the Introductory, middle and final dialogues? In this way, we first examine the dialectical challenge in Socratic dialogues and then how Plato used myth in different periods, explaining that the use of myth in Socratic dialogues differ from other periods in order to add a religious dimension or mythological and And finding solutions to important philosophical problems. In those dialogues, it takes place in order to bring the mind closer and express the allegory. Finally, by dividing the myths of later periods into two general categories, eschatological and non-eschatological, we explain the specific subject and content of  myths and the reason for their use.

Although high-tech export has a small share of non-oil exports, however it's share has decreased from 1.6% in 1390 to 0.6% in 1396. These goods are among high value-added products which can significantly help the economic development of the country. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the causes of the mentioned issue  and the strategies for addressing that. Considering the research objective, this is an applied study conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) in two phases. The data were collected by means of survey. In the qualitative phase, the fundamental criteria affecting the export of high-tech goods were identified and classified using a theme analysis method. A total of 14 experts in the area of export development in high-tech industry were interviewed and the most important criteria were extracted. In order to identify and screen the sub-criteria affecting the export development of high-tech goods, Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used. In the second phase of the research, the questionnaires were distributed among knowledge-based companies and the obtained results were tested using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In the qualitative and quantitative phases, the data were analyzed using MAXQDA and SMARTPLS software, respectively. The results of the research indicate that “export promotion and development policies’’ and “trade facilitation” have the highest influence and “market access” has the lowest influence on the export development of high-tech products. Therefore, the supply-side factors are more important than the demand-side factors

Since the late 19th century, Iraqi immigrants have formed a community in the US that is widely known as a part of the Arab-Muslim diaspora in the country, yet the majority of this community is non-Arab and non-Muslim. The Iraqi diaspora in the US remains understudied and misunderstood in terms of its ethno-religious diversity as well as the type of influence that it has on its host country’s politics towards the homeland. The key question of this paper is that what is the influence of Iraqis’ ethno-religious diversity on their diaspora identity in the US? To answer the question, we consider the diversity as a vital feature of the Iraqi diaspora, with reference to their patterns of emigration, their settlement and the shaping of their diasporic identity in the host country. We comment on how the divergent dynamics of ethno-religious diversity impinges on different views of the “homeland” and on the future of the diaspora community in the US.

The Islamic society, as a democratic society, has considered the observance of the public rights of people of all religions and faiths in all social and political aspects. In the Islamic society, there are people who live with their religion and have social and cultural relations with other people in the society, and as citizens of the Islamic society, they have rights as religious minorities and are subject to special laws and rules under the control of the Islamic government. Now the question is what are the principles governing the rights of non-Muslims in Islamic society? Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to answer this question and, by looking at the country's constitution, determines the basis of their behavior. These inviolable principles are accepted by minorities and their violation is considered a crime that can be punished in the courts.

In Iranian law, in addition to upstream laws such as "Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act", joint venture agreements are subject to the generality of contract law, and the provisions of a partnership agreement contained in civil law as well as commercial law. According to the mentioned laws, the important principles of joint venture agreements are: participate in financing, division of losses and profits between partners, Mutual representation of partners from each other (ie joint and several liability) and Fiduciary Relationship of partners. China is one of the few countries that has legislated separately for different types of joint ventures (contractual and Equity joint venture). This contracts are differ in terms of liability, management structure, contractual obligations, participation in capital, participation in profits and stock ratios and return on investment. Of course, the above laws should be studied in relation to the "Law of Companies" and the "Law of Contracts", especially in the field of technology transfer contracts.The main aim of this Paper is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Iranian law of joint venture in order to give policy implications for improving it.

The development of non-oil exports in oil-exporting countries is one of the policy priorities in order to achive balanced development. However, achieving this important, requires the creation of different infrastructures that the development of information and communication technology is one of the most important of them. In this regard, the present study attempted to examine the impact of ICT development on the market share of OPEC member countries from global exports during the period 2017-2007. In order to achieve this goal, the research model using panel data and GMM method. The results showed that the effect of ICT development indicators (access, use and skill) on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant. Also, the effect of control variables including per capita production and real exchange rate on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant.

A sanction which is imposed after the conclusion of a contract has various effects on the performance of the obligations arising out the contract. In such situation, if obligor of an international commercial contract refused to perform his/her contractual obligations due to the imposition of a sanction, the obligee would have the right to invoke some of the remedies for breach of the contract. The main question of the this research is that in the disputes and contracts which are under scope of application of the United Nation Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, even if because of a sanction the obligor was granted an exemption from paying damages for breaching of a contract by a competent authority (the court, arbitrator or arbitral tribunal) could obligee invoke the right to declare price reduction as remedy? In general, the answer is yes. However, in order to explain the conditions, specifications, and the effects of this remedy three assumptions have been distinguished in this paper: 1) the sanction affects entire performance, 2) the sanction affects the performance partially and the performance is inseverable, and 3) the sanction affects the performance partially and the performance is severable.

One way for humans to communicate is through nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication that can be called the language of behavior, present language, feelings and emotions; It includes all aspects of communication except words. The application of this method of message transmission in fiction involves the indirect processing of characters through their behaviors and reactions to each other; Are introduced. By describing the language of the characters' behavior, the author illustrates their inner personality. Drawing people's body language complicates personality and behavior. Fiction, although based largely on verbal communication, also uses nonverbal communication. Authors use non-verbal communication in addition to verbal communication to cultivate fictional elements such as character, scene, tone, etc. In the processing of fictional characters, this relationship plays a major role; Because body language reflects the emotions and mindset of the characters. Body language is not only effective in creating personality, but also in helping the reader understand and recognize his or her moods. The present study is an attempt to analyze the issues and messages related to it in the story of the eyes of the Bozorg Alavi by looking at the interrelationships of non-verbal communication, in order to determine how Bozorg Alavi was able to deal with. The use of non-verbal tools along with verbal communication describes the characters in this work. The method of data collection is library and the collected information is examined by content analysis method. By describing the nonverbal communication that the characters have with each other, the author can show their interaction with each other in different situations of the story. In this way, the author not only introduces the characters correctly, but also shows how each of them has an attitude towards the other and shows what emotional space is going on in the atmosphere of the story. Bozorg Alavi is one of the writers who has used all kinds of non-verbal communication to advance the narration of his stories.

Sodium bicarbonate with buffering effect is one of the additives and effective supplement to reduce fatigue. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to investigate the acute effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance in elite and non-elite male cyclists.

In a single-blind crossover study 12 semi endurance elite cyclist (with 3 year national and international competitions experience) and 16 non-elite cyclist (no history of official competition) in the range of 17 – 29 years old selected purposefully and were placed in two group. Both group within one week, 60 minute before the test, consumed 100 mg placebo (NaCl) or 300 mg sodium bicarbonate per kg of body weight of dissolved in 200 ml of water. The Wingate anaerobic test, measure participants peak power, average power, power drop and recovery heart rate indexes and the results were analyzed by using analysis variance (2 × 2) (α >0/05) . dependent variables response to sodium bicarbonate supplementation had no significant difference between two groups (α >0/05), However, in both group the acute supplementation of sodium bicarbonate result in a significant increase in peak power (P<0/001) and average power (P=0/001) and result in a significant decrease in power drop (P<0/001) and fifth minute recovery heart rate (P<0/001). 

Discussion and Conclusion

According to improvement of anaerobic capacity of elite and non-elite male cyclists following acute supplementation of sodium bicarbonate, its effectiveness is possible regardless fitness level or muscle buffering capacity.

The security problem in cities and boundaries during Sasani is very complex that security in each country with internal ability is the most fundamental rule of it's autonomy. Sasanian was not an exception and they relied on internal force to supply security. During Sasanian, the army took more power and order  when Ardeshir. Babakan (226_241)  and his purpose was to recover military power and  to maintain security within all cities of the country. This research aims to study the defensive elements of Sasanian in different dimensions such as operating and non_operating systems in Ardeshir Khore . In this research the authors examined security measures and defending Ardeshir Khore city during Sasani and it is specified that in addition to create ordered army for defense, Ardeshir had taken some measures to secure Ardeshir Khore. Constructing castle,digging ditches and creating fences around the city are some practices by Sasanian to defend the city non_operativly.  Ardeshir Khore is the first Sasani empire city in which the security is prioritized and the city leader exploits defense systems to maintain the security in the city. The present research is fundamental in a descriptive _analytical method.  The research data has been collected by field observations and library ways. The research innovation is to identify security measures of Ardeshir Khore city which has been  less considered .

Extra-contractual liability in its wide sense, is defined as the compensation of losses in the absent of a contract. Although different discussions have been carried out regarding this concept, there are considerable controversies in respect of definition, examples and unity or plurality of extra-contractual liability and contractual liability. It seems that these controversies are mostly the result of the lack of studying of the distinguishing criterion between these two kinds of liability. A criterion which can put an end to some controversies regarding the examples of these two kinds of liability as well as deciding about the new examples which might not be fully comprehensively studied. Although, different criterions can be extracted from existing studies, some critics show the necessity of proposing a specific and acceptable criterion. Some criterions can be distracted from current studies, but they would not prevent non related examples to enter into the scope of the extra-contractual liability. In other word, these criterions are too wide. On the other hand, the perspective about some notions which are used as the current criterions, are not correct. For instance, “contract” itself is considered as one of the criterions. It means that, whenever there is a contract, the liability which arises is contractual. Otherwise, it is considered non- contractual. In this criterion, contract is considered as a material instrument. In other word, the objective aspect of contract is important in this sense, which seems critical from our point of view. Therefore, in this thesis, “volition or will" is proposed as the element which can distinguish contractual and non- contractual liability. Despite the usual objective perspective towards volition and the contract sprang from it, this thesis focuses on the subjective aspect of the said notion. The result of considering volition as the criterion for determining the scope of the extra-contractual and contractual liability is that there might be some situations in which, despite the absence of contract, parties' volition exists. As the result, the liability of parties is considered contractual, although there is no contract between them. For example, the breach of some obligations such as confidentiality which may last even after the termination of a contract is contractual. This is because; the parties’ volition can be attributed to this obligation, although the objective contract between them is terminated. Moreover, sometimes in spite of the existence of the contract, parties' volition doesn't entail the required specifications and as a consequence, can't serve as the basis for the contractual liability. This result is true especially for implicit terms and conditions. These terms can join the contract and might serve as the basis of a contractual liability only if parties’ will is allocated to them therefore, in case of parties’ ignorance about a customary obligation (as an implicit obligation), its breach cannot cause contractual liability. From this perspective, this criterion shall include two specifications. Originality, as the first specification means that parties' will shall be genuine. Parties have to choose an obligation and its liability by their own genuine will. Therefore, imperative rules which are compulsory are not original and can’t serve as a trigger for contractual liability. They are legal obligations and their breach are resulted in non- contractual liability. On the other hand, volition refers to the obligations and commitments which are in line with the main purpose of the contract. This criterion which is also partible with respect to the implied terms and conditions, determines the scope of the said terms which are considered contractual. For instance, duty of care only enters into the contracts which their final purpose is care or something related to that, such as doctors or nurses or those whose duty is considered so critical to hem such as transport enterprises. According to the said criterion, the examples of different kinds of liability are divided into two groups; first, the examples which are not subject of lots of controversies and second, examples which are accompanied with a lot of dissidences. Moreover, providing a criterion which determines the scope of the extra-contractual liability leads to some consequences. Occurrence and proof of the said liability and the compensation of related loss are affected from this criterion and causes some differences between contractual and extra contractual liability.

The constitution is the national document and the mother law in any country that reflects the ideology of that country. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the uprising of the people to achieve an Islamic system and salvation from the arrogant domination of the world, also the unique popular vote for such a system and constitution causes it to have high popular support and at the same time because The fact that the principles contained in the constitution are derived from the rules and laws of Islam, adherence to it is also a religious requirement. By carefully examining the articles of the constitution, one can obtain the general principles of foreign policy and answer many social issues in the field of foreign policy.This research has been carried out with the aim of explaining the framework of foreign policy principles derived from the Constitution and emphasizing its implementation by the authorities, which is the result of extracting the mentioned articles from the Constitution; Peace in international relations is the complete rejection of colonialism and the eradication of any tyranny and the denial of any domination and domination, support for the right-wing struggle of the oppressed against the arrogant to ensure human well-being in all human society and maintain its independence and freedom in the shadow of dignity and justice. And in this way, it saves human beings from the tyranny of tyrannical rule of gold and force, so the implementation of such laws that have been approved according to Islamic rules by the officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran will lead to the creation of global justice.

1. It is important for policy makers and planners to study the consumer behavior of households and to understand the role of consumer habits in shaping their consumption pattern for consumption of various food and non-food commodity groups. Since researchers believe that habits can play an important role in consumer behavior of individuals and households, they, along with structural parameters of the utility function such as risk aversion, Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution (EIS), are also considered habits formation of consumers as one of the parameters of the time separation utility function. Duesenberry (1949) believed that the consumption of each individual consumer was not independent of the consumption of others, and consumer preferences were determined not only on the basis of the absolute level of his expenditures, but his relative consumption of the rest of society and past consumption of the individual also influenced his consumption behavior. Therefore, the habit formation of household’s consumption shows their consumption behavior and it is an important factor in the utility function. In present research, consumption of past periods has been introduced as an indicator of the habits in the consumer utility function. In fact, the main questions that the research seeks to answer are:How is the consumption habit of urban households for eating food compared to rural households? How is the pattern of consumption habits of urban households for non-food commodities compared to rural households? The formation of the consumption habits of urban households for food is more powerful or non-food commodities? How is the pattern of consumption habits of urban households for non-food commodities compared to rural households?
2. Since the introduction of the permanent hypothesis (Friedman, 1957) and the consumption life cycle (Modigliani and Bromberg, 1954), the concept of consumption smoothing has been widely used to explain household behavior. Hall (1978), in his paper, modeled the total consumption dynamics by extracting Euler's equation from the first-order condition of the optimization problem of consumer choice. The Euler equation has been widely used in economic literature to estimate the parameters of the risk-free utility. This approach reflects the fact that consumers are also interested in determining their current consumption of their past use or consumption of others (Dayton, 1992, 16). In models where consumption habits have been introduced in the household utility function, the utility depends on the level of consumption and accumulation of habits, which are measured by the past periods of the average consumption (fakhre hoseini, 2015, 69). This means that the habits of people are formed over a long period of time. In general, habits of consumption can be divided into two types of external and internal. External habits, presented by researchers like Abel 1990, Campbell and Cochran 1999, Galli 1994, Auer 2013), suggest that household preferences are based on total consumption lags. On the other hand, the formation of the habits of consumption is based on the assumption that household consumption depends on the consumption of their own past periods (Reader & Hill, 1973; Sandrasans, 1989; Constantinides, 1990, Dreyer& Schneider& Smith, 2013, Kwan, Leung, & Dong, 2015).
In the following, we Model the formation of consuming habits and extract the Euler equation.
Assume that each household tries to select at time t in order to maximize the following expression (Carroll, 2000, 69):max Et [∑Ts=t βs-t u(cs , hs)] (1)
Which β is the time preferences factor, h is accumulations of habits, and E is the expectation operator. Suppose that the constraints that the above maximization problem faces are:xt= R [xt-ct] yt (2)
ht=htλ(ct-ht) (3)
Which R is the risk-free interest rate, y, the income of the workforce in the period t,x is the cash of the household (the total amount of resources available to spend in period t). The Bellman equation corresponding to the above equations is defined as: vt(xt, ht)=max {ct} u(ct,ht)βEt[vt(xt, ht)] (4)
The first-order optimization condition for Equation (4) relative to expenditures consumed by is:0=uctβEt(λvht - Rvxt) (5)
uct=βEt (Rvxt λvht) (6)
That λ is a parameter of "consumption habits". To obtain the Euler equation, we use the equations (1) to (6) and envelope theorem. After some calculations, we have:
uct β[λvht (1-λ)uct]=Rβ[uctβ(λvht(1-λ)uct] (7)
In fact, (7) is Euler's equation for maximizing the problem of present article.
If we assume that the formation of habits is such that the level of habits in the period t is equal to the consumption of the previous period. That means:ht= ct-1 (8)
In this case, equation (7) is simplified as follows:uctβuht=Rβ[uctβuht] (9)
Suppose that, like Melbourne (1988), for the utility function, we consider the following form:u (c , h) = v (c - αh) (10)
Therefore:uc = v’ , uh = -αv’ (11)
Replacement (11) in (9) gives:v’t-αβv’t-1=Rβ(v’tαβv’t] (12)
The stable solution corresponding to the first root (12) under the fixed asset yields is:v’t = RβEt (v’t) or 1= RβEt (v’t⁄v’t) (13)
Now if we assume that the utility function is in the form:(z=z1-ρ/1-ρ), then (z)=z-ρ. Therefore, according to (13), we will have:1=RβEt (zt⁄zt)-ρ (14)
Considering relations (8) and (9), yield: zt=ct-αct-1 , So:1= RβEt (ctαct⁄ct- αct-1)-ρ (15)
1= RβEt ((ctퟷ)/1-αct-1/ct)-ρ (16)
The parameters of nonlinear Euler equation (16) are estimated using generalized moments (GMM) and suitable instrument variables.
3. Empirical Results and Discussion : In this paper is estimated the coefficient of habit formation for the cost of food and nonfood goods of urban and rural households in Iran during 1357-1394, using Euler equations GMM approach. Household’s consumption expenditure data is located at the Iranian Statistics Center, the results of the survey on household expenditure and household income. To further acquaint with the average annual costs of nonfood goods for a rural household (crnok), the average annual costs of food and tobacco consumption for rural household (crk), the average annual costs of nonfood goods for a urban household (cunok), the average annual costs of food goods for a urban household (cuk), they are presented in Table 1:
Table 1: Consumption expenditures of food and nonfood goods for urban and rural households in Iran
Consumption expenditures Variable Mean Median Min Max
Nonfood(urban household) cunok 35475367 35475367 307990 200000000
food(urban household) cuk 11866378 86637811 175217 62431000
Nonfood(rural household) crnok 17181566 4167900 108888 89205000
food(rural household) cuk 11677346 3578014 125977 57778000
Source: Iranian Statistics Center and research calculates
According to the table 1, we can say that the average consumption expenditure of urban and rural households for food goods is approximately equal, but nonfood consumption costs for each urban household is more than twice of a rural household.
3.1 Calculation of the coefficient of formation of consumption habits for all kinds of consumption expenditures of urban and rural households
For estimating of coefficients of habit formation for consumption expenditures In Euler equation (16), we apply GMM approach. So, it is necessary that all of the variables that mentioned to be stationary. Hence, we applied ADF test for this mean and we ensured that all of the variables are stationary. After that, we used GMM method for estimating coefficient of habit formation
for all kinds of consumption expenditures of Iranian urban and rural households using equation (16). Results are presented in table (2):
Table 2: The results of calculating the coefficient of formation of consumption habits or α and relative risk aversion coefficient ρ using the formula of mole (16) and method GMM
Consumption expenditures
α ρ J J*=N*J
Nonfood(urban household) 1.5(0.04) 1.73(0.042) 0.00014 0.0049
food(urban household) 1.41(0.00) 1.7(0.014) 0.015 0.54
Nonfood(rural household) 1.62(0.00) 3.98(0.08) 0.021 0.74
food(rural household) 1.01(0.00) 0.81(0.001) 0.017 0.56
*numbers in parentheses () are p-values for t statistic and x2 1,%5.
Hansen’s J-statistic indicates the validity of all the models and instrument variables used in them, because:
J*=N*J=35*0.00014=0.00494. The results of the research showed that the role of habits in the utility function of urban and rural households is significant and important for both groups, and consumption of past periods of households has an impact on the consumption of their current period; So, the coefficient of formation of consumption habits for rural household food expenditure are more than this coefficient among rural households. On the other hand, the coefficient of habits formation for urban households for non-food is about 40% more than that for rural households. On the other hand, the results of this study indicate that the relative risk aversion for consumption of rural household goods is more than this factor for urban households. So, the tendency of rural households to consume food in the present time is more than the desire of urban households. While for non-food commodity groups, relative risk aversion is higher for urban households than rural households. In other words, urban households tend to be more likely to use non-food commodities than rural households at the current time, and are less likely to postpone consumption of these types of goods. Also, descriptive statistics indicate that during survey period, the average expenditure of non food goods for every urban household is more than twice that of rural household. While the average consumption expenditure of urban and rural households for consumer goods is approximately equal. In sum, the findings of this study showed that the formation of habits in the consumption pattern of Iranian urban and rural households has a significant place.

Today, advertising is an integral part of all marketing strategies and it plays an important role in creating customer awareness of products and services. It also is greatly effective in fostering the reputation of an organization. Accordingly, the present study aims to provide a model of the causal relationships of the effectiveness of advertising for the export of non-oil products in the East Azerbaijan province to CIS countries. To achieve the above goal, three research questions have been formulated. The research method is a descriptive one and the statistical population of this research is all exporters of East Azerbaijan province during 2011 and 2017. A total of 161 exporters were selected based on the information from the Industry, Mining, and Trade Organization. For the data analysis, the fuzzy DEMATEL method has been used. A specific questionnaire was used for collecting the data. The results of the surveys show that the continuation of advertising, the creation of a positive image of the product or service, the innovation, and creativity in the ads, the type of media, the appropriate time to advertising, repetition the propaganda, honesty in advertising messages and reputation Good brand are the eight main structures of research. The continuity of advertising, the creation of a positive image of the product or service, the innovation and creativity in the advertisement and the type of media, the most effective structures and the right time to advertise, repeat the propaganda, honesty in advertising messages and reputation and the reputation of the best brand.