جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اوروک" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The so-called “Oval” at Godin Tepe (Kermanshah province, western highland Iran) has long been considered atemplate for an Uruk colony that retained its Southern Mesopotamian identity in spite of being embeddedwithina local community.With its substantialwalls, controlled access, and abundant Uruk-style pottery and administrativetools, the view of its inhabitants as foreign merchants who lived a life distinct and separate from the surroundingtown has been pervasive in scholarship about the Uruk phenomenon. In this study, we reassess thenature of the Uruk presence at Godin through an examination of its most characteristic manifestation: pottery.Using a combination of typological, chemical, and petrographic techniques, we analyze the composition ofboth Uruk-related and non-Uruk vessel forms from within the oval compound, as well as from the surroundingvillage, in order to establish the source of the clay that was used in their manufacture. Based on patterns of vesselprocurement, our findings indicate a higher degree of integration within the community than previously suggested.Further, we find limited evidence of long-distance trade in ceramics, although we can document a fairlyactive exchange in ceramic vessels within the Iranian highlands. This highland trade seems to be concentrated inthe oval compound which displays a greater diversity of ceramic sources than the village, indicating that its interpretationas a merchant enclave, while possibly overstated in previous scholarship, may not be whollyinaccurate.

The beginning of field research in the Deh Luran Plain dates back to the early twentieth century. During this period, researches have been mainly focused on the northwestern part of the plain rather than its southeastern part (Patak Plain). However, the southeastern part of the plain, under the supervision of the author by project of identification and study of the sites in the area of drainage network 23 of the national tropical plan, was intensively surveyed at the end of year of 2015. The primary and general purpose of this program was identifying and documentating the sites, which was achieved. The next goal, namely determining the chronological position and understanding how the settlements were located and recognizing their cultural interactions, compared to their neighboring area, was also achieved by using the discovered cultural materials. In total, out of the 56 identified sites in this archaeological survey, 22 sites had surface evidence of the Uruk Period until the end of the Neo- Elamite Period, at first glance, this number represents a fourfold increase in the number of the settlements by comparing it to the results of previous studies. In the next step, with the registration of the Uruk Sites, it was found that, the population that was living in the plain compared to the previous period, namely the Later Village Period has increased significantly. Then, the population decreased sharply in the Jemdet Nasr Period and we can see an increase in the settlements again in the Dynasty Period, but this increase ended in the Old Elamite Period and decreased in the Middle and Neo- Elamite Periods, this decrease was probably as a result of the effects of trans-regional power centers and climate change.

Northwest Iran, on the one hand, is linked to the regions of the Transcaucasus, Anatolia and Mesopotamia, and on the other hand has links with Central Plate and East Central Zagros. Therefore, this region is always the center of the intersection of different ethnic groups with different ethnic and cultural structures.In the 4th millennium BC and the early 3rd millennium BC, with the complexity of economic and social relations between societies, we face a different form of economic, political and cultural interactions in the Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus and the Iranian plateau. At that time, along with the formation of the Uruk culture and the expansion of the influence of Mesopotamian communities in its main climbs, there were Transcaucasian cultures fluctuations in the highlands and mountainous areas of the north and east of the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates of the . At the same time, in the Uremia Lake basin, a cultural gap is between Hasanlu VIII / the late Chalcolitic period / Pisdeli (in horizon with Obaid and the early Uruk in Mesopotamia) and Hasanlu VII / the early Bronze Age (simultaneously with the culture of kura Arax II-III in the north of the Urmia lake, the culture of painted orange pottery/ POW is observed in the south of the Urmia Basin and the early dynasties and the Akad in Mesopotamia). Therefore, the transfer from Hasanlu VIII to Hasanlu VII is an important discussion in the prehistory of the region. On the other hand, according to relations Uruk culture, Kura Arax and orange painted pottery culture In some cases, the study of cultural distribution and interactions is important in this period. The importance of this research is for Not only for study the cultural relations of this people in the prehistory of this region, but also affects the status of the region in the cultural-economic exchanges between the Iranian plateau and the Caucasus and Mesopotamia

The beveled rim bowl one of the main pottery of the Uruk is period has a special place in the history of pottery and archaeology of the Near East. This feature is not due to the simplicity and harshness of this bowl, but more because of the awesome quantity of its widespread dispersal. These wars are appearance in the late Ubaid and early Uruk for the first time in the south of the Mesopotamia, about 3900BC. Then not far away in the north, east, and west of the Mesopotamia and around 3600BC became almost everywhere. Khuzestan as one of the neighborhoods of the Mesopotamia, and Chaharmahall-Bakhtiari due to its proximity to Khuzestan province, have many sites with the evidence of this culture. This system was formed through the use of rich, but less developed mountainous areas. The research, by using the analysis of so-called beveled rim bowl, tries to studying the migration of these communities into the Iranian plateau and southeastern Iran and the establishment of Uruk settlements. For this purpose, five sites from Khuzestan and five sites from Chaharmahall-Bakhtiari have been selected and from each of these sites, 3 pieces of pottery for this period were selected. The research method is based on library-analysis studies and for reasons like that; identification and examination of the soil type used in the cultivating of the two regions beveled rim bowl, determine the manufacturing technology and quality of their firings and eventually review and compare the desired pottery and determine whether they are imported or native. the results are shown that although the province of Khuzestan due to in close proximity to the Mesopotamia and its weather conditions, has a lot of sites from Uruk period, and the expansion and the influence of this pottery is from Khuzestan to neighboring areas, but this penetration and expansion, it was not a mass transfer of pottery to other areas, but also in the form of knowledge and techniques of making this type of pottery by the potter in this area. Finally, one can conclude all samples from Chaharmahall-Bakhtiari province are originated from local production.

During 2007 archaeological survey of Little Zab River in Sardasht district in NW Iran, 6 typical Uruk (Uruk Related) sites have been brought to light. One of the important one is Tepe Badamyar Rabat with typical Beveled Rim Bowl pottery that is considered as first Uruk evidence in NW Iran. In addition to Rabat, the Uruk materials found in Tepe Baghi, Tepe Waliv, Tepe Molla Yousef, Tepe Lavin and Tepe Goman would provide the opportunity for studying on one millennium gap between Hasanlu VIIIA (Pisdeli) and VIIC (Kura-Araxes) in southern parts of the Lake Urmia region. This gap is considered as main vague issue in archaeology of NW Iran. The Uruk evidence in the mentioned sites mainly belongs to Middle and Late Uruk periods (3600/3500-3100 BC). These new finding not only establish good opportunity for revising NW Iran chronological framework but provide good base for studying inter-regional relationship of NW Iran communities with south and northern Mesopotamian societies during  the 4th millennium BC. This article is trying to introduce fresh typical Uruk sites in southern part of the Lake Urmia with detailed emphasis on new pottery, lithic and special finds of Tepe Badamyar Rabat. Also the present paper is intended to deal with the Uruk cultural influences in NW Iran, proposing a chronological framework for the period concerned and to discuss interregional relationship with adjacent region.

The Marivan Plain is a small elongated alluvial plain which lies at the westernmost extent of the Zagros Mountains in the Iranian province of Kurdistan and c. 80 km west of the provincial capital Sanandaj. The plain is c. 60 km from the Iraqi city of Sulaymaniyah and less than 20 km from the Sharizor Plain in Iraq to the west. The plain is located between two archaeologically important regions of western Iran: the central Zagros to the southeast and the Lake Urmia region to the northeast. Early studies of prehistoric periods were mainly conducted in these two regions, while little attention was paid to the region of Marivan. Prior to the commencement of the 2018 project, an earlier survey in the Marivan region had been carried out by Department of Archaeology at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran). Research focused on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods and, unfortunately, evidence from the Chalcolithic periods is yet to be published. In 2018, we began to re-examine ancient settlement in the Marivan region with a 4 week survey. The survey identified and documented more than 60 sites. Preliminary studies of the material collected during the survey resulted in the identification of about 13 sites dating to the Chalcolithic period; it was possible to differentiate the material sufficiently to allocate occupation at the sites to the Early, Middle and Late Chalcolithic periods. This paper presents the important and new evidence of the development of Late Chalcolithic period settlement and is starting to provide an insight into the impact of the Uruk Expansion in this part of the Zagros Mountains. Even the Late Chalcolithic (LC) period in Marivan area is somewhat overlap to Uruk (early, middle and late) period in Mesopotamia, until LC5 phase (Tepe Rasha), not any Mesopotamian influences is evident in Marivan sites.

In this paper, research was performed on cultural materials from Bard Panir, which morphologically is located on southern Central Zagros at mountainsides of Lorestan, close to the Khuzestan Plain and is geopolitically a part of Khuzestan Province. However, this region is similar to Lorestan Province with regard to its average rainfall, its mild temperature is neither similar to freezing winters of Lorestan, nor like torrid summers of Khuzestan. In addition, this region had traditionally been fertile because of being near Bala Roud, Dez and Karkhe (Hole, 1994). Regarding Cultural-Historical parameters, this region seems to be at least contemptuous with cultural materials from cultural periods such as Shoush II or Uruk in Mesopotamia. Shoush II Period in Khuzestan is known based on what is found in Acropolis I, especially layers 17-22. Moreover, materials from Apadana are analogous to those from Acropolis1, layers 19-22 (Dittmann, 1986: 76). Therefore, this time horizon seems to be related to a network of societies that connect Central Zagros to Khuzestan, and from there to Mesopotamia, within which is especially located the key deployment called Uruk, which is divided into three periods: Early Uruk, Mid Uruk, and Late Uruk. Hence, based on cultural materials excavated by authors and some samples from this site which were kept in Andimeshk Cultural Heritage, the morphology and location of this Tappeh, as a special physiographical region, were determined.

Uruk period (3200-3000 BC), the era of civilization in southern Mesopotamia and Iran, is recognizable by material culture production changes that one of them was large quantity of plain pottery instead of before painted tradition. During the late Uruk period, in southwestern Iran, some settled sites flourished and became large centers especially in Susiana plain. Choghamish, Susa and Abu Fandowah were most important among them with more than 15 Ha. We would like to focus on Uruk potteries of one of the mentioned sites, which is Abu Fandowah, next to the Susa city in the Northern Khuzestan- southwestern Iran. It is surveyed and excavated in year 2006 but we will discuss about southern complex of above site that is surveyed by Strip method. We separated Uruk pottery into three main categories and tried to introduce most of Uruk wares rim forms, Beveled Rim Bowls and other decorations which are observable on the body sherds.

Pottery is one of the most important archaeological data's which is abundantly found in the prehistorical sites. Some of the researchers in some cases apply quality and quantity changes of pottery and also existence of some new species as one of the data's in the interpretation of cultural changes and for proving substitution or presence of some people or culture. These researchers believe that existence of some pottery species like beveled – rim bowl can be considered as influence or presence of Uruk civilization in Iran's plateau. In fact, argument of this group was based on this assumption that cities of Uruk in last period of fourth millennium B.C due to abundant extension and lack of minerals and valuable and semi-valuable stones in the region were forced to dispatch traders and form bases in surrounding regions. In this article, by case study of Arisman as one of the largest metal- working of Iran in the third and fourth millennium B.C. which is near to the concentration of copper mines in Middle East and in these mines requested pottery species are found and concerning the similarity of pottery in central plateau, we have surveyed the global system of Uruk, namely possibility of existence Uruk trade centers in central plateau has been regarded and its authenticity or lack of authenticity has been assessed according to the archaeological evidences.