جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ایلات و عشایر » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Although the origin of most Iranian rulers and governments after Islam was tribes and nomads, after gaining power and focusing on it, they started to fight against any rebelliousness, arbitrariness and centrism of other tribes, even their own relatives. Historical evidences and data indicate that throughout the Qajar period, some of Iran's elites, by engaging in destructive actions, created grounds for deprivation of security in the cities and villages of the country and caused trouble for the central government. In this research, using historical data and a descriptive-analytical method, the most important examples and examples of the anti-security role of Iran's tribes and nomads in the Qajar period (1210-1344 A.H.), i.e. making trade and travel routes insecure, creating insecurity and... is placed Also, this article tries to answer the question, what were the practical mechanisms of the Qajar kings and government officials to deal with this important challenge? The results of the research show that hostage taking and military suppression, political alliances and marriages, the use of nomadic military forces and the construction of military fortifications could not completely end the anti-security role of nomads and this fundamental problem continued until the forced resettlement of nomads during the reign of Reza Shah. It has continued.

On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.

The main objective of this research is Study and analysis of the situation of tribes and nomads in Lorestan province during 1987 to 2008. In other words, in this research, we try to answer this question: What is the status of the tribes of Lorestan province in the three decades of 1987, 1998 and 2008? To answer the main question, according to the censuses on nomads during the years 1987 to 2008, variables such as the status of the age and gender of the tribes, the handicrafts situation, the livestock situation, the state of agriculture and gardening, the number of families of tribes and tribes Their independent status, marital status, and nomadic population of the province were studied. The study method in this study is a type of secondary study, in which the required data is already collected and available. The statistical population of this study is data obtained from general census of tribes of Lorestan province which were collected during the years 1987 to 2008. The research findings show that the handicrafts of the nomads of Lorestan are on the upward trend in the dimension of production and sale, and this trend is visible from 1987 to 2008 years. In the field of livestock breeding situation, the livestock has fallen in the dormancy period and has risen in the honeymoon period. Also, the agricultural and horticultural variable has declined due to land area and dry land, and the number of households in the elk and clan is decreasing in the dormancy period and in the ascending course of livestock And the marital status variable also has the highest number of spouses in the spouse's later life. The findings also show that the nomadic population of the province has been decreasing over these three decades.

In this article using Gidden's "construction" theory, the grounds the policy of suppressing Ilots and Nomads (Batakid on Ilots and Nomads of Lorestan) investigated in the form of Gidden's sociological theory. Based on the "construction" theory, Giddens pays attention to the role of the agent (as a case example, Reza Shah) in the context (as a case example, the community of Ilat and Nomads) and the two-way relationship (interactive or reciprocal) between structure and agent. In a descriptive-analytical way, sociological-historical methodology, this research raised the question based on Giddens' theory of construction, how can the first Pahlavi's policy towards the tribes and nomads of Lorestan be evaluated?? The research approach of the article is that regarding Reza Shah's performance towards the Lorestan tribes and nomads, none of the proposed theories - which are discussed in the text - alone can express the whole reality his performance, we must consider the relationship. He paid attention to the structure-agent and their two-way interaction.

During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, tried to establish a modern and centralized government in a new style.. Due to its strategic significance, Lorestan, received special attention from his government. Lorestan was in a very chaotic state, during the rise of the first Pahlavi, it was almost completely traditional and Illyrian, and orders from the central government had no bearing there. From the time military forces first arived in 1302 until Reza Shah’s reign came to an end, The central government’s initiatives to establish government departments This research seeks to answer the question of how new government departments were established in Lorestan during the Reza Shah period . A descriptive and analytical approach was used to prepared this research, which was based on  library sources, newspapers, and documents. The results of this study show that in the first step, the central government gradually relocated tribes and nomads through the use of military force, and through reforms such as land division and road construction, laying the foundation for the establishment of various government departments. In the second step, departments such as the municipality, judiciary, roads and streets, and document registration were established based on wisdom of civilian rulers.

Fars was one of the Major landowner areas in the country, and a large part of this area was the territory of tribes and nomads of the southern regions of the country whose rulers were the owners of many properties in Fars and allowed many atrocities against their subjects. The agricultural lands in the country's southern regions had a completely different situation from the northern and western territories of the country in terms of quality and fertility due to the weather conditions and soil type. The question raised in this research was: what was the situation of significant owners and small owners and types of ownership interest in Fars on the eve of land reforms? According to the findings of the research, many of the owners of Fars were among the majority of the country's owners in only the area of land, vast but low-yielding lands that did not have much income due to water scarcity and successive droughts. Therefore, most of the owners of these areas, even though they were among the big owners of the country, were not very rich, and many had to hand over some of their lands to rich people or merchants every year due to their debts. And since these owners were not engaged in any other profession, they were very dependent on the income of their properties and ownership interests. The research method was analytical-descriptive and based on library and documentary sources.

Following the coup d'état of March 1920 and Reza Khan's efforts to form a unified and modern army, the power of the central government increased in an unprecedented manner. This development took place at a time when chaos and insecurity spread all over Iran and establishing security was the most important expectation of the society from the government. With the formation of a uniform army, the suppression of tribes and nomads was put on the agenda and many confrontations took place with the tribes of Kurdistan, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Azerbaijan, Baluchistan and other regions. The aim of the current research is to investigate the phenomenon of army violence in confrontation with nomads and tribes and the nature of these clashes. Relying on reliable sources and researches, the article seeks to answer the question of what was the nature of the army's violence against the nomads and opponents in a descriptive, analytical and historical research method? The article comes to the conclusion that the violence committed by the first Pahlavi army against the tribes and nomads under the pretext of establishing security was largely unnecessary and tasteful; For example, commanders such as Amir Ahmadi, Shahbakhti, and Dolo mostly committed violence with the intention of looting and plundering the properties of the opposition, and those such as Alborz and Khazaei committed violence out of ambition.

After Reza Shah came to power, in a series of measures, he tried to limit the tribes and nomads and suppress their power in different ways; Among the policies that were used to suppress the tribes and nomads were the disarmament and forced resettlement of the tribes and tribes. The problem of the present research is, what were the roots and grounds of Reza Shah's contractionary and restrictive policies towards the nomads, and were these measures done out of necessity or were they just vengeful revenge?The research method in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information is document and library, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this research show that factors such as: gaining power of some tribes after the constitutional events and asking for a share of power, the accumulation of weapons especially after the First World War in the hands of tribes and tribes and the resulting threats, provocations by foreign countries and border threats, Refusal of elots and nomads from paying taxes in the chaotic situation after the constitution and the desire and support of intellectuals and the press can be seen as the implementation of nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi government.

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settlement. And the lack of necessary infrastructure, with the fall of the first Pahlavi government failed; But it had a great impact on different aspects of tribal and nomadic life. The issue of the present study is the question of what cultural consequences have the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi in ​​the form of forced settlement had on the lives of the tribes and nomads?The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this study indicate that the anti-nomadic policies of Reza Shah's government, including the policy of settlement, in addition to destroying and forgetting many cultural components of tribes and nomads, including handicrafts, created a culture of resistance among the people of the tribe. , Can be seen and followed in the folklore culture of nomadic people, especially local poems. Also, the government's efforts to improve the human characteristics of nomadic life, including literacy and the establishment of nomadic schools, although done, have been insufficient and have not been successful in encouraging nomads to settle.

The military-political domination of the government over Lorestan and other regions of the country in the Pahlavi era marked a new chapter in the history of the country. In order to centralize the country and its other goals, the Pahlavi government tried to suppress tribes and nomads throughout the country, especially in the strategic region of Lorestan. With the arrival of military forces in Lorestan in 1923. Bloody wars took place between the two sides and until 1933. it took. The present article discussed how and by what means the domination of Lorestan was done by the military forces. In this article, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the military and policing strategies of the first Pahlavi government in creating centralism in Lorestan have been studied. The findings of this study showed that the strategies of the first Pahlavi government in occupying Lorestan are divided into two categories according to the nature and reaction of the people to it. In order to achieve the final victory in these wars, the Pahlavi government, apart from direct confrontation, used policies and tactics such as: employing servants, espionage, providing false oaths, executing leaders, deporting nomads, disarming and civil works such as road construction and other measures.

The Southern newspaper, headed by Mohammad Baqer Tangestani, was one of the most important and influential newspapers in the constitutional period, which emphasized the realization of the power of the central government with the aim of fighting tyranny. While reflecting the chaotic years before the constitution, this newspaper considered one of the constitutional goals to be maintaining order and security and exercising the authority of the central government. The present article, via a descriptive-analytical method and through analyzing the content of the Southern newspaper, seeks to find an answer to the question: what was the necessity of withdrawing military forces from tribes and nomads from the perspective of the newspaper? The findings suggest that the newspaper, criticizing the pre-constitutional status of sectarian monarchies, considered the need to recruit and employ tribes in state military organizations as a powerful military group a step in the right direction and passed the bill in the National Assembly as a step towards He knew the stability of security inside and outside the country. This issue did not end due to financial crises in the constitutional governments, and finally with the advent of Reza Shah, the attraction of riders from the tribes remained silent.

The mountainous and impassable nature of Lorestan,the impossibility of extensive and effective cultural exchanges in the past centuries and domination of tribal culture over it had caused the continuation of traditional nomadic culture in this region until the end of the Qajar era. Of course, the existence of historical cities of Khorramabad and Boroujerd was the basis of urbanization  along with the predominant nomadic life and their two-way cultural relationship with each other. The coup of 99 and its aftermath events caused Lorestan to obey the central government like other autonomous regions. After the domination of the military, a series of measures were taken to bring about changes in the society of Lorestan, which in some cases had cultural consequences, as a result of which the existing nomadic culture faced a challenge.This research has been done using new sources , researches and documents based on historical research method.The main question of the research is: how and by what measures did the first Pahlavi government implement its desired cultural model in Lorestan by an authoritarianism method based on militarism?  The findings of the present study indicate that the implementation of cultural programs or cultural consequences of the first Pahlavi, which in some cases were in conflict with the prevailing culture in the country, had little effect on the nomadic and urban community of Lorestan in  short term.The tendency of sections of the society, especially the military and the administration, was more towards the appearance and non-content aspects of this culture, but in the field of education, with the creation of new schools, it became  possible for some people to educate.

The tribes and nomads have always composed major part of the population in Iran and directly or indirectly have had roles in politics and government as the Iran society was a traditional, tribal one and this became more remarkable and important as the Qajars stepped onto the power and one of these fields is the issue of civil society, Therefore the current article which is to study the role of the tribes in not shaping the civil society in Qajar era will study the two issue of tribes and nomads and their roles in the field of civil society after developing the conceptual atmosphere of the subject of the research. According to the topical documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptional - analytical and the the data gathering method was a library one. The findings of the research indicates that first, the changes in Iranian society and the movement to a civil society like what happened in West needed the frame-works. The radical traditionalism has decreased the speed of these changes. The constitutionalism revolution speeded these changes which was not compatible with Iranian Society, for this reason was ended in failour and only a formal structure was resulted out of what was expected. Second. Qajarid was a tribal ruling and each state was governed by a prince and and there was no solidarity in the state and the tribal ruling was one of the reason for not shaping the civil society in Iran.

Reza Shah's government, with the aim of controlling the tribes, exiled a number of savage elites from their regions to other places in order to change their livelihoods in their exile, from livelihoods to agriculture and urbanism, and to attract new life. This policy failed for many reasons. This study seeks to analyze these causes. The main question is whether the conflict between the hometown and exile of the exiles of the tribes and nomads, the cultural difference between the tribes and nomads and the exiled people, and the contradiction in the lifestyle of the migrant with the small-scale agriculture of the desert areas, are among the factors behind the failure of the policy of the exile of the tribes in the Reza Shah Was? This research has been prepared by descriptive-analytical method and with the help of numerous archival documents and main sources. The findings of this research show that the difference between the climate of the mountainous and cold regions of the West and Northwest with warm and desert regions of the East, South and South-east of the country as well as cultural differences caused by the difference in religion, adiburssum and also the problem of language and communication between the exiles of tribes And the exile people, as well as the difference in livelihoods in the lifestyle of migrant farmers with small-scale farming in the desert areas, were due to the failure of the policy of the exile of the tribes in the Reza Shah era. Exiles did not have the capacity to recruit new emigrants in exile. Exchanging real estate also failed to prevent them from plundering their territories. The events after September 1941 indicate the failure of this policy.

Political participation based on national loyalty of the ethnic and religious minorities residing in a country is one of the fundamental pillars of the communities being politically developed. Though the grounding for modernity growth and the entry of the essential concepts related thereto was set during the period of Reza Shah, but, practically, the Pahlavi state stood far away from achieving political development bearing the participation of the entire clans and ethnicities and the groups living in this territory. The current research paper tries to adjust the modernism theories and modern government with Iran’s status so as to criticize the centrism tendencies of the Pahlavi’s modern government. It seems that in communities based on ethnic and tribal minorities, such a condition makes achievement of modern development impossible, and forces the modern state to use the mandatory and controlling practices to restrain these minorities in order to implement the goals and objectives desired.

Pahlavi I period was a new era in the creation of civil reconstruction projects in social and economic dimensions in different areas of the country, especially Lorestan. One of these development plans was the construction of castles with different motives in Lorestan. Army commanders built or restored numerous castles in order to expedite the military operation and domination of Lorestan. By descriptive-analytical methods, this article examines the construction of castles and its functions during the Pahlavi I period in Lorestan. The results of the research show that during this period, many castles were built or were restored in different areas of Lorestan in three groups of military, economic and nongovernmental. These Castles had numerous functions as administrative, military, social and security. These functions were used to monitor the activities of potential opponents and insurgents, the maintenance of ammunition and military equipment, the imprisonment of criminals, the gathering of troops, the deployment of government departments and forbidding the migration of tribes.

Upon the emergence of Reza Khan, Lorestan was experiencing social disorder. Reza Khan attempted to establish security in the whole country and more significantly in Lorestan. Tribal context of the region, assistance of some of local feudal lords and influential individuals called pro-government feudal lords were one of the most important reasons contributing to the success of the first Pahlavi king in security establishment. In this article, by employing a descriptive-analytic research method, the role of feudal lords and influential individuals in the local security establishment and their collaboration with the government in this regard is scrutinized. The findings of this research revealed that feudal lords and influential individuals collaborated with the government for the sake of their personal benefits or intra-tribal competitions through maintaining security and discipline, enacting government rules and regulations, removing insecurity factors, supporting military operations likemilitary expeditions, and providing data, guidance and facilities.

Reza Shah Era wae a new age in the central government disputes with Nomadic tribes. Reza Shah who came to power in the chaotic situation in the country, tried to make in Iran centralization and the creation of a modern country like style of European countries. So, he placed in the top of his programs: Weakening of nomadic tribes, putting or cancelling of this traditional society, according to centrifugal characteristics of States. Reza Shah's military presence in Lorestan begins in 1302 until 1312. The collecting method of this article is by referring to the library refferences and also searching to the newspapares of that time. This article has been done according to library and documentary studies, and based on historical analysis. Research findings of this article shows that the most immediate impact of Nomads settling project in Lorestan, disrupting the social structure, undermining the social base of the directors of Luri nomadic, changing in economic life and career and changes in population of the region. However, the change in the way of education and the judgment of region was effective, that can be practical along social change.