جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حفاظت" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Encountering mudbrick structures poses more fear and concern for restorers than excitement due to the challenges and uncertainties in protecting them with logical measures. Preserving such works, which often blur the line between passion and intellect, emotion and reason, while requiring constant care, can be unproductive and cause unsatisfactory outcomes. This is primarily because the restoration community, for various reasons, has been slower in responding to environmental factors and sometimes irrational human behaviors. It is crucial to understand that conservation, in its most scientific sense, cannot thrive without proper attention, even in its simplest form. Experience has proven that mudbrick structures demand more maintenance and care than physical interventions. This study, conducted through fieldwork, library studies, and an objective environmental assessment, aims to address the gaps in protection and enhance the conservation of the ChoghaZanbil site against current and potential threats. Furthermore, it seeks to identify the challenges facing the complex’s progress and its role in this endeavor. The protection journey of the site, from initial threats to the inception of the international ChoghaZanbil project, underscores the importance of adopting flexible defensive strategies over rigid offensive approaches for greater success. ChoghaZanbil, located in southwestern Khuzestan province, is a site situated approximately 40 kilometers southeast of the ancient city of Susa. The highest point of Chaghazanbil stands at around 90 meters above sea level. This religious urban complex, constructed in the 13th century BC, is known as the largest architectural masterpiece of the Middle Elamite period. It was commissioned by the influential king of the dynasty, Untash-Napirisha, and is dedicated to the Elamite deities, Napirisha and Inshushinak. The introduction of Chaghazanbil, once a part of the central government of Susa, to the modern world can be attributed to the activities of oil companies in the region. Aerial photographs taken for the discovery of oil fields in the area provided the first glimpse of the ancient city of Dur-Untash (ChoghaZanbil). Subsequently, the discovery of an inscribed brick in the site prompted the initial investigations conducted by "R. de Mecquenem" between 1936 and 1939. The year 1951 marked the commencement of the establishment of a management system of conservation for the site. The most extensive excavation efforts, spanning eleven years, were carried out under the supervision of "Ghirshman" from 1951 to 1962. Mudbrick, brick, and mud mortars, plaster, and bitumen have been extensively utilized in the construction of Chaghazanbil. The primary material used was mudbrick, particularly in the construction of the central core of the buildings. The majority of the mudbricks were approximately 40 x 40 x 10 cm in size and were categorized into two groups: homogeneous (uniform clay structure) and heterogeneous (mixed with brick chips or brick powder). To protect the mudbrick core of the buildings from the region's humidity and heavy rains, a brick covering was applied around them. This was especially evident in the ziggurat, where the mudbrick structure was enveloped by a brick wall around two meters thick, secured using a traditional technique known as Hasht-o-Gir. However, the thickness of this brick wall was later reduced to the width of a single brick during renovations. Additionally, a variety of materials such as stone, wood, glass, stud, and ceramic pipes were used in a more limited capacity throughout the construction. Stones were used to cover certain stairs and create door sills, glass and clay studs served as decorative elements, ceramic pipes were utilized as gutters, wooden logs were employed for building doors, and tar-coated tree trunks were used to enhance the connection between the brick cover and the mudbrick core in the ziggurat. According to Ghirshman's reports, the coatings applied in the construction included cob, plaster, Sarooj consisting of quicklime, wood ash, and animal hair, as well as a red coating primarily made of iron oxide (Okhra), possibly mixed with oyster powder. The protection management system for the ChoghaZanbil historical complex began with excavation protection from 1951 to 1962 under Ghirshman's supervision. The collection gained significant public attention when it was included in the World Heritage List in 1979. Efforts were made to conserve this historical collection until 1998, when the international project for the protection and restoration of ChoghaZanbil was formed. This joint project involved the country's cultural heritage organization, UNESCO, and the Japan Foundation. However, due to the discontinuation of conservation programs and incomplete projects, the effectiveness of conservation measures was compromised. During this period, one can witness deliberate protective actions being taken, alongside questionable and unconventional measures. Despite numerous protection and restoration efforts carried out on the architectural complex of the historical site of ChoghaZanbil since pervious excavations, they have generally been executed in a manner that preserves the historical integrity of the complex. The majority of the activities conducted, evident in the form of façade details, have utilized historical materials; particularly noticeable in the ziggurat and the water reservoir. As for the two inner and outer walls, the temples, the remnants of residential structures, and even the royal tombs, the lack of significant efforts in their initial protection and restoration has allowed them to maintain the authenticity of their excavation period. However, the absence of consistent maintenance and a dedicated conservation plan has led to noticeable erosion. Overall, the history of conservation and restoration efforts at ChoghaZanbil serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of neglecting ongoing emergency protection and maintenance. The threats facing the historical site of ChoghaZanbil can be categorized into three main branches: "Environment and Climate," "Form and Architectural Structure," and "Unconventional Encounters and Social Anomalies." Each branch presents specific cases that contribute to the overall analysis. This classification aids in identifying appropriate protective measures based on the severity and ranking of each problem, allowing for targeted solutions to address the issues within the site. Each level of threat necessitates the consideration of specific factors. The first case focuses on weather conditions and ecological elements such as plants and animals. The second case encompasses the construction characteristics of the building and materials used. Lastly, the third case highlights the impact of external behavioral factors on the vulnerability of the complex. The international project for the conservation and restoration of ChoghaZanbil has been initiated to mitigate weaknesses and reduce the severity of these threats. Upon examining the site, it becomes evident that a combination of climatic, physical, and intervention-related threats have affected ChoghaZanbil. Notably, seasonal heavy rains, extreme temperature fluctuations, the widespread presence of biological destructive factors (particularly termites), bank erosion, extreme wind and soil erosion pose the primary threats to the eco-climate. In relation to the structural and physical threats, it is important to highlight the loss of the protective brick cover and the absence of a water disposal system. This is primarily due to the damage and blockage of the gutters, which has resulted in numerous instances of moisture-related damages. Additionally, the utilization of subpar soil for mudbrick production, along with incomplete soil preparation and mud processing, has compromised the quality of materials and heightened their risk factor. Furthermore, unconventional incidents and social abnormalities, such as unwarranted repairs in the past, unauthorized alterations to the architectural structure, disturbance of the ecological equilibrium within the complex's surroundings, and invasion of its historical and natural textures, pose further challenges for ChoghaZanbil. Generally, it can be asserted that ecological and climatic dangers are unavoidable yet manageable. The structural and physical perils associated with the incident at ChoghaZanbil can be rectified gradually, whereas the hazards stemming from irresponsible interactions and societal abnormalities necessitate a shift in the mindset of intellectuals at both individual and societal levels when it comes to safeguarding our values. These threats are prominent and all-encompassing, surpassing other dangers in terms of their diversity, and their resolution is bound to be more contentious. Upon analyzing the state of ChoghaZanbil mudbrick architecture, it is evident that the process followed in constructing these architectural structures is technically successful and demonstrates a deliberate effort to create suitable conditions for integration with the surrounding environment. Merely focusing on the constructional characteristics of materials and potential damaging factors is insufficient for formulating a comprehensive conservation theory for these mudbrick structures. This is due to the fact that these remaining structures hold significant cultural value, embodying crucial aspects related to the civilization of Elam. The findings derived from field observations, environmental studies, examination of restoration and conservation records, assessment of care quality, and analysis of erosion processes in the historical region of ChoghaZanbil highlight the imperative for a significant transformation in the preparation and application methods of materials, particularly restoration mudbricks and protective cob. These materials exhibit the utmost sensitivity and are consumed on a large scale. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize and reinforce them by leveraging local resources. By ensuring precise handling and logical implementation, this approach can greatly ensure the consistency and durability of future protective measures.

The inclusion of historical cities in the world heritage list provides a significant advantage in demonstrating these cultural monuments on a national and international scale. It is only natural for all countries to strive for the registration of their historical and cultural landmarks on this prestigious list. However, the crucial question arises: does registration on the World Heritage List mark the culmination of efforts, or does it signify the commencement of a more critical mission focused on preserving the original and significant values of these sites, which have developed and flourished within their cultural and social contexts over time? It is evident that the establishment of a comprehensive work management program post-global registration, along with the monitoring of its implementation, holds paramount importance. This significance is heightened when considering cities and their historical textures; cities serve as the stage for the interaction and confrontation of the physical elements of the urban landscape with the social dimensions of human life, the natural components of the environment, and the artificial aspects of the surroundings, encapsulating human presence across psychological, social, economic, cultural, aesthetic, and other realms. Therefore, any decision aimed at enhancing the state of a city must prioritize the human element as the most crucial factor, underscoring the significance of non-physical aspects in the rejuvenation of historical cities. Furthermore, what becomes apparent in historical textures and their restoration post-registration on national and world heritage lists is the fulfillment of responsibilities by urban authorities. This implies that programs following the registration of sites often exhibit several characteristics; they do not ensure the desired outcomes, lack a holistic approach to restoration and revitalization in their development and formulation, and are devoid of adequate organizational backing or continuous monitoring and refinement.
Hence, in general, the acceleration of changes and sometimes damage to historical structures occurs after their registration. The city of Yazd is no exception to this phenomenon, as the changes following the world registration of its texture have been rapid, uncontrolled, and emotionally driven, resulting in incorrect interventions. The unregulated and indiscriminate presence of tourists has also had a detrimental impact on the local way of life. Additionally, the creation of added value through real estate disposal has significantly reduced the occupancy rate in this area. The conversion of small urban units into non-authentic uses has further eroded the authenticity and integrity of the texture, while physical interventions in passages and arteries have transformed this area from a historical axis into a display of light, patterns, and designs, with the original life becoming less visible, if not completely absent. However, according to the accepted principles of restoration, the preservation of the identity and original nature of the texture is the foremost and most crucial aspect. 
This preservation should encompass economic, social, cultural, anthropological, physical, and functional considerations. Any violation of this important principle during the registration process, after it, or during the revitalization of the affected texture would result in damage and complications. Moreover, the purpose of registering any work is to show its unique characteristics to the world. If this registration leads to the weakening of these values, it fundamentally contradicts the purpose and not only fails to contribute to the revival of the texture but also causes irreparable harm in the long term.

Today, architectural heritage management faces many challenges due to the extent of assets, limited financial resources, development threats and change in concepts and social values. Accordingly, comprehensive principles are essential for integrated management and conservation prioritization. Most developed or developing countries in the region have reached a logical framework for the classification of immovable cultural heritage as an instrument for management and conservation, But in Iran, an independent policy and approach in this field has not been presented yet. This study tries to develop theoretical concepts in the field of classification system by reviewing the constitutions, national guidelines and experiences of countries of the common cultural field of Iran in East and Central Asia. The main question is the types of approaches, Classification levels and how to evaluate the assets in the decision-making process in the countries of the region. Due to the subject, the research approach is qualitative and with the method of documentary study, first, policies and actions are reviewed and regulated and then the content analysis done by descriptive-interpretive and comparative. According to the research findings, achieve an appropriate mechanism to prioritize the level of conservation for the implementation of integrated policies in order to raise awareness of local communities and economic participation, respect the rights of private owners and facilitate future decisions, has been the main aims of classification. Architectural heritage classification in case countries is done with a Managerial- Conservative approach in a specific system. In this process, after comprehensive identification and listing, based on criteria of Cultural Significance, Historical and Architecture importance, Outstanding Values, Uniqueness, Authenticity and Integrity, Aesthetic features and at risk, by the advisory committee in the presence of government officials, experts and stakeholders, level of assets is evaluated and determined. Finally, classification is considered as a tools to explain the management approach and level of conservation.

The study of developments in Iran's history shows that security has provided the necessary infrastructure for establishing stability and political authority, developing trade and commerce, and forming a regular network of roads. Therefore, due to the numerous battles of kings and rulers, it was necessary to try to secure and protect the roads, as well as pay attention to security in the location and architectural form of residences. The aim of the research is the comparative analysis of the spatial structures of midway settlements in the plains and mountains with a focus on protective-defense measures. The research question is, which physical elements and in what way have they had an effect on protection and defense in Iran's midway settlements in different patterns of space arrangement? What are the similarities and differences between plain and mountain residences in protection and defense? The research method includes a combination of a qualitative approach in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information, as well as a quantitative-qualitative and software approach based on the research method, which is observation and analysis with the Deep Map computer simulator to investigate the spatial arrangement of 20 midway houses belonging to the Safavid period, of two types, plain and Kohestani has been carried out, which has been evaluated and deduced through the comparative examination of examples and logical reasoning method, the factors affecting the structure of security in residential architecture. The results of the research showed that according to the environmental requirements, the plain houses have more physical diversity in terms of defense measures, which according to the security conditions of the region, provide a distinct or similar configuration in comparison with the mountain type in terms of accessibility, visibility, permeability and integrity of the space.

Applying preventive conservation methods to protect the cultural heritages is one the most important subjects among the conservators. Preventive conservation is the best method that can be implemented in the museums. But the point comes out when one notices that numerous valuable cultural heritages are protected in the private homes or what is called private collections. That is why there are various attempts to extend the practice of preventive conservation in these collections around the globe. In Iran, despite the large numbers of private collections, there are many problems regarding preventive conservation which comes out of various reasons. Due to the importance of preventive actions toward the cultural heritages, this article tries to determine the effect of applying preventive conservation practice in private collections in Iran regarding the cultural values of their items. The applied method is a quantitative-qualitative one. In the qualitative section we have interviwed 14 experts in the field of cultural heritages, collection owners and museum. The reliability and narration of the deep interviews have been checked. Analyzing the obtained information was done by using Stevick-Collaizzi-Keen method. In the second and quantitative part, we have used the results of the first part to determine the details of a questionnaire and using Cochran formula, the size of sample society has been determined. Based on that, the questionnaire has been completed by 96 collectors around the country, Friedmann test gave us the priority of the components. Our results show that the effects of not applying or improper applying of preventive conservation methods in private collections can be expressed in three levels which contains the physical destruction of the items, destruction of their cultural values and at last, material and spiritual loss for the collectors. Based on the results, the most important effects of not applying or improper applying of preventive conservation methods in private collections, is cultural values destruction.

Preservation of historico-cultural monuments has been studied from different perspective through its history; sometimes from the artistic point of view, sometimes from the scientific, and sometimes from the cultural perspectives. Some of the preservation thinkers, who emphasize on the importance of the cultural context for preservation, refer the problems of this area to this very context, as well. Unfortunately, they do not enjoy a cohesive viewpoint and have brought up scattered opinions concerning various problems of preservation; opinions that are often in contrast to the science-oriented and holistic ideas of their predecessors. By studying their dispersed opinions as a whole and analyzing their intellectual principles, this article tries to show what preservation is from the viewpoint of culturalists and what criteria there are for determining the value of monument preservation. Furthermore, it will show what the principles for the museum-centered approach are in preservation and how it stands in opposition to the culturalists’ viewpoint. To this end, the article has brought up in general the artistic and scientific perspectives and has finally made a comparison between these three viewpoints to further clarify the differences and similarities of these approaches.

Value has been among the most fundamental concepts in the philosophy of preservation and restoration of historical monuments; and in various periods the theoretical bases of preservation and restoration of monuments have undergone transformations along with the transformations in the values prevailing in societies. Recognizing the chronological order of the values in preservation and restoration of monuments and its development throughout history is the basis for achievement of the concept of “cultural heritage” in various periods. In this research, the historical development of viewpoints about value and the order of its types in preservation and restoration of historical monuments are studied in three time spans: “before the 18th century AD”, “during the 18th and 19th centuries”, and “in the 20th and 21st centuries”. The objective has been to delve into the historical passage of “the thinkers’ viewpoint” and “the perspectives of universal documents” for the chronological recognition and the deduction of the values effective in making decisions for preservation, restoration, and separation in the above-mentioned three time spans and achievement of the new concept of cultural heritage. This research has been carried out with the interpretive approach and the qualitative method and by reference to the extant data and documents. Studies showed that prior to the 18th century the four religious, functional, artistic and historical values have been effective in making decisions about the preservation and restorations. In the 18th and 19th centuries AD, the development of value concept and the emergence of the post-modern idea of transforming multi-values ended up to the value of all the aspects of a monument; and besides proposing new and very numerous values, a new definition of cultural heritage based on the value of recognition of each aspect of human identity, was also proposed.

Integrity is among the fundamental concepts in the field of cultural heritage and the importance of knowing this concept and examining its status in the philosophical principles of perseverance is so great that achieving integrity is introduced as among the basic criteria of optimal preservation of historical monuments. Integrity has always been open to discussion in different historical periods، but because of different impressions made of this concept، it has been used with a different meaning in every period. This article is aimed at finding an answer to the question as to what the conceptual status of integrity is as one of the basic principles of cultural heritage in the theory of preservation and what process it has followed from the middle ages up to the present era; and، in general، what role has the meaning and value had in the philosophical principles of preservation as well as in the category of integrity? The findings obtained from the study of the sources and data indicates the semantic limits، the status، and the degree of importance of integrity in the course of preservation history and clarifies that this concept is one of the basic principles that has to be perpetually supported in all the fields of cultural heritage، to such an extent that discrediting this important matter would diminish the value of the monumental work and the only way to preserve the universal values is to preserve their integrity.

Environment is a God-given gift which has many positive effects in man’s life, if used beneficially and protected carefully.Under certain principles,it si permitted to make good use ofit which can create fresh,delightful surroundings necessary for spirit and substance while affecting better religious obligations performances and professional functions.This great benefit from environment is superior in such a way that if it is used to enjoy better and obtain recovery and health,it can be considered necessary and permissible to protect it.Islam has considered it important to cultivate barren and arid lands and to revive environment and even has granted the advantage of ownership to those who bring the land under cultivation.Therefore,man is obliged to try to preserve nature and lifde environment and secure its health.This paper seeks to study jurisprudential protection of environment according to the above-mentioned discussion.