جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حکومت قاجار » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The establishment of commercial companies in the Qajar period (1344-1210 A. H), from the perspective of their owners, was not only considered an economic measure; Rather, in the conditions of the 19th century when Iranian businessmen were facing the commercial monopoly of European companies, it pursued broad political, social and even cultural goals. The most important of these companies was Jamshidian trading center, which had branches in Bushehr and Shiraz in the field of exchange. In addition to Jamshidian trading center, there were other trading places in Fars province active in buying and selling currency. Iran's trading company, the merchants of Bushehr's company and Mohammad Reza Kazerooni and Sons' company were among the companies active in Fars. Fars Trading Company was also established in Shiraz under the management of Abdol Rahim Shirazi. The introduction of these companies and the explanation of their internal and external challenges during their establishment and activity is a problem that this article seeks to explain relying on the descriptive-analytical approach as well as the primary sources. The findings of the research show that the failures of the colonialist banks, the opposition of the rulers, and the lack of support of the central governments from the Iranian commercial companies in Fars, caused some problems for them, and finally, it led to their bankruptcy.

The Javid tribe is one of the four tribes of the Lor Mamasani Union of Fars. This clan lived with Rostam, Dushman Ziyari, and Bekash clans in the northwest of Fars. Their tasks were leadership, cohesion, and support of the public in political and social developments. The management system among them somehow showed the tribe's management style in this union. This system always underwent changes due to reasons, such as the competition for the post of sheriffdom and involvement of central government agents in the selection of sheriffs. Considering the importance of changing the sheriffs of the Javid clan and people’s actions in the mentioned region in the socio-political stances of the Mamasani tribe and the way the events were influenced by their actions, this research aimed to investigate the influence of government officials in the process of changing the sheriffs of the Javid tribe and the people’s reactions. Regarding these governmental changes during the Qajar period, Javid intended to answer this question: which people or families in the post of sheriffdom underwent a rise and fall caused by the change of sheriffs in Javid tribe? The research investigated this issue based on a library method with the help of new documents belonging to some local families and through the comparative study of the gravestones of the families of the management station in this area and interviews with people, who were knowledgeable about the issues of the area.

Investigating the causes of the failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the constitutional era.

Method and Research:

 This article tries to study the causes of failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the constitutional era by descriptive-analytical method.

One of the most important achievements of the Iranian constitutional movement is the formation of state and provincial associations. These associations played a significant role in the developments of the constitutional era, and as the main protectors of the constitutional movement and the National Assembly, they acted in a way that provoked the anger and hatred of the supporters of tyranny against them. In the same way, in the last months of the life of the first term parliament, a sharp reaction was formed in the associations and especially in the Tabriz association, which was called the Holy National Association; Which led to the extinction of all associations in the coming days of the assemblies. The present article intends to advance the discussion and provide a proper answer to the fundamental question of finding the causes of the failure of the Azerbaijan State Association in the developments of the constitutional era. Keywords: Qajar Dynasty; Constitutional Movement; Tabriz Association; Association Failure; Dissolution.

The religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar can be discussed regarding his religious policy. A kind of religious belief seems to be apparent and recognizable in his behavior and actions so that he, as the king of a Shiite country, tried to show that he is the guardian of the Shiite religion. Generally, the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan is mostly referred to as a military and violent rule. Historical resources have further described his immeasurable military campaigns and bloodshed. In the meantime, the study of his religious spirits and beliefs has been completely neglected. The purpose of this research was to investigate the religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan and his approach in dealing with Shiite scholars. This research is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method using library resources. The results showed that as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, he was completely religious and loyal to the principles of Shiism by his heart regardless of hypocrisy. On the other hand, while respecting Shiite scholars, he did not allow them to involve in political affairs very much and used them occasionally.

The Azerbaijan State Association, which was initially established solely for supervising the elections of the National Parliament, gradually got such an influence that became the sole authority of litigation of the Azerbaijan people, and because people referred to it directly in every affair, It was accepted by different groups of people. The association was largely subject to the opinions and demands of the people and tended to involve the people in the work and inform them of the decisions made. Accordingly, he took steps to eliminate the abusive customs and establish a schools with new meditation and establish a municipality and order, supervise government affairs and the like. In fact, the members of the Azerbaijan State Association were responsibly accountable to the people who, with the establishment of constitutionalism and given their prominent role in it, demanded fundamental changes and considered themselves entitled to be present and observer in various currents.

After coming to power, the Qajars in pursuit of security and continuity of government sought to suppress and dismantle local powers and their possible rivals. The governors organized military forces using natural, geographic, mountainous, and strategic conditions. Thus, Qajars recognized them as legitimate governors. The Qajars utilized the power of the governors to suppress the rebellion of Khuzestan, Lorestan, and Kermanshah regions, and to prevent the Ottoman boundary interferences. Hossein-Quli Khan was a governor who received Nasser-al-Din Shah’s support including titles and continuity of his post. After the death of Qulam-Reza Khan, Mozafar al-Din Shah continued this support for his son. Although the son was not capable like his father, he managed to secure the governorship. However, with the fall of Qajars and the rise of the Pahlavi Dynasty, he fled to Iraq and eventually the governorship collapsed. The present study sought to investigate how the relationship between the central power structure and Poshtkuh governors was, and how the equilibrium of power was established between the central government of Qajar and the said Governors. The research hypothesis is that the Qajar government has supported the governors in the pursuit of internal and border stability, and the governors have been loyal to the Qajars.

The extent of financial corruption is one of the Qajar period's problems, which is reflected in various forms such as bribery, gift, embezzlement, and the like. Although the issue of corruption and especially its manifestations have been considered by researchers, addressing the cause of this phenomenon remains an inevitable necessity. In line with this necessity, and since there is a useful link between power building as a determining factor in social and economic issues and the extent of financial corruption, the study of this link's dimensions and its effects in the period under discussion is the main issue of this article. Accordingly, an attempt has been made to clarify the case through the study of related sources and research and descriptive-analytical methods. The research findings indicate an effective relationship between the extent of corruption and the authoritarian structure of government. The exercise and distribution of power depend on the will of the monarchy, and other government components such as courtiers, bureaucracy, judiciary, etc., find meaning in this context. This structure, from the spread of financial corruption to the lower hierarchy and its transformation into relatively common practice and its essential role in cases such as financial transparency, unfair distribution of wealth, etc., is also a severe obstacle to reformers in the field of financial corruption in this era.

Using historical-analytical methodology, this article studies the reasons behind Iranian optimism toward the USA before WWII. The conclusion shows that the US attempts in public diplomacy and the sociopolitical conditions of Iran were the two main reasons for this optimism. The presence of American Mission in Northeast Iran and then central Iran and their attempts in educational and medical affairs, considering the so-called humanitarian and innovative attempts which all of them could be considered as public diplomacy had positive effects. On the other side, some Iranian politicians because of special socio-economic conditions of Iran were looking for a country that could play the role 3rd force and bring Iran out of the hands of two colonial powers.

While presenting a general discussion about religious proselytizing policy of western institutes, this article in particular is to analyze and study a main sector of the activities of American Protestant missioners in Iran, i.e. “Educational Activities”. This study while assuming different proselytizing aims, particularly separates the “religious reasons” from the political and economic interests that for centuries proselytizing movements in the Christian world had under her control. This article has used analytical-descriptive methodology and is based on historical documents and sources.

While Agha Mohammad Khan became increasingly powerful, and the Russians land claims over the Caucasus –that embedded in the national and ideal Iranian boundaries-at the same time the Turkmen attacks on the Greater Khorasan, plunder of the region, and the capture of women and men and the prevalence of feudal system in around of Iran, the need to revive the Iranian historical borders has become significant importancefor the people of this country. Agha Mohammad Khan, aware of this fact, stated that the main goal of the long struggle was to revive the historical borders of Iran.With descriptive-analytic method, this research studies the Qajar's efforts to revive Iran's historical borders and its goals and outcomes.The findings show that Agha Mohammad Khan acknowledged and understood the borders of Iran in the ancient and Safavid times and its significance for the formation of a new government. He announced his main government program to revive Iran's historic borders and tried to legitimize his military campaigns and actions during the monarchy in this way.

Translation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European books and literature under the supervision of the professionalists. Translating this outstanding works played an important role in improving the understanding of Europe for the Iranian people. One of the brilliant achievements of this era was Compiling a book entitled "JahanNamayehJadid", compiled from translating of European historical and geographical books after Amir kabir′s assignment as Ambassador inArzanat. Arroum. The latterimprovedIranian recognition about European countries. In this article, we attempt to explain the contribution of this book to the awareness among the Iranians.