جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شاهرخ » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Art as a social phenomenon is formed under the influence of political, religious, economic, and cultural contexts existing in every society. This fact exists in the Timurid era (807-913 AH), which is considered one of the brilliant periods in the history of Iranian-Islamic art, and art was not a separate category from politics and religion; As during the time of Shahrukh Timuri, in the one hand, art was intertwined with politics and religion, and on the other hand, it was influenced by the multi-religious situation of the society of that day. Therefore, to understand the state of the art in this period and to examine the factors of its progress and stagnation, we must analyze its political and religious roots in the society of that time. The current research, with descriptive and analytical methods, while explaining the political and religious contexts governing the period of Shahrukh Timuri, aims to show the impact of his policies on the growth and stagnation of all kinds of art in that period. The findings of this research show that as a result of Shahrukh's support policies for architecture and calligraphy, based on the number of works produced and innovation in the styles used in each of them, it has progressed in terms of quantity and quality, and against poetry despite Quantitative growth turned into qualitative decline, and music and painting did not rise as they should have. This finding was obtained with a comparative approach between the common arts of this period.

Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, the cities of Khorasan, like most of the conquered places, faced with murder, looting and destruction. After Timur’s death and Shahrukh’s accession, prosperity returned to Khorasan and these areas came out from under the pressure of the Timurid period. This research aims to analyze Timur and Shahrokha’s actions in Khorasan with descriptive analytical method and using library sources. The findings indicate that Timur, considering his own interests and attachment to his capital, Samarkand, tried to use the economic resources and human and cultural capacities of the conquered regions, especially Khorasan, for the prosperity of Mavara- al- Nahr. Timur's discriminating view of Khorasan caused chaos in this province and repeated the calamities that the Mongols brought upon this region. On the other hand, Shahrukh made a significant effort to develop Khorasan due to his attachment to it, reliance on Iranian bureaucrats, and adherence to Islamic laws..

In 771 AH, Amir Timur Goorkani took over the government of Transoxiana and by uniting the tribes and military forces, he could revive the unity, stability, authority and political sovereignty of this region, which was affected by frailty, and through the military attacks on different regions of Asia, he could establish a vast empire. In order to justify the military attacks and establish the religious legitimacy of his government, he took a special political-religious approach that included adherence to the religious rules and respect for the scholars and Sufi sheikhs. The reasons for this religious policy and its effect as Timur's legacy during the supremacy of his successors, especially Shahrokh and its role in the development of the cultural and religious situation in the 8th and 9th centuries A. H, is the main question of this article, which has been investigated through a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the article clarify that the governors of Goorkan, especially Timur, have taken a series of measures to identify themselves as pure Muslims and endeavored to describe their government based on the divine destiny and providence and they have taken advantage of religion as a path to achieve their political goals.

One of the groups present in the Timurid era was the Qara'unas. Before the Timurids, they played a major role in the political life of Chagatai Ulus, because of their courage and bravery. But, the important thing was that despite the group's inherent importance as a force in the military sphere and militarism, they were less appreciated in other areas. This study, using the primary and research sources and relying on the descriptive-analytical method and looking again at the events related to this group in the Timurid period, attempted to explain the role of Qara'unas in the political and military equations of Chagatai Ulus and examine the reason behind Timurid's special treatment towards this group. The main question of this research is: why did the political and military prestige of Qara'unas gradually decrease in the Timurid era? The findings showed that Timurids, taking into account the historical experience of the Mongols, the opposition and conflict of Qara'unas at the beginning of the government with the Timurids and the intentional or unintentional negligence of this group in some missions assigned to them by the Timurids, had considered an insignificant role for Qara'unas in the political life of Chagatai Ulus.

Timur’s period was the time of the conquest and evolution of the empire during which a military aristocracy played the most salient role in the structure of power. In Shahrokh’s era, a kind of structural transformation occurred in the nature and manner of the exertion of power that could be considered as the symbol of passing the Timurid empire from a military-dominated discourse to a military-civil structure. In this era, it seems that, for the first time throughout Iran’s history, the governors and military elements had distanced from the merely military functions and permanent stances of the men of the sword by engaging themselves in administrative and executive activities. The Present Study employed a descriptive analytic method. It not only ponders on the administrative structure of the Timurid period, and effort to a conflict between the literati and the men of the sword but also addresses the major question of what the effects of the transformation of the political structure and the institutionalization of the Timurid power in Shahrokh’s period on the function and stance of the military governors of this period were. The results of the research reports that in the light of the realistic personality of Shahrokh’s and the institutionalization of power in this period, the administrative structure was improved so that some governors paid attention to executive affairs and created a new political experience in Iran’s middle period.

Timuriyan were successors of Mughal Ilkhanates. They reconstructed the destructions of mughal era. They also chose the east of Iran as their political center. Despite the struggles in Timuriyan era, we can see the progress in art and culture. Timur was interested in art and knowledge and this interest was continued through his successor era, Shahrokh, and next by Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara. The success of Shahrokh in choosing to have his capital in Harat led to a glamorous time in Harat in terms of culture, art, and architecture. Moreover, it caused principal changes by making cultural buildings such as libraries, mosques, and schools. In Timuriyan era, Harat was one of the big and important cities of Khorasan. The Khorasan Road and Silk Road played significant roles in the enhancement of Harat city. In this article, we seek to investigate the historical changes of Harat city, the factors affecting its enhancement and progress during Timuriyan era, and also study the events happening after cultural revolution in this period. The research questions are as the following:• What are the reasons behind choosing Harat as the capital city in Timuriyan era?
• What were the cultural and civil works done in Harat city?
• Who was involved in cultural and civil works? To answer the abovementioned questions, the study continues with testing the hypotheses. Moreover, the documentary method is utilized to collect the data.

The term "Tarkhan" is one of the words that is repeated in the sources of Iranian middle history. In the early Islamic centuries, this term was a kind of privilege for a particular group. During the Timurid era, two titles of the Tarakhanids and Tarkhani were introduced. The question of the present research is that what happened to Tarkhan and Tarkhani's position during the Timurid period, and what was the cause of these developments? The findings of the research indicate that Tarkhan's position, which until then was attributed to the group of Turkish troops and relatives, established the nature of the Timurids in two parts of the Tarakanites and the Tarakan emblem. In the Timur and Shahrokh period, the superiority was for Tarkhanids and there was less talk of Tarkhani in historical sources. But after the death of Shahrokh and his wife (Goharshadagha), the term Tarkhanids was changed to Tarkhani. The most important reason for this development was the efforts of Timurid lords like Abdul Latif, Abu Said, and Sultan Hussein Bayqara in limiting the power of Tarkhanids. The policy has gone so far that Tarkhani position was widely accepted by commoners.

The relationships between Iran and China during the Timurid era continued along a relatively satisfactory route at various political, economic, and cultural levels due to the interest of both sides. Of course, they were not as tight as they were during the Mongol period. However, over time, because of the changes in China which affected the Silk Road, the relationships between the two countries deteriorated so that Timur decided to attack China during the last years of his rule. With the coming of Shahrukh to power, the relationships between the two countries entered a new level. The present study is intended to investigate these relationships relying on the book Zubdat-al Tawarikh following a historical (descriptive-analytic) approach to the data collection, analysis, and interpretation procedures.

Timur’s victories in Indian Subcontinet which emerged from 800 AH./ 1398 AD., had been an introduction for new era in historical relationship of Iran and India. After the Timur’s campaigns, parts of Indian Subcontinet such as Multan and Punjab had been added to his territory with an excuse for ghazwa, war with infidels and expansion of Islam. Alongside with these victories, some officers and governments of Indian provinces submitted to Timur and some of them undertook the administration of his territories in India. Although Timur’s death and the severe struggle of pretenders had decreased the influence of Timurids in India, some issues such as internal disputes of Indian governments and Shahrukh’s policy for expanding political and economic relationships, paved the way for renewal of Timurids’ realtion with some of Indian governments. This research will study the backgrounds, process, feedback and results of Shahrukh’s diplomacy in Indian Subcontinent with a historical and descriptive- analytical approach based on primary and reliable sources. The result of this research speaks of Shahrukh’s political and economic aims for making a relationship with Indian Subcontinent and reveals the political aims of some governments of that region in this issue.

Khaje Ghiasoddin Pir Ahmad Khafi is known as one of the ministers of celebrity in the Area of Teimourian that held the ministerial of office for thirty years during the area of Shahrokh and his successors. Although Pir Ahmad could do great things during his long term of ministry in Shahrokh government, one of the issues that have been raised about the days of his ministry; are the issues of financial abuses. This stuff happened in the area of Jam (current Torbate _Jam) and Pirahmad is directly accused of being one of the suspected. The question that this article formed on around it, is: Although historians have not spoken of Pir Ahmad role in the financial abuses, he has still been accused by some of the researchers? This research is descriptive and analytical methods and relying on library resources, trying to turn the issue around which Pir Ahmad in the financial abuse had no accusation that he was given.

Herāt experienced a considerable boom of culture and art during the reign of Timurids, especially during the long reign of Shāhrokh and Hossein Bāyqārā. Herāt’s cultural life had been influenced by several factors and issues which are going to be categorized in four classes of: promotion of Sharia, Persian language expansion, Iranian-based thoughts, and mysticism to be analyzed beside the character of their patrons, especially Shāhrokh and his son Bysonqor Mirza.

All of the values of Iranian social life from the view of Timurian Turks’ attacks and presence were affected. Nawadays,the results Timurian Turks’ attack and invasion and their domination on Iran were discussed and studied by some of the researchers and different and sometimes contradicted views expressed. Some of the researchers believe thet Timurian attacks like Mogul were ccompanied with killing,burning and destruction and some of the other researchers believe that their destruction didn’t continue and they started to repair and reconstruct the cities and villages destroyed during their attack. Studying the above perspectives show that all of these views have evaluated and stated in general the attack of conducted a case study and each one come to the above results by observing and studying the condition of a city or area at a special time. On the other hand the mentioned views have exaggerated Timur’s role in growth and destruction of Iranian urban life and none of them paid urban life. The aim of this research is to recognize the diffrences of the persented matters about Timur’s attack when encountering to the cities that gives completely different views

There are some disagreement among scientists about emerging the Sadr office. Although they attribute its creating to Temür time and its stabilization returns to his followers in accordace with some reasons. The study is going to study the role and operation of Sadr office in Timurid bureaucratic structure by relying on existing resources especially during the reign of Temür, Shahrukh, Abu-Sa’id and Bāyqarā. The questions which are being discussed in this regard is that how the were selected and appointed? What was the position of Sadr according to ranking in bureaucratic structure? Where is the resource of income and what is its functions? By this survey, It is appeared that the person that was achieved tenure must be the highest ancestry that is from Sadat family. Meanwhile, he had to have high Spiritual Power and high income. Sadr along with conrt Tovachi and court Mall were made the third place in Timurid bureaucratic structwerand in ranking it was lower tham Princes and higher them ministers. They had the responsibity of rarious function like as: Being the head of Turbams people, protecting and supporting the religows institutions; controilins the Endowments, Inspecting the suitable farming in the fields.Keywords:

Siorghal is one of the most advanced and the most complete forms of feudalism in Iran.This economic and social phenomenon was inagurated in Iran in the period of Ale Jalayer.The latter Iranian Ilqans and the Torkmans too used it in varoustimes.InTimuridperiod,specially up to the death of Shahrokh,many small and large Siorghals were bestowed to the princes,commanders,clergies and bureacrats.AfterShahrokh’sdeath,and following the collapse of Timuri empire and the war between Timur’s children and grand children.The growth of siorghal stopped. Garagoyoonlu and AqqoyoonluTorkmans more or less used this method of feudalism.With the emergence of Safavids,manysiorghals were bestowed to military,civil,and religious officialls.In the rule of Shah Abbas I.the powerful and centralized government the siorghal lands were first limited and finally stopped.What was siorghal,and what features it had?This article tries to discuss the process of emergence,and the change in this social and economic.

Amir Timur Gourkani managed to found a mighty empire with Samarqand as its capital from 771 to 807 A.H. he managed to put an end to the 36-year rows between the feudal aristocrats and the looting and exploitative militaries in Iran. His empire extended from India to the Mediterranean Sea and from Moscow to the Persian Golf. Though his empire did not last more than 36 years and depended on Timur himself, Shahroukh his only heir could maintain and protect most parts of this empire for 43 years. Due to the wealth gathered in Samarqand, decline of domestic wars in Iran and establishing security all around Iran in Timur and Shahroukh’s era, it made the trade routs secure. Granting farming lands to princes and depending governors put these lands under the supervision of the owners in order to produce farming produce. Cities, especially those in Khorasan, blossomed and made improvements in irrigation. Timurid after Mongolian raid managed to create a stable economy and economic progress for the large and resourceful country of Iran