جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "central plateau" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Ancient concepts and sustainable patterns in traditional architecture have always been dependent on history and have been manifested in its scope. In the domain of patterns, to what extent these phenomena have changed throughout history, is not important, but its constant in the context becomes important. Therefore, the first step in rereading architecture, especially the contents of traditional principles, is to refer to the historical background. For such a description and analysis and recognition of the creations of ancient architecture and knowledge of their characteristics and how they developed and evolved in later eras is considered an important matter in the studies of Iranian architecture. The current research is compiled with the aim of representing and applying hidden and common principles between the ancient Iranian architecture and the houses of the Qajar era in the central plateau of Iran. Therefore, this article answers this question; What are the principles of ancient Iranian architecture in accordance with the concepts in the traditional Qajar houses located in the central plateau of Iran and how they have been reflected on the architecture of the houses of that era? The research method was descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that in the architecture of traditional Qajar houses, there is a kind of mental tendency towards ancient architecture, which is reflected in the texture of that architecture through principles such as introversion, centrality, integration of opposites, hierarchy and unity.

The central plateau and southwestern Iran were two pivotal points to begin social and economic developments during the second half of 5th millennium BC, which played an important role in commercial exchanges and cultural interactions between the east and west of the Iranian plateau in the 4th millennium BC. Technology and industry were the main indicators of complexity in the central plateau, while in the southwestern of Iran, agriculture, animal husbandry and water resources were important in this sense. The level of complexity, the appearance of management technique, and pottery production in the key excavated sites in a range from the central plateau to a part of the eastern plains of central Zagros and the and southwest of Iran, was evaluated and studied. The structural analysis of the interactions between the two regions with a cultural ecology approach and based on five paradigms including assimilation, specialization, synchronization and self-organization, condensation of geo-economy, and concentration of power has shown that some societies during the second half of the fifth millennium BC, based on these five principles, they strengthened each other and created complex societies. We have achieved some results in the framework of economic-sociological indicators which include the creation of production and distribution systems, efficient families, pyramids of power and super elites, the destruction of public consensus and expanding elites.

The study of architecture and architectural decorations is one of the most basic archaeological tools for the recognition of ancient cultures and societies. However, despite its importance as the prologue of Iranian architecture in the historical period (i.e., Median and Persian architecture), Iranian Iron Age architecture has been studied less than it deserves. Painted bricks and tiles— which are found across different regions of Iran, e.g., the Northwest, Luristan, and the Central Plateau at ancient sites such as Hasanlu, Qalaichi, Rabat, Baba Jan, Qoli Darvish, Sialk, Shamshirgah, and Gholam Tape—are among the most significant elements of Iron Age architecture, about which our knowledge has grown considerably over the last few decades. The present article deals with the descriptions of the aforementioned bricks and their typology. We try to show how much these bricks have been influenced by the art of neighboring nations. This article also aims to indicate the function of these painted bricks, and by extension, the function of the buildings on which these bricks are adorned. The research results suggest that these bricks can be divided into three distinct categories that are consistent with a triple political and geographical division of Iran during the first half of the first millennium BCE. The research also shows that despite the fact that these bricks have been influenced by the art of neighboring regions, they are indigenous and have been made by native artisans. It seems that the painted bricks of the Iranian Iron Age are mostly used in religious buildings and temples of this time.

Neolithic studies of the central plateau of Iran, especially based on technology and production organization of pottery, indicate the presence of household production organization among these societies. Raw materials, productions and tools, specialization levels, and exchanges all expose a household production organization and local trading. Also, technologies, manufacturing tools, variety of production, cultural interaction levels, and other characters reveal that Neolithic societies of the central plateau of Iran were small and simple communities and their products were only for their use. In this study, the authors have used and analyzed the data of important Neolithic sites of Central Plateau of Iran, including Sialk (Kashan plain), Chahar Boneh and EbrahimAbad (Qazvin plain) and Pardis and Cheshmeh Ali (Tehran plain); each of this sites has type of local pottery or potteries that indicate household production organization very well. But an exception occurs in this period in the region; common type pottery was present in almost all the region that is so-called Sialk I3-5 pottery. The distribution of this pottery, in the Late Neolithic II period, is inconsistent with what we definition of household production organization, exchanges goods, or technology in the Central Plateau of Iran. In this research, based on Ethnoarchaeology and the presence of full-time non-resident specialists (badgers), it is hypothesized that given that the presence of full-time professional experts requires a consumer community and may occur in densely populated settlements. Neolithic communities of Central Plateau of Iran, in the direction of specialization, can be considered as the first step of complex societies and the similarity of some artifacts such as the pottery, which is only discussed in this paper, due to the presence of specialists who are temporarily present in the settlement areas and provide their services. In this paper we step forward to known household industrial production based on Sialk I3-5 pottery.

Farahan plain is a wide and flat plain with suitable agricultural land located in the middle of central province. This region is geographically important due to its proximity to the center of the Iranian plateau from the north and northeast and central Zagros from the west and southwest. Archaeological investigations in this plain have led to the identification of settlements from the Late Stone Age to the contemporary ages, especially the historical period. In the meantime, two Kura araxes sites with gray-black pottery were identified for this culture. These settlements are located to the south of Farahan Plain and along the southern shore of Lake Meyghan to the center and south of Farahan Plain. These settlements are located on the runoff of the water flowing from the Haftad qolleh Mountains. The question that arises here is from what direction or paths did the Kura-Araxes communities enter the west and center of the central province, and essentially what factors or factors contributed to their presence in the region. It seems that the Yanik communities enter the Central Province through either the Malayer to the south or the Famenin Plain route to the Central Province, crossing the eastern margin of the Central Zagros Mountains and settling in the midwestern valleys of the western province and the middle of the Farahan plain. The presence of the Gharey Chay River in the west of the Central Province, as well as the seasonal rivers that flowed in the Lake Meyghan basin, may be the major contributors to their presence in the region. The range of these populations extending eastward into the Iranian plateau is one of the other questions raised in this study. In this study, while studying the environmental conditions of the area, the causes and how these settlements were established in the area during the old Bronze Age and how to enter them.

The study of transition process of prehistoric societies from egalitarian stage to the classified and state, is one of the important subjects of archaeology. The administrative technology is one of the symbolic features of prehistoric complex societies, indicating the presence of elite class for controlling the socioeconomic and political affairs. Large amounts of garbage with various deposited cultural materials were discovered during the archeological excavations in 2016 at the ancient site of Ālou in Radekan Village, Qazvin Plain. The site chronologically related to the Late Chalcolithic/ Late Plateau period. The administrative artifacts including clay seals and counting objects (tokens) were found in this project. These artifacts are the main devices of administrative technology. The main purposes of this paper are to introduce and interpret the administrative technology devices in Ālou site and the research on the origins of socioeconomic developments in the Central Plateau of Iran. It reevaluates, at first, the background of cultural developments in the Central Plateau with emphasis on administrative technology and information processes, and afterwards, studies the related cultural materials from excavations of Ālou. The results indicate that the societies of Central Plateau, in the mid-fourth millennium BC, had achieved the socioeconomic complexities by the classified — or chiefdom — structure, prior to the Proto-Elamite horizon. These developments therewith cultural interactions and communications with adjacent regions, originated in the Central Plateau of Iran.

Because of the existence of different cultures and the lack of related solid archeological studies in the Iranian Plateau, the Bronze Period is one of the less known periods of prehistory there. One of the cultures attributed to this period is the Kura-Araxes culture, which spread in vast areas of the northwest and west of the Iranian Plateau and some parts of its center. However, the details of the nature of this culture and the quality of its spread in this plateau are not yet available. The conducted archeological investigations confirm the existence of this culture in the central and western parts of the plateau of Iran and the central Zagros region. In the course of the archeological studies carried out in 2007-2008 and 2014 in the west of Markazi Province, nine large residential areas in relation to the Kura-Araxes culture were identified on the banks of Qareh Chai River. These areas include Agh Tappeh, Savarabad Tappeh, Ghal’ah Sarsakhti Tappeh, Chezan Tappeh, Far Tappeh, Shur Tappeh, Do Gol Zard Tappeh, Mazra’eh Khatun Tappeh, and Adineh Masjid Tappeh. The great vastness and height of these areas (particularly Agh Tappeh and Sarsakhti Tappeh) could indicate the existence of different layers of human residence and dense architecture of prehistory there. In this paper, the authors have tried to explore the importance of different forms of human residence in Kura-Araxes during prehistory while clarifying the place of Kura-Araxes culture in the west of Markazi Province as one of the junctions linking the cultures of the center of the Iranian Plateau to Central Zagros.

The Bronze Period is one of the least known periods in the prehistoric era of Iranian Plateau because of the presence of different cultures and the lack of systematic archeological research. One of the cultures attributed to this period is the Yanik Culture which was expanded in a vast area ranging from the northwest, west, and central parts of Iranian Plateau in the late 4th millennium BC to the late 3rd millennium BC. However, no detailed reports have been presented for this culture and its rise and fall inside the Iranian Plateau yet. Archeological investigations have confirmed the existence of such a culture in the central and western areas of the Iranian Plateau and the Central Zagros. During the archeological investigation from 2007 to 2008 in the west part of Markazi Province, nine large settlement areas related to the Yanik Culture were identified in the Qara-Chai Riverside. The vast area and high elevation of them (particularly the Aq Tappeh and the Sarsakhti Hill) can indicate the existence of settlement layers and dense architecture of this period. On the other hand, the investigation of the settlement areas’ location shows that, out of nine studied areas, three hills are located along the Qara-Chai River, at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level, and the other six along the catchments area of Qara-Chai, at an altitude of 2,100 m above sea level. The present study aims to explain the status of the Yanik Culture in the west part of Markazi Province as one of the connecting points of cultures at the center of Iranian Plateau with those in Central Zagros as well as investigating and analyzing the significance of settlements related to this period.

The main subject of periodization, cultural classification and archaeological chronology is the temporal and spatial patterns of material culture collections (Lucas, 2001, 106-141). The assemblages of archaeological sites and their components have a great importance in the chronological division and periodozation, because they are basic materials of the cultural similarities comparing. Therefore, any error in identifying the internal patterns of these components, which have an inherent conjunction with their spatial and temporal dimensions, will have a direct reflection on wider spatial and temporal patterning that are based on. The prehistoric chronology of the Iranian Central Plateau, especially due to its vast geographical scope, has been one of the cases that faced by such a challenge. Over the recent three decades, there have been many archaeological excavations and surveys in this area, that most of them have focused on prehistoric periods and their chronologies. Despite the good quantity of the recent decades archaeological activities on the vast area of the Iranian Central Plateau, its prehistoric chronologies and periodizations that generally have based on tape Sialk’s more than eighty years old and not so detailed divisions, has not changed much. According to this division, Girshman divided the chronology of the tape sialk, from the Neolithic period to the beginning stage of the Bronze Age (the Proto Elamite period) into four cultural periods and seventeen sub-periods or strata (Sialk I1-IV2). The fourth millennium BC, as the main subject of this paper, includes the sub-periods of Sialk III4-5, Sialk III6-7b, Sialk IV1, and parts of Sialk IV2. In particular, the second half of this millennium includes important sociopolitical developments that have played a major role in increasing social inequalities, the formation of early states, the proto literate and some technological changes, such as the production and use of bronze objects. The division of this sensitive phase between the sialk III6-7b and IV1-2 strata is in a way that emphasizes on the serious discontinuity between this two cultural periods. Regardless of whether the detection of this discontinuity is correct or not, the way in which these sub-periods are distinguished and differentiated have always been unclear and very generalized. So that, for example, the sialk stratum III6 has never been individually mentioned and has always been considered participant with the sialk III7. Of course, Silk's multiple chronological problems are not limited to that. While the sialk divisions was based on architectural strata, its comparative studies have all been based on ceramic styles, which has led to many errors in the process of inter-regional transformations and their chronological recognition. Most of these problems seem to be caused by insufficient attention to short-term Transformations processes. The results of recent studies for providing a precise and appropriate image from the process of cultural transformation of various prehistoric periods in this area, has indicated the inability of such a generalized divisions, due to the lack of attention to the short-term cultural events and the inflexible normative perception of the concept of culture. While over the past century, due to the great changes in the definition of the concept of cultural change and its various stages chronology and periodization, archaeological studies in the interests of the inter-regional and site distinctions and short-term criteria endorsement, passed over the old rigid normative and generalized definitions of culture. This studies, over acceptation the fluidity of the temporal and spatial dimensions of cultural boundaries, have added to their carefulness in the recognition and differentiation of cultural processes. Continued studies of excavations such as tape Meymoon-abad, presenting sufficient evidence of such that errors, which emphasize on the necessity of review the Iranian central plateau prehistoric periods old studies and their divisions.

Cultural relation and cultural interaction among the prehistoric cultures of the Iranian Plateau have been always understood and perceived through the perspective of cultural zoning of Iran. Traditionally, resemblance between cultural materials, especially ceramic assemblages, has been anchored to approach understanding such interactions between different cultures. Before the 4th Millennium B.C. there is a few, if any, convincing evidence of cultural contact between the Central Zagros and Central Plateau. Y. Majidzadeh was the first who indicated the similarities between ceramic assemblages of Tappeh Ghabrestan in the Central Plateau with those of Godin VII and VI periods of the Central Zagros. During the past decade further evidence, mainly as ceramic collection, was obtained through archaeological fieldworks in the eastern portion of the Central Zagros manifesting further cultural contacts between these two regions. In 2007 a rescue excavation was conducted at an endangered site behind the Kalan Dam near Malayer. The site, Shat Ghilah, was a sherd scatter located on the right bank of the Kalan River, on a terrace 7 m above the river bed. The site had no visible height and its identification was possible only by a layer of sherds, about 80 m in length, protruding from the river-cut-section of the site. The surface sherd assemblage was a mixture of prehistoric and late Islamic pottery. Excavation at this site was part of the larger project of rescue excavations at some endangered sites identified in the reservoir area of the Kalan Dam. After the dam was completed the reservoir submerged the site. Three small trenches have been excavated at Shat Ghilah in the spring of 2007. Tr. 1, 4x3 m, was put on the edge of the river-cut section and was excavated to the depth of 230 cm below the surface. No trace of architecture or any feature was revealed but pottery-rich loose deposit which lay on a steep natural ground. No interface could be observed in the excavated profiles, suggesting a same formation process of the sequence. Trenches 2 and 3, each 2x2 m, was excavated aiming to find more tangible evidence pertaining to the nature of the site. These trenches proved to be devoid of any primary contexts, but produced a few stray ceramics associated with erosion-derived loose debris. Putting together the stratigraphic information obtained from the excavated trenches, it seems likely that most of the original site has been already washed away by Kalan River during the past millennia. Based on the length of the ceramic-rich layer exposed in the eroded section (some 80 m) and what the excavated trenches provided, it could be hypothesized that the original site was not probably larger than one hectare. While ceramic finds of Trenches 2 and 3 lack a reliable stratigraphic position, those of Trench 1 are well-stratified, abundant and mostly characteristic. Generally speaking, the ceramic assemblage of Shat Ghilah can be divided into two major groups: Buff Ware and Orange Ware; the former contains both plain and painted specimens, while the latter includes just plain ceramic. Ceramic comparisons, especially of Buff Ware, show a clear resemblance between the Shat Ghilah assemblage and those of the Godin VII and VI periods. The closest parallels, however, come from the Godin VI:3 and VI:2 Phases, manifesting a high percentage of painted ceramics than the preceding period. Other close parallels for Shat Ghilah ceramics are found farther in the east and north, in the Central Plateau, at the south mound of Sialk (Sialk III4-7b) in the Kashan Plain and Qabrestan in the Qazvin Plain, suggesting the cultural orientation of the site toward those areas.

In terms of synchronic studies, the last stage of cultural development of prehistoric societies of Iranian Central Plateau prior to proto-literate period is characterized by Sialk III6-7 cultural horizon at Tepe Ghabristan and Sagz Abad in Qazvin plain and Tepe Sialk on the northern edge of the central desert. The Late Chalcolithic period, which is referred to as ended around 3400 BC. The final feature of proto-literate period known by the titles of Uruk and the Proto-Elamite characterized by the sudden disappearance of painted pottery of Sialk III6-7 and the emergence of simple and coarse pottery of Uruk tradition. Meymanat-Abad Tepe is considered as an excellent option to study that how the transition between the two these significant periods was happened. Also, Meymanat-Abad is an important site for study the Sialk III6-7. Meymanat-Abad Tepe (N 3928141.46 and S 515322.47, AMSL: 1053.96 m) is located in southwest of Tehran, in the 25 km distance to Tehran, 2 km of south of the Golestan town, 6 km of West of Robatkarim city and 500 meters south of the Meymanat-Abad village and surrounded by two shallow hills of Northern and Southern ones. Meymanat-Abad Tepe consists of two northern and southern mounds and both of them were gone under excavation. In general, a complete sequence of late chalcolithic was identified at this Tepe based on stratigraphic excavations. Stratigraphic excavation and presenting its chronological table help us to illuminate new information of the mid and late fourth millennium especially late chalcolithic in the frame of Sialk III6-7 and Sialk IV1. The southern mound contains the Sialk III6-7 material culture and the northern one contains Sialk III7 and IV1 records. Considering the fact that the two mounds were settled along the chronological sequences, this report had done to present the Operation at the southern mound and relied upon on pottery analysis. Based on the pottery analysis, the settlement phases of I to IIb at Tepe Meymanat-Abad are comparable to Ghabristan IV6-4, Sialk III6, Sagz Abad Tepe, Ismaeel Abad Tepe and Shizar Tepe and the phase III0 is compared to Ghabristan IV6-4, Sialk III7, Sagz Abad Tepe, Ismaeel Abad, Shizar and Arisman B. The presence of some of the typical Iranian Central Plateau ceramics such as buff wares at sites such as Godin indicates that a degree of interaction and communication had been established with the central western Zagros during the second half of the fourth millennium BC. They will refine the typological sequence of the ceramics of the late Chalcolithic horizon. Meymanat-Abad also throws considerable light on some of the problems connected with the emergence of societies in this part of Time. The Southern mound has a continuity of pottery tradition in Sialk III6. The pottery was buff, painted and fine and the forms included cups, deep bowl with plain bases, etc. Common forms included vertical and inverted-rim hemispherical bowls of shallow to medium depth, some with a pedestal base painted with rows of animal decoration such as leopards, goats with S-shaped horns, and cups and open bowls with concave and oblique walls, incurving and flared rims, and flat base. Most motifs consist of geometric designs but stylized animals such as goats, leopards, cattle, and birds were found in abundance. These styles and motifs are similar and parallel to Arisman B, Sialk III6-7, Ghabristan IV6-4, and Godin VI3.

Pottery is one of the most important archaeological data's which is abundantly found in the prehistorical sites. Some of the researchers in some cases apply quality and quantity changes of pottery and also existence of some new species as one of the data's in the interpretation of cultural changes and for proving substitution or presence of some people or culture. These researchers believe that existence of some pottery species like beveled – rim bowl can be considered as influence or presence of Uruk civilization in Iran's plateau. In fact, argument of this group was based on this assumption that cities of Uruk in last period of fourth millennium B.C due to abundant extension and lack of minerals and valuable and semi-valuable stones in the region were forced to dispatch traders and form bases in surrounding regions. In this article, by case study of Arisman as one of the largest metal- working of Iran in the third and fourth millennium B.C. which is near to the concentration of copper mines in Middle East and in these mines requested pottery species are found and concerning the similarity of pottery in central plateau, we have surveyed the global system of Uruk, namely possibility of existence Uruk trade centers in central plateau has been regarded and its authenticity or lack of authenticity has been assessed according to the archaeological evidences.