جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « seljuk » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The arid desert climate of Yazd province, with its endless flowing sand dunes, has led to the creation of special conditions for human settlements in this part of Iran. Throughout history, the lack of water, the dry land and air, the scorching sun, and especially the movement of flowing sands in the Yazd-Ardakan plain, have been constant threats for the cities and villages in this region. Esfanjerd, extending over ca. 85 hectares, is located in the northern part of the township of Majumerd, Ashkazar district, in the province of Yazd. According to the cultural materials collected from the surface and historical comparative studies the site appears to have been buried under the sands dunes during early Safavid period. Based on the surface material and comparative studies, the 5th to the 9th century AH (Seljuk to early Safavid dynasty) is the suggested chronology for the site. Esfanjerd is located next to the main route from the south to north of Iran, i.e., from Fars to Khorasan via Esfahan, and according to the historical documents, due to the existence of numerous qanats and a strategic location, it was an important region. Old aerial photographs, the scattering of cultural materials on the surface, and the remains of the mudbrick architecture at the site indicate the presence of a very rich settlement from the Seljuk dynasty, in this area. The residential spaces and the walls of the surrounding gardens demonstrate the prosperity of life in this area.

The difference between the Imamiyyah and the Ash'ari and the Abbasid caliphs was a result of the mission that the Seljuqs held for themselves as the supporters of the Sunnah religion and the caliphate against the threats of the Alawites and Shiites. The Imamiyyah considered the Abbasid caliphate illegitimate, and the Ash'ari did not accept the Alevi caliphate and the authority of the Shiite government for the Sunnis. The enmity of the Abbasids with the Shiites caused the officialization of the Sunni religion and the Ash'ari school. Emamiyyah, who saw themselves as a minority in the majority society, their strategy to get out of this crisis was to try for identity, intellectual confrontation, religious formalism and statism in the territorial sphere. The idea and guidance of this strategy was the responsibility of the elders and thinkers of this era. The combination of these factors caused the divergence and conflict between the Imamiyyah and Ash'ari discursive thought, and the two currents used theoretical methods and physical operations in opposition. This research with a historical method based on a descriptive-analytical approach tries to answer the question: What were the factors and effective factors in the conflict between the Imamiyyah and the Ash'ari in the Seljuk era? The findings of the research show that the historical, religious, and political and social factors were the main differences between the Imamiyyah and the Ash'ari and the Abbasid caliphs, which led to the fall of the Boya dynasty, the rise of the Seljuks, and the intensification of theological and religious conflicts common in this era.

Neyshabur, IranThe Ismā'iliyah is one of the most important sects of Shīʿite in the early and middle centuries of Islam, and despite the written historical sources indicating their presence in Arrajān State in the southwest of Iran, their castles and fortifications in this area, especially in the mountainous area to the north and east of it, has not been investigated and studied archaeologically so far. The most important goal of this article is the archaeological investigation and study of the castles attributed to them in this area. Therefore, this article seeks to answer that to what extent the number of castles attributed to this political-religious movement is consistent with the historical texts? The method of gathering the data of the article is based on library sources and archaeological survey of the studied castles and also has a descriptive-historical research method with a cultural history approach. The results of the following article show that due to the strategic geographical location and the economic importance of the Arrajān state for Ismā'iliyah, they entered the Arrajan state from the beginning of the fifth century AH. According to historical texts and comparison with archeological evidence, there have been more than four strong forts of the Ismā'iliyah bases that indicates the presence of followers of this sect in Arrajān region and their political and military activities in this region, especially during the Seljuk period

Pottery patterns of the Seljuk period are a reflection of the beliefs, opinions and tastes of producers and consumers, which developed under the support of the rulers of that period, and a great variety of types and patterns were created, so that in many images of pottery of the Islamic period on The arms of some women and men's clothes Taraz can be seen. "Taraz" was a medal of honor and showing the loyalty of individuals to the government, which was awarded by rulers to high-ranking and courtiers. The main question of the research is, what concepts and functions does the display of the style on the clothes of the figures carry? The present research aims to investigate and analyze the Seljuk period pottery images that have the image of Taraz by using the analytical descriptive method and collecting information in a library form. The findings of the research show that in the Seljuk period, taraz had a high status and in works of art, including pottery, the creativity of artists supported by the aristocracy provided a suitable platform for the creation of tarz on women's clothing and images of legendary, epic, and literary stories it that era which emphasized on the status and social position of the owner of the container.

The Seljuks, themselves one of the 22 tribes of the Turkmen Oghuz, invaded the eastern borders of the Abbasid Caliphate with an alliance between the Turkmen tribes and the Turkic tribes, establishing the first tribal government in the Islamic period. For this reason, they gave a special role to the Turkmen and Turks in their military organization. The purpose of this study is to recognize and study the role of different tribes in the pillars of the great Seljuk army. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical in the theoretical framework of the system and tribal identity. After describing the invasion of Turkmen and Turkic tribes, especially from the fourth century and the disappearance of the eastern borders of Iran, the role of each tribe in the Seljuk corps was analyzed and it was concluded that after the establishment of the Seljuk government and Iranian cooperation with them in administration The government gradually diminished the role of the Turkmen and Turkic tribes in the Seljuk army and was replaced by trained cavalry from Turkish slaves. This issue, along with the increase of Turkmen and Turkic tribes in many parts of Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan during this period, as well as the rebellious spirit of Turkmen rulers, created challenges between the central government and the tribes, which eventually weakened and overthrew the Seljuk rule by the tribes. Turkmen became Oghuz.

The good tradition of devotion (waqf) is one of the evident examples of beneficence and benevolence that man, under the influence of the teachings of the prophets, has established for a long time and has always responded to a large part of the needs of his society by creating public buildings and determining endowments for them. In other words, endowments, with different functions, have played a significant role in various eras and could be largely effective in the establishment and maintenance of cultural, economic and public institutions. This study is to shed light on devotion in Kerman in the fifth century AH, during the Seljuk period. To this aim, after fiving an introduction on how the Seljuk government was formed in Kerman, devotion in this period will be investigated and the Seljuk rulers’ role and efforts in promoting endowments will be identified. The findings suggest that during the Seljuk rule in Kerman, the tradition of devotion had a remarkable expansion, as a consequence of which public affairs and the provision of welfare services came into the attention of rulers and benefactors. The research method was historical with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on library studies.

Niello is a decorative technique on the engraving surface of silver and gold metal and that usually use to create contrast and look good of engraving motifs on metal surface. The Niello has a very long history and the first examples in Iran have been seen in the metal works of the Sassanid period and the culmination of this art was during the Seljuk period. Also the Niello technique done Among Iran different Native tribes with different religions. Despite the fact that there are differences in the implementation of the Niello technique among Muslims, Armenians and the Ahwaz Mandaean, the rich history of this art can create the conditions for innovation between each of these tribes.The importance of this subject has created the necessity that be done this research look for identify of the Niello art properties in the Seljuk metalwork and how to use it to contemporary metalwork art deployment. Also library and documentary information have been studied with a descriptive-analytical approach. The present research looks for the answer these questions: 1- how was implemented the Niello technique in the Seljuk period? 2- How can use the Seljuk decorative technique in the contemporary metalwork art? The results of the research show that the usage of Iran metal art techniques and decorative motifs of ancient period arts with innovation and creativity and usage of technology can be can expand Niello art among Muslim tribes and non-Muslims, especially the Armenian and Mandaean tribes.

The Seljuks needed the help of Iranian bureaucrats because they did not have governing the country background. Khajeh Nizam ol-Molk, the minister of the second and third Seljuk rulers ((Alb Arsalan and Malekshah) for approximately three decades provided significant assistance to the Seljuks in governing the country. One of the topics that has been highlighted in the book of Siyar Al-Muluk (by Khajeh Nizam-ol-Molk) is the expression of the characteristics and duties of government employees. The aim of this study is to extract a competency model for selecting employees in Sierra Leone. The data collection method is library type. In data processing, content analysis was used to determine the dimensions of competency and its characteristics; the data were used in two ways after reviewing the course of the kingdom; first, describe and analyze them, in the next step, draw the frequency tables of the indicators and the competency model based on the content and data of Siyar Al-Muluk. The findings of this study show indicators such as having job skills and experience, being a job, obeying the king and being patient with people, (professionally), being fair, not having economic and administrative corruption, being generous and trustworthy (morally). Being a Hanafi or Shafi'i Sunni, being a Khorasanian and a man (individual) and being a scholar and a genius (knowledge) has been considered as the most important competencies of the employees in Siyar Al-Muluk.

Literary texts, including divan, are among the sources of historical researches. Although divan’s topic is not directly related to historical issues, and sometimes some historians only make historical interpretations of the poet’s allusions, some of divans have also considered various historical aspects. Divan of Abu al-Reza Ravandi is one of these divans that has many historical references and was written by a Shiite scholar during the domination of the Sunni Seljuks. This research intends to study the historical significance of this work as a neglected historical text from the Seljuk period by analyzing different parts of this divan and discovering and extracting the poetchr('39')s historical references in various fields. Results of this study indicate the importance of Divan of Abolreza Ravandi in the field of political, cultural and social history of Kashan in the Seljuk period and introduce this divan as the local history of Kashan in this period.

Minaret in Islamic architecture has almost a lifetime in the history of Islam Considering the rulers, this architectural element has become one of the hallmarks of Islamic power, with its various functions appearing in various forms throughout the Islamic world In the Seljuk period, minarets were used for use such as the path finding mill and memorial of the victory During this period, the minarets with many ornamentation and various inscriptions had played the role of expressing of the concepts desired by their creators.This article aims to achieve a cognition of Khasrogerd minaret in Sabzevar during the Seljuk period and seeks to identify its function and its implications in its recognition In this path, it has also been paid to the nature of this virtu and the research is resulted to the conclusion that The Khosrogerd minaret was an independent minaret, commissioned by Abolqhasem Ali ebn Saeid, the governor of Sultan Sanjar, in the year 505 AH on the way to Nasabur. This minaret is constructed with two inscription strips on the Kofi line with a lacquered bricks style With the themes of the command of construction and verse of the Qur'an,Simultaneously, with the help of travelers, by resorting to possibility of orienting its structure with passers-by, it is based on the power located in the region, the religion based on the place and the city limits.Also, by choosing the 11th verse of the Sura Juma, fillip a religion-driven flip to the lovers of the zar roads.

Sassanian metalwork is one of the most influential ancient arts in Islamic art, especially metal working. in the art of this period, aesthetic dimensions including all kinds of mythical and symbolic concepts in the art of metallurgy were revealed. with the advent of Islam and the development of the art of metallurgy, in addition to the aesthetic dimensions, the technological aspects including methods and techniques of making and decorating in the art of the metalwork of the Islamic era and especially the metalwork of Mosul reflected and continued. in the metalwork school as one of the most prominent centers for the production of metal works in the Islamic world, various types of metallurgical works were produced and presented for various purposes. in these works, there are well-known traces of various types of motifs and concepts commonly found in the Sassanid Empire. therefore, the important question of this article is: what are the motifs and concepts used in the works of Mosul metal that is influenced by the art of Sassanian metallurgy? concepts such as hunting (riding or walking along with arrows or arrows or sword), two beasts on either side of the sacred tree or life, the sultan (motif) sitting on the bed with legs stretched out and servants in Two sides and a hand on a sword or in a quadrangle (And the crescent of the moon or cup of wine in hand), Bahram and Azadeh, bass, dance and music, plant motifs including the tree (cypress, pine), tangled and interconnected ivy (slavic), various flowers (lilies , Leafy leaves, multicolored flowers), animals and birds (lion, hog, bear, elephant, camel, ram and gooseberry), gazelle, deer, ram behind me, hawk (eagle), birds in front. Pearl strings (rows of round shapes). is the result of this research? This research is of fundamental type and research method is descriptive-analytical. the method of data collection is in the form of a library and search in museums.

In the era of Turkish (Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi) and Ilkhani rules in Iran withattention to tribal traditions of people provided an appropriate opportunity forcourt women to have a more influential role in political arena. One of theseinfluential arenas is the role played by the Khatons of the era discussed inreligious politics. Religious policy and the role of women in government andpolitics are two important and significant issues in the study and researches ofIranian history after Islam. However, in historical studies has been paid attentionfewer to the relationship between these two independently and separately; thatis, role of active women in courts in the political arena in religious evolution andthe determination of religious policy. The important position of religion inIranian society also increase the importance of such studies. This article id bydescriptive and analytical method and relying on historical documentation,examines the relationship between the women of the family of ruler In the fieldof religious and religious politics in era of Turkish(Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi)and Ilkhani rules in Iran in order that examine the rate and quality thisrelationship. relationship of women in courts In the field of religious; consist ofwide rang of their personal beliefs to their Interference in determining ofreligious politics and promoting of particular religion and communicating withthe spiritual leaders of society.

The researchers' literatures are like a mirror in which the social traditions and customs of that period can be seen. Look at this mirror during the reign of the Turkish governments in Iran (Ghaznavi, Seljuk and  Kharazmshahian) and looking for signs and effects of women's political and social presence in both positive and negative aspects can be checked. in fact, it can be said that in this period, given tribal traditions of these tribes, there was a good opportunity for women to be more visible in different fields. This issue also affected on some of the literates' thoughts and opinions, somewhat and caused some of them to recognize the political and social presence of women in their works. However, the dominant trend of patriarchal thoughts in Iran has been remained in the writings of this era. Accordingly, in this paper, the reaction of literates and scholars in the era of Turkish rule (Ghaznavi, Seljuk, and Kharazm Shahi) was examined in two positive and negative aspects regarding the presence of women in political and social spheres by collecting information in resources and researches and using descriptive-analytical method.

Iranshahri's thought, as one of the concepts of the intellectual life of ancient Iran, has greatly reflected in various fields of culture and civilization, particularly in theorizing about political structures, in Iran during the Islamic period. Here, the ideas of thinkers, such as Imam Muhammad Al-Ghazali, who support the Seljuk government are worth considering. Imam Muhammad Al-Ghazali is a poet who follows this approach and has compiled Nasihat Al-Muluk book from compilations like the Ideal Kingdom, the Coherence of Religion, Government, and Justice. Despite advocating caliphate theory, supporting Abbasid Caliphs, and even compiling some books in this regard, Imam Muhammad Al-Ghazali stated a major part of his opinions regarding the Seljuk government based on Iranshahri's concepts. Although there are fundamental differences between Imam Muhammad Al- Ghazali` beliefs and Iranshahri's thoughts in the nature of some of the compilations like Justice, the concepts and elements included in the precepts transmitted to the Islamic period, especially in Ardashir Babakan or Time of Ardeshir book, deeply influenced the formation of Al-Ghazali's thoughts in the Nasihata Al-Muluk book.

Sufi cults were of the most effective cultural groups in the Anatolia during Seljuk period of Rome and they had numerous followers among kings, princes, dignitaries as well as rural and urban people. Overviewing the Sufi orders of this region shows importance of three creeds of Mevleviye,Bektashiye and Awhadiyyein growth, expansion and development of the Sufism. The presence and status of women in mentioned creeds haven’t been taken into consideration noticeably and properly at the most of researches which studies these sufi creeds. This study intends to explain, authenticate and compare the cultural activitiesof women in Seljuk period of Anatolia with emphasis on these three creeds through a descriptive method.The results of this study showsthat women who were affected by doctrine of any of the mentioned creeds,despite of their differences in social status and the utilizationamount of resources, power and wealth and also their difference in adherence to beliefs and obedience of religious rules, they dealt with various cultural activities such as holding religious ceremonies and rituals of Sufism, attendinglectures of Sufi masters, building public places such as mosques, baths, schools and tekiehs, caliphate and administration of monasteries and feeding the poor. It seems that they have played a significant role in the growth, expansion and development of Sufism in the Seljuk period of Anatoliathrough their active and influential presence.

In the 5th and 7th centuries A.H., was created great transformation in all arts, industry, and sciences (including pottery art). Seljuk potteries, were restored the glaze technique, so can be attributed lusterware style to them. Kashan at the beginning of the seventh century A.H. was one of the major centers of pottery and for several decades produced wares that they had fine technique. Almost contemporary with Iran, Raqqa in Syria under rule of Ayyubid, was became one of the major centers for the production of pottery and artwork. The traces of Raqqa and Kashan are so similar, so that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. The purpose of this article, identify similarities and differences is between two styles of pottery of Kashan and Raqqa, and eventually, identify of interaction is between these two styles. In this regard, in this study, we have tried to answer the following questions: What are the similarities and differences between these two styles of pottery? Which of these two styles of pottery is older? The research method in this article is based on method of descriptive – analytical, and from library resources has been used to explain the subject. By reviewing the traces of lusterware style of Kashan and Raqqa can achieve some kind of fusion style that is influenced by the art of pottery of Iran. So, pottery style of Kashan has been older and potters of Kashan have been able to many of techniques and decorative art themselves transferred to Raqqa.

The despotic nature of the government of Seljuk kings and the unparalleled status of the Sultan in the structure of this government are important in analyzing the causes of the Seljuk collapse. The weakness and decay of the successor of the Malikshah was also a result of such political instability. In this article, we seek to answer the question of what is the relationship between the policies of the successors of Malikshah, such as the struggle for succession, the lack of attention to people's welfare, the blowing up of religious wars, the conflict with the caliphate, and the rise of political instability in this period. The authors' theoretical framework is the theory of David Saunders about political instability. Accordingly, the political instability in the successor of Malikshah is based on two fundamental concepts of change and challenges, and its indicators have been identified through four categories of change of norms, the change in key executive positions, changing borders and violent challenges. The results of this study indicate that there has been a significant correlation between the policies of the successors of Malikshah and the emergence of political instability in this period.

One of the illustrious periods in the field of bureaucracy organization in Iran after Islam was the Seljuq period, during this period, the institution bureaucracy kind of continuity that was based on the administrative structure of the past governments and the measures and decisions of Khajeh Nizam al- Mulk Toosi . The Seljuq period bureaucracy was later used by the next governments; The elements of the continuation of the Iranian administrative system during the Seljuk period were a Nezamiyeh school, Which was the policy of Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk Toosi, the Minister of the Alp Arslan and the king of Seljuk. He took the system of building school from the Al- Bouyeh and Ghaznavids, but organized it in another way in order to build a new class of trusted staff and secretaries to be loyal to the Seljuq regime. The present research tries to analyze the effects and performance of Nizamiyyeh schools on the continuation of the administrative structure of Iran. A topic that has been less respected by researchers. The findings of the research, based on descriptive-analytical method, relying on the main interests and new research, show that the entrance of teachers and graduates of Nizamiyyah schools to the bureaucracy domain for their influence among the people, the inheritance of some positions and the implementation of the rules and regulations.

Mragheh is one of the oldest Iranian cities in East Azarbayjan. Although the history of its construction is not clear, based on the available evidences it can be attributed to the time before the Christ. According to Diakonov the history of current area comes bacl to 715 BC and has been a land of Manena state and called Oyshush state. Mragheh was an important city during the Seljuk period and following it was recognized as a scientific city and capital of the country in Ilkhanid period. This research investigates the history of city under the leadership Ahmadyalian family in Seljuk era.