جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « World War II » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The massacre of 150,000 Qashqai’s during the occupation of Iran by the Allies would have erased the Qashqai clan from the scene of the times and put the Qashqai name on the pages of history. Time was passing quickly; military planes were full of explosives and the armed forces under the command of Marshal Jahanbani were ready to encircle the Qashqai’s. A moment of delay was enough to change the fate of one of the Turkish clans. To prevent the massacre, Jamal Hassanu Tarai suggested to the British ambassador in Tehran that we can settle the Qashqai’s in Turkey. But for some reason, this proposal was rejected, and a military attack was put on the agenda. The Turkish ambassador prevented this huge tragedy from happening due to his close relations with Marshal Jahanbani and some officials, as well as persuading Khosro Khan Qashqai to compromise with the British ambassador. In 1963, the Turkish ambassador wrote his memoirs under the title "Hidden Leaf of Contemporary History" in Cumhuriyet newspaper. What you will read ahead is an unknown page of Qashqai history and of course a brief description of the political situation in Iran in 1943. İranın müttəfiqlər tərəfindən işğalı zamanı 150 min qaşqayın qətlə yetirilməsi Qaşqay tayfasını zamanın səhnəsindən silib, Qaşqay adını tarix səhifələrinə yazdıra bilərdi. Vaxt sürətlə keçdi, hərbi təyyarələr partlayıcılarla dolu idi və general-leytenant Cahanbaninin komandanlığı altında olan silahlı qüvvələr qaşqayları mühasirəyə almağa hazır idi. Bir anlıq gecikmə türk tayfalarının birinin taleyini dəyişməyə kifayət edə bildi. Qətliamın qarşısını almaq üçün Camal Husnu Tarai İngiltərənin Tehrandakı səfirinə təklif etdi ki, biz qaşqayları Türkiyədə məskunlaşdıra bilərik. Amma bəzi səbəblərdən bu təklif rədd edildi və hərbi hücum gündəmə gətirildi. Türkiyə səfiri general-leytenant Cahanbani və bəzi məmurlarla yaxın münasibətləri, habelə Xosrov Xan Qaşqayı Britaniya səfiri ilə güzəştə getməyə razı salması sayəsində bu böyük faciənin qarşısını aldı. Türkiyə səfiri 1963-cü ildə “Cümhuriyyət” qəzetində “Yaxın tarixdən gizli qalmış bir yarpaq” adı ilə xatirələrini yazıb. Qarşıda oxuyacağınız yazı Qaşqay tarixinin naməlum səhifəsi və təbii ki, 1943-cü ildə İrandakı siyasi vəziyyətin qısa təsviridir.

 Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet forces and their main base to control the capital. The presence of the allied forces in Qazvin caused many problems for its residents, the effects and signs of which can be seen in the documents and sources left from that era. The purpose of the current research, which is carried out with aanalytical method and relying on documents and library sources, is to investigate the situation of Qazvin during World War II and wants to answer the question of what consequences the occupation of Qazvin by the allied forces had for This city and its inhabitants have had. The result of the present research shows that the presence of the Allies in Qazvin, which continued from the first days of their arrival in Iran until the months after the end of the World War, caused insecurity, chaos, murder, looting, theft, famine, high prices, smuggling, There was hoarding, disease, conflict and conflict in Qazvin and its surroundings.

he invasion of British, Soviet, and American forces in September 1941 led to the abdication of Reza Shah, resulting in Iran’s involuntary entry into a war that had various implications in political, economic, and social aspects. According to Article B of the Tripartite Agreement, the Iranian government was obliged to place all its communication facilities, including telephone, telegraph, and wireless services, at the disposal of the Allies. Thus, throughout the war, the Allied powers took control of telegraph and postal services. Documents indicate that the unrestricted operation of the Allies in employing the postal and telegraph communication system facilitated their full-scale interference in Iranian domestic affairs, leading to the disruption of the economic system and incurring numerous damages in various sectors of the Iranian economy. This research evaluates and investigates foreign domination over the postal and telegraph systems as an example of these consequences.While in recent years, there has been a growing trend of examining World War II and investigating its causes, backgrounds, and outcomes, many documents and records related to Iran are still preserved in archival centers in the form of data, which can provide a clear narrative of Iran’s situation during and after the war. The present research aims to investigate the conditions of Iran in this period through the lens of the postal and telegraph situation, relying on the available documents in Iranian archival sources. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the effects of the Tripartite Agreement imposed on Iran, as a result of the occupation during World War II on the state of Iran's postal and telegraph services? What was the significance of interference in postal and telegraph services for the Allied governments? How did the Iranian government react to foreign interference? This research endeavors to provide clear answers to these questions by using documents and analyzing historical data.

This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach. The subject is initially described comprehensively and then a historical analysis is conducted by utilizing the documents available in Iranian archives.

Following the occupation of the country by foreign forces during World War II, internal affairs in Iran were severely disrupted, and as a result, key sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, railways, postal and telegraph services, and foreign trade suffered serious damage. These events took place due to the presence of Allied forces. The Allies, through interfering in various political, economic, and social spheres during the war, took control of the country's vital administrative arteries, not only causing disruptions but also inflicting significant financial losses. One of the important economic sectors of the country was the postal and telegraph communication system, which, albeit at great expense, arrived in Iran with British and Russian support and it was a significant source of government revenue. With the occupation of Iran, this source of income fell into the hands of the Allied powers, leading to a decrease in its revenue. Disruption in the operations of merchants and traders, who relied on the postal and telegraph system to conduct business within and outside Iran, resulted in their financial losses. Reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, as well as the reduction in the government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, are among the consequences of Allied interference in this crucial communication sector. With the occupation of Iran, not only did the postal and telegraph lose its role as an income source, but significant financial burdens were also imposed on the Iranian people and government.

Based on the research findings, the Allies, using the Tripartite Agreement, laid the groundwork for their direct interference in postal and telegraph services. This led to disruptions in trade, a reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, a decrease in Iranian government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, and ultimately, a reduction in government revenue from this important economic source.

Although Iran declared neutrality in World War II; But following the expansion of the war in the eastern fronts, Iran's neutrality was violated and this country was occupied by the Allies. Regarding the incident of Shahrivar 1320 and the foreign policy of Iran and its allies, many documents and research works have been published; However, it is necessary to investigate the unknown and obscure aspects of this important event. Considering such a vacuum, the purpose of this article is to analyze and explain the hidden angles of Iran's military policy against the occupation policy of the Allies in World War II. According to such a goal, the question that is raised is whether the Iranian government followed a specific military policy beyond its official policy against the occupation of Iran by the allies? What were the components of this policy and how successful was it? The findings of the research show that the government of Iran, in parallel with the abandonment of hostilities and the policy of military surrender imposed by the military superiority of the Allies on Iran, had also adopted a minimal military policy, the purpose of which was to preserve the structure of the army and the military achievements of the Reza Shah period in order to preserve Internal order and security and dealing with threats from foreign enemies and threats from neighbors; Because in case of resistance, the Allies would fear disbanding the army. The research method in this article is the post-objective method.

After the occupation of Iran in World War II, Lorestan was located in one of the main corridors of the railway and the routes of Shoseh north to Jeno, the location of Souq Al-Jishi (adjacent to Kermanshah, Iraq, Khuzestan, and the north of the country) and the presence of clans with capacity Dissatisfaction with the central government was noticed by the occupiers. The presence of foreign military forces in Lorestan quickly caused disturbances and unfortunate consequences from the economic and social points of view.In this review, we will discuss why and how the allied military forces entered the Lorestan region and also study the consequences of their presence from an economic and social point of view. The results of the research show that after the defeat of the Lorestan mixed brigade (subordinate to the 6th division of Khuzestan) and the occupation of Khuzestan, the allied forces entered the region from the south of Lorestan without resistance. The presence and operations of these forces gradually caused insecurity, lack of food, famine, inflation, and disruption in education in some areas of the region. These issues had long-term effects on the lives of cities and villages. 

The occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II and the forced resignation of Reza Shah caused many political, social, economic and security crises. In such a situation, the parliament and the government of Iran, with the advice and support of England and the United States and with the initial approval of the Soviet Union, considered hiring advisers from the United States to organize the situation and overcome the economic and administrative problems. In this regard, Arthur Millspaugh, who had already come to Iran once as the head of finance and, considering the conditions of the time, had left behind a relatively successful performance, was hired as the head of Iran's finance. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the performance of Millspaugh in reducing and stabilizing prices during the two years of its presence in Iran (1942-1944). The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library and documentary information. The results of this research showed that Millspaugh had an unsuccessful performance in adjusting and stabilizing the prices of goods despite his broad authority and all-round support of the Allies so the price of many goods continued to increase during his presence in Iran, and if in goods such as Wheat, rice and some agricultural products show signs of price stabilization and reduction. It is not because of Millspaugh's actions, but  due to the abundance of agricultural products and the determination of the task of war on many fronts in 1944.

The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions such as the fragmentation of cultural activists' programs, the stagnation of press activity, the stagnation in the performance of literary associations, and the decline of activity. Cinema and theater, the suspension of formal education in schools and the closure of some of them in Hamedan. The subject of this research is the study of the cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan. The present study has a descriptive-analytical method and approach and the information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the consequences and effects of the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on the cultural situation in the region and what were the causes of these consequences? The findings of this study show; Most of the cultural-educational consequences were unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan, which was gradually revived with the evacuation of the city by the Allies. These negative consequences in the field of culture and education were among the short-term consequences of the war. During the war, the first priority of the people was to meet economic needs, and cultural and educational needs were not considered a priority of the people at that time.

In the past decades, archaeology has turned toward research on societies that lie temporally between the industrial age and the present, what can be considered a “late historical  archaeology.” The cultural materials for the study of this branch of archaeology include archival written sources, audio and video sources, and eyewitnesses, all of which are analysed together with the findings of archaeological excavations. Studies of the modern period in archaeology, which includes the industrial age and the era of globalization, document both individual and collective processes. Archaeology of modern times requires an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on the disciplines of art history, history, sociology, anthropology, and even criminology in analysing and interpreting its findings. The present article is the result of a study in the archaeology of modernity, in which the authors investigated a World War II Nazi training camp in Wustrau, located in the German state of Brandenburg, about 70 km northwest of Berlin. The camp was built to “retrain” - or brainwash -non-Russian members of the Red Army such as Ukrainians, Muslim Tatar prisoners as part of a plan to send them into the territories of the Soviet Union as trained Nazi administrators. The archaeological excavation in Wustrau was conducted jointly by members of the Free University of Berlin, Isfahan Art University and the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute.

Arthur Millspaugh came to Iran twice as a financial counselor to solve the macroeconomic problems of the country by carrying out reforms in the financial and administrative structures. In his first mission (1301-1306 AH), he was able to achieve relative success and make changes in the financial and tax systems, but in the second mission (1321-1323 AH), according to the supporters and opponents, he was not very successful and finally, she left Iran with frustration and sadness. Many opinions have been raised about the reasons for Millspaugh's failure triggered by his supporters and opponents. The current research tried to investigate the reasons for Millspaugh's failure in reforming Iran's financial affairs in his second mission by relying on documentary and library sources and using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research showed that there were traces of truth in the views of both supporters and opponents and various factors, such as Millspaugh's dictatorial ethics, his complete lack of knowledge and understanding of the political, social, and cultural structures of the Iranian society, preference for personal and American interests over the interests of the Iranian nation and government, existence of corruption and disorder in the administrative and economic structures of Iran, instability and discord in the political system of Iran, disruption and obstruction caused by oppositions, critical conditions caused by the World War and the Soviet domination of the northern provinces, and prevention of the transfer of products from these regions to the central parts had an effect on Millspaugh’s failure.

After the allies' attack on Iran—despite Iran's declaring neutrality in the Second World War—a number of military personnel and ordinary people stood up against the aggressors to defend the country and the people. Among others, we can mention many navy personnel who resisted the former Soviet aggressors in the north and the British ones in the south and who were unjustly martyred. Admiral Gholamali Bayandor was the commander of these forces. Using new documents, the current descriptive-analytical research, aims to illuminate the performance of the Iranian Navy in World War II under the command of Admiral Gholamali Bayandor against the Allies. The results of the research indicate that Gholamali Bayandor, due to the difference in taste with Reza Shah, did significant activities in the field of expelling the British from some islands of the Persian Gulf and establishing Iran's national sovereignty in the islands. On the third of Shahrivar 1320, in the attack of the allies on Iran, the Iranian navy also showed great resistance, which led to the sinking of Stormes and the martyrdom of Admiral Bayandor and 600 officers, non-commissioned officers and sailors.

With the invasion of the allies, the Dashtestan, Tangestan and Dashti areas in Bushehr governorate of the seventh province (Persia) became the scene of the large presence of British and American occupying forces. The negative consequences of the occupation of foreign elements in all the years of the war and even after that affected these regions with their economic effects. The purpose of the research is to investigate the economic effects of World War II on Dashtestan, Tangestan and Dashti regions in the period of 1318-1324 and its consequences on these regions. The historical analytical research method is based on the study of the archive documents of the Organization of Records and the National Library, economic publications and various local and public newspapers of Iran in this period. The study of documents and publications shows that due to the political and military problems of the central government, the restrictive policies of the allies, the severe weakness of the economic infrastructure, the lack of proper communication lines and means of transportation, the lack of attention to local employment-generating industries, successive waves of famine and epidemic diseases and The inability of the government to deal with these disasters, hoarding and smuggling of public food, abandonment of construction projects and lack of security, these areas experienced an era of economic decline, widespread poverty and backwardness. Accordingly, the Second World War, in a chain and connected network of various factors and negative variables, severely weakened or even completely stopped the development process of these regions by intensifying the economic and social disorder.

One of the primary consequences of Iran's occupation by the Allies in World War II was the shortage and high cost of public food. In order to prepare and distribute the food needed by the people, the government established an independent Ministry of Food and hired the American Sheridan as an adviser to the Ministry of Food. The aim of the current research is to investigate Sheridan's performance in the Ministry of Food and wants to answer the question of what measures Sheridan took during his stay in Iran to prepare and distribute food and how his performance in this field is evaluated. The findings of the research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library and documentary sources, show that Sheridan did not have a successful performance in the Ministry of Food, so that this ministry was dissolved very quickly and its duties were transferred to the Ministry of Finance. Sheridan left Iran before the end of his three-year employment contract without solving the public food problem. Of course, it should be noted that the critical conditions of 1321 were caused by severe famine and drought, the flaming of war on most fronts, the intervention and disruption of allied forces and internal profiteers, and political differences between the Qavam government, the court and the 13th parliament had an effect on Sheridan's poor performance.

The Allied occupation of Iran in World War II had several political, economic, social, and cultural consequences for Iran. One of these effects was the economic consequences that led to conditions such as famine and food shortages, inflation and recession, high prices, declining trade, and the closure of production centers. The subject of this research is the study of the economic consequences of World War II in Hamedan. In conducting this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the economic consequences and effects of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on this region? The findings of the present study show; Numerous factors have played a role in the economic problems of the region during the war and most of these consequences have been short-term and unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan. Due to the unfavorable economic situation of Hamedan during the years 1325-1320 was considered as an objective and tangible consequences of the war, solving these problems has been a priority for the people of the region. The outbreak of World War II in the economic field not only had many negative and destructive consequences for the region, but also had positive results such as the construction and improvement of communication routes, the establishment of repair centers, especially military vehicles, and master training. Keywords: Hamedan, World War II, Allies, Economic Consequences.

The World War II (1939-1945 AD) created special conditions in different parts of Iran. One of these parts was Fars province that due to its proximity to the Persian gulf and oil resources, the impact of war on Fars Province was inevitable. In addition to, political conflicts between tribe and central government and the weakness of central government caused major losses to the state. This study seeks to improve the investigation of social, economic and political impacts of Fars in World War II. On this basis, the main question of research is that, what was the impact of World War II and the allies on Fars agriculture, transportation and the health? The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of allied invasion on Fars Province during World War II, based on documents local newspapers and first- hand sources. Findings of research indicate that Fars province has experienced unfavorable conditions during the war in three sectors of agriculture (lack of cereal and low quality bread), health (occurance of disease and deficiency of medicine and physician) and transportation (failure to secure roads and smuggling) due to intervention of allies, especially British. This paper is organized on the basis of descriptive-analytical method.

Allied forces, including Soviet and British forces, occupied Iran in September 1941. After a while, American forces were added to them. After entering Iran and achieving their goals, these forces were stationed in various areas, especially in some cities, including Isfahan, and began patrolling. The deployment and patrolling of the Allied forces in Isfahan has inevitably led to clashes between them and the people of Isfahan. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for the Allied presence and patrol in Isfahan and their dealings with the people of Isfahan. To investigate this issue, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used with the help of unpublished documents and newspapers related to the deployment of the Allied forces in Isfahan in World War II and also the petitions of the people of Isfahan to city officials to protest the behavior of these forces. The findings of the present study showed that the geographical and communication importance of Isfahan, the presence of German agents and supporters in it and its proximity to the Bakhtiari and Qashqai tribes, forced the Allies to deploy and patrol their forces in this city and surrounding areas. Also, the presence of Allied forces in the city of Isfahan, in addition to breaking the legal and real personality of the officials and people of Isfahan and their superior treatment of the people in this city, also contributed to the spread of phenomena such as insecurity and corruption in the city.

World War II is one of the most important periods in the history of the world. The adverse effects and consequences of this war affected all countries, both warring and neutral countries, economically, socially and politically. Iran’s political arena was constantly changing during the four years of Allied presence. In the economic and social field, the situation was similarly chaotic and uncontrollable, the shortage of grains such as wheat, sugar, beans, etc .... caused unrest throughout Became the cities of Iran. Adopting useful and effective policies and programs to improve the situation at a time of crisis and war around the world could improve the situation and even get out of crises. The sugar crisis is one of the crises of this period. Sugar was used in addition to the daily consumption of people along with tea in industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, food factories and confectioneries. Hence the policies and letters from the Iranian governmentsTo solve this crisis and reduce the effects of the war on the shortage of sugar, by adopting policies such as: monopolizing sugar, rationing the basic items needed by the people was one of the measures taken by the Iranian government to resolve the sugar crisis. The monopoly of the sugar trade shows the high consumption of this product and the amount of its export and import. Mentioning the name of sugar cane in the list of essential items for rationing, which is done in special and critical circumstances to distribute essential and important items, is a certificate in itself. Revealing the sugar crisis among governments and the importance of its consumption among the Iranian. Therefore, they tried to distribute it fairly among the people with these measures. The present article tries to analyze the programs and policies used by governments in an analytical-documentary way. Therefore, the main question of the research is what the Iranian government has to do to get out of the crisis and the shortage of sugar in this period of time. Took action? And by analyzing the data, the degree of efficiency or inefficiency of the measures should be examined. Have the measures taken been effective in improving the situation or not? The article is based on the hypothesis that these measures not only improve the situation It did not help, but it also fueled the sugar crisis.

The issue of the extent and level of political and trade relations between Iran and Germany during the years of World War II and the factors that influenced these relations led to tensions between the Iranian government and the Allies, is the subject of this study. This research has been conducted in order to answer the question of what factors influenced the political and economic relations between Iran and Germany during this period. The findings of the study indicate that the result of the rivalry between the Russian and British colonialists in Iran and Reza Shahc desire for dictatorship, especially after Hitler came to power in Germany, brought Reza Shah closer to the German government. But not pursuing the right policy towards the country northern and southern neighbors (Soviet and British) gave these governments the necessary excuse to occupy Iran. This research tries to study the political and trade relations between Iran and Germany in the Second World War with a descriptive-analytical and library method.

Zanjan city had played a significant role in contemporary history,due to being located between Tehran and Azarbaijan.  During World War II , this city due to the placement on the levelled roads and railway attracted the attention of Allies at first. when Iran was divided between The Allies at 1320, Zanjan and other northern cities was transferred to Soviet. After this turning point , the Soviet's political- economic encroachment and interference in Zanjan city is appeared and the cause of the shortage of bread and cereal was the plunder measures of them in Zanjan. The Present study seeks to explain the condition of Zanjan during the World War II as long as looking for the answer of this question: what was the effect of The Allies' economic orientation in the dearth and famine, shortage of bread and cereal in Zanjan? According to the documents from 1319, wheat and other products' harvest in zanjan was in a good amount But The Soviets caused the shortage of bread and the local people's revolt with some steps such as buying wheat from free market, exporting the excess amount of wheat and other products and also dealership and hoarding. ‏The present research approach is descriptive- analytic and the data has been collected by documentary method and library resources ,field research and oral interview.

World War II, like World War I, despite its declaration of neutrality soon swamped Iran, its strategic position to help the Soviets overcome Germany paved the way for the British, US, and Soviet powers to occupy Iranian territory. The US military presence in Iran has been analyzed from the same perspective. As helping the Soviet Union and trying to strengthen the supply corridor of the Soviet front. The question of the paper is whether the US presence in Iran was merely to help the Soviet Union, or whether the US, by withdrawing from the policy of the Monroe Doctrine, was practically seeking to play a role beyond that and seek to play a role in important and strategic regions of the world. In this article, using the method of historical research and the use of American documents, we seek to answer the contexts and reasons for the presence of this country in Iran during World War II. Our assumption is based on the fact that the United States, with sufficient knowledge of the strategic importance of the Persian Gulf during the war and also the day after the war, planned for a long-term presence and proceeded accordingly. The findings of the study also indicate that the United States, using various methods while inclining Iranian politicians to the West, by establishing a base and implementing policies to orient public opinion in Iran, has a long-term plan to be present in the Persian Gulf.

Following the Allied invasion of Iran to finance World War II, the National Bank of Iran and the Soviet representatives signed an agreement in March 1321, under which the Soviet government pledged to reimburse Iran for the costs it received after its expiry. The war repaid Iran's debt in dollars and gold. After the end of World War II, Soviet debt to Iran amounted to eleven tons of gold that had to be paid to Iran. The present article seeks to prove by a descriptive-analytical method whether the Soviet government has been able to abide by its commitments to return the eleven tons of Iranian gold. The findings of the study indicate that the Soviet government has been delaying the repatriation of Iranian demands and has insisted on the presence of its troops on Iranian soil in addition to refusing to do so.