جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ابن قتیبه" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Criticism of literary works and their relationship with the social environment and poet's spirit, under the titles of "social criticism" and "psychological criticism", is considered a new debate in contemporary literary criticism. Although the foundations and criteria of these critical methods have been organized coherently in recent centuries, the search in the old Arabic literary criticism clearly shows that these topics, from the very distant past, without mentioning the modern terms, It has been constantly discussed among literary scholars. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, has reread and analyzed the views of some prominent critics of the Abbasid era (Ibn Salam, Jahiz, Ibn Qutaybah, Ibn Tabataba, Al-Amadi, and Qazi Al-Jarjani) in this field. Also, this research has tried to answer the question that to what extent did the critics of the Abbasid era pay attention to the effect of the geographical and social environment and the mental states of the poet in composing poetry? The results obtained from this research show that these critics, despite the many differences of opinion they have always had on some critical issues, but all of them have considered poetry as a linguistic phenomenon and strongly influenced by meta-linguistic elements. And all of them have spoken in detail about the profound effects of the geographical and social environment and the mental states of the poet as influential elements in the composition of poetry

Practical wisdom is one of the highly attracted topics that the Persians cared about a very long time ago. It, comprising three types (correction of dispositions, management of household affairs, and politics), provided a clear picture of its precious experiences long ago which have been continuing for ages. These experiences and doctrine were handed down from one generation to another and have been the representation of a perfect lifestyle and have been trying to dispel the troubles and worrisome of people. One proof for this is the sermons and the stories that are left for next generations. This study tries to clarify the Persians image in other nations' writings and mainly attempts to investigate the impression of the Arabic texts about Persians in the Sasanid era. Furthermore, this study addresses the notion of practical wisdom and its use in everyday life as a visible treasure bequeathed from the history with which we are unable to get along. One of the works that is abundant with Persian stories and sermons is the book ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār of Ibn Qutaybah Al-dinawari in which he reflected the abundant use of practical wisdom among Persians during the Sasanid era. This current descriptive analytical study, therefore, tries to show the three types of practical wisdom in Persians in ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār by investigating the different and probably hidden sides of Persians' morals and their kings' behavior in that period. As the results indicated, the correction of dispositions and politics were more important and more used than the management of household topic. Among the Persian morals that Ibn Qutaybah mentioned is the secret keeping and the extinction of life, generosity, overtopping knowledge on money, etc. with respect to the management household, the friendship of brothers, recommending marriage within relatives, eating rules, and cleanliness as worthy to be mentioned. Additionally, there are many stories and pieces of advice that could impact the ruling and civil politics Also provided, are the suggestions which are referred to as the merits of the ruler and their big regard of choosing workers, controlling the war issues, and the matters in connection with the soldiers.

Simple and complex issue is one of the most important dual issues of literary criticism that forms a great portion of ancient Arabic literary criticism. There have been offered multiple definitions of simple and complex by critics, and subsequently, in the new era of literature, many studies have been conducted by scholars on this issue. These studies tried to explain and analyze the views of each of the old critics, which itself, indicates the importance of research on this matter. The relationship between the purpose and content of poetry and the effect of historical trends on the development of simple and complex concepts and even complex itself, is one of the topics that critics have not written comprehensive works on. This study has dealt with the effect of historical period, people’s opinion and the development of society in restricting each of these two, i.e. simple and complex concepts. The impressibility from logical opinions that the connection and discourse of civilizations has been the main cause in acknowledging the existence of complex poetry, the relationship between the purpose and content of the poem and the simple and complex poem has also been considered in this study. This article seeks to take a different look at Al-Jahiz, Ibn Qutaybah and Ibn Rashiq views on the simple and complex issue, based on descriptive-analytical research method. In this research, the researcher gathers the evidence of examples related to the simple and complex issues in the presence of each of the three critics and analyzes and explains them based on a critical view. Among the important results of this research, it can be pointed out that the historical period, people’s opinion and the development of the critical society have had an important effect on restricting and refining the meaning of terms like simple and complex. This impact was in such a way that the impresibility from logical opinions that was the result of union of civilizations and played a significant role in the acceptance of complex poem and its beauty, became evident. Another result of this research is that the content and purpose of the poem is one of the important topics that is directly related to the simple and complex issues.

Knowledge of the scientific method of scientists in all sciences, makes their findings to be used methodically and optimally. Ibn Qutaybah, the author of the book " Tawīl  Mushkil al-Quran ", is one of the scholars of Quranic sciences who has had usable opinions and theories. In this article, the most important principles and interpretive methods of Ibn Qutaybah have been studied by analytical-descriptive methods. Ibn Qutaybah, by applying literary, lingual and eloquent principles and  by using of the ijtihad interpretation and literary interpretation methods, has responded to the doubts of the skeptics and  ridiculers of the Holy Qur'an. He has raised and answered the important doubts of the critics such as the repetition of  some Ayat and stories of the Quran, the difference of readings, the incomprehensibility of the moqatta'e letters, the distortion in the Quran, etc. With these doubts, the critics have questioned the heavenly nature of the Quran, which is still going on in another way.

Dictation is one of the most important writing skills in communicating; therefore, its training is essential to eliminate errors in linguistic communication. Accordingly, strengthening this skill should be considered in preparing the appropriate content for the educational courses. This study reflects on the past compilations on dictation skills and attempts to examine the content of Adab-al-Katib written by Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari (213-267AH). Part of the book, entitled "Taqwim-al-Yad" in 46 sections, teaches those scribers and writers who had a poor ability to write words such as “Hamza” and “Alef”. The present study aims to study two cases, based on descriptive method and content analysis (qualitative and quantitative method): The author's method of presenting content in three stages (categorization, dictation at the morphological-syntactic level, defining the rule and dictation error) and his method of checking the dictation errors. The results of the research indicate that the errors are in two parts: dictation of letters in verbs and nouns and dictation of names. According to graphs and statistical data, 59% of the educational content is dedicated to dictation of letters and 41% is dedicated to dictation of names. Among the writing principles, dictation of "Alef" had the most attention with 39%. The organization of the content under investigation has its positive and negative points, including failure in the observance of subject-alignment in content-segmentation. These data indicate the special attention of applied linguists to dictation skills in old times, as if they represent their innovative educational achievements as a significant advancement in the development of language skills for specific purposes, which makes us to follow their pattern, as a precious legacy.

Ghotaybeh's Oyoon Al akhbar is known as the most important literary book after Jaahaz's "Albayan and Altabiin". Each chapter of the book is called "Ketab". Some of the chapters include the manner of the statecraft, the custom of war, the pieces of advice of kings, Islamic governors’ and philosophers’ sayings, the words of wisdom by great sages, worthy and unworthy characteristics and proverbs. The author of Alaaghd Alfarid has copied all section of Oyoon Alakhbar and other books into the sections of his book. Also, he has written most of the narratives of Oyoon Alakhbar, without the name of Ibn Ghotaybeh and omitted his all related documents. In the present study, the two mentioned books are compared and similarities and differences are analyzed. The methodology is descriptive-analytical and employed library and digital resources.

Love stories as the most important part of lyrical texts comprise a large part of the Persian language and literature. Studies conducted in the field of lyrical literature show that such stories dates as far back as to the start of the Persian poetry and works such as Afarin-nameh by BooshakoorBalkhi, Varqa and Gulshah by Ayooqi, and Vamiq and 'Azra by Unsuri. It is not difficult to gain information on lyrical texts and know the authors of such works, because so many studies have been conducted so far in this regard. Lyrical texts with religious approach are limited, to the extent that in comparison with large number of stories like Leyli and Majnoon, Khosrow and Shirin, Vamiq and 'Azra, and Nel and Daman with only lyrical aspects, there are a few stories like Soleyman and Belqeys and Yoosef and Zuleykha. The present paper studies a lyrical text written during Safavid time; a work that is unique and distinguished in nature. It is a rare of concurrence of religion and lyrical works; a love story with a totally religious theme. In addition to discussion the lyrical aspects of Uraynab love story in Praising Karbala poetry by ZakiMashhadi, this study attempts to analyze different aspects of the said work and compare them with the historical story of IbnQutaybahDinvari.

The beginning for miracle discussion is not known; however, the worldview of the second and third A.H. scholars about the Koranic literary issues led to the expansion of this discussion and independent writings about miracle in later centuries. Among such scholars we can refer to Abu Abideh Moamer Ibn Motani, Yahya Ibn Ziyad Fara, Jahaz, and Ibn Ghatibeh. Abu Abideh with his 'Mojazo Al-ghoran' and Fara with 'Maani Al-ghoran' in the second A.H. took the first steps in this discussion. Even though the two scholars have not directly referred to the issue of miracle but employing the Koranic rhetoric they have provided the ground for expansion of the idea of the Koranic miracles.