جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "در دری" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Among all the languages of the world, words combine naturally and systematically to form syntactic chains based on specific patterns. One of the functions of grammar is to define the rules governing the collocation of words within various structures. Thus, the processing of numbers is a key and important grammatical topic that forms the basis of understanding and comprehending grammatical rules. Therefore, this article first defines numbers in both Persian and Arabic and then examines the types and categories of numbers in the grammar of both languages in detail, which will facilitate a better understanding of numbers from a grammatical perspective in the mentioned languages. The significance and necessity of this research lie in the comparative study of numbers and their quantifiers in both Persian and Arabic in a scientific and investigative manner. The exploration of data and highlighting points regarding the characteristics of numbers in both languages can provide better insights for the comparative understanding of numbers from a grammatical standpoint. The primary objective of this research is to elucidate this topic for scholars in this field and to explain the grammatical relationships between Persian and Arabic. Accordingly, this research seeks to answer questions such as: What are the grammatical differences in numbers between the mentioned languages? Is the usage of numbers in both languages the same or not

In this study, a descriptive-analytical method was employed using library resources, primarily drawing on both classical and modern grammar books. Ultimately, a comparative discussion and conclusion were reached regarding the use of numbers in the grammar of Arabic and Persian. This began with data collection, where a diverse array of literary, scientific, and conversational texts from both languages was gathered to provide a comprehensive representation of numerical usage in each language.Additionally, structural analysis was conducted, examining the syntactic and morphological structures of numbers in both languages. This included the investigation of cardinal and ordinal numbers and their roles in sentences.The comparative analysis systematically examined the collected data to identify structural and functional similarities and differences in the use of numbers in both languages. Cultural context was also explored to understand how the usage of numbers in each language is influenced by their respective cultures and traditions, which aids in bettercomprehending the meanings and applications of numbers.Validation of findings was carried out through consultations with linguistic experts and peer reviews to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. This methodology has contributed to a deeper understanding of the functions of numbers in Arabic and Persian, addressing the overall objectives of the study. The findings indicate that there are differences and similarities in the usage of numbers in Arabic and Persian, with each language's grammatical structure uniquely influencing their application.

Interpretation of Results and Their Implications for Linguistics and Language Education,The comparative analysis of numerical structures reveals that both Arabic and Persian possess unique numerical frameworks. In Arabic, numbers typically change according to grammatical rules and must agree with the gender and number of nouns. In contrast, Persian exhibits a simpler structure, with numbers being less influenced by the gender and number of nouns.Semantic Application:The results indicate that numbers play a significant role in conveying the meaning of sentences and facilitating communication in both languages. In Arabic, certain numbers have specific meanings that are not present in Persian.Cultural Differences:Numbers relate not only to linguistic aspects but also to the cultures and traditions of each language. For example, the use of numbers in poetry and literary texts in both languages may reflect distinct cultural characteristics.Implications of Comparative Analysis for Linguistics:Deeper Linguistic Analysis:This study can assist linguists in achieving a better understanding of the linguistic structures and grammatical rules of each language. Recognizing the differences and similarities may contribute to the development of linguistic theories.

Research in Related Languages:

The findings can provide a solid foundation for further research in other related languages and aid in identifying common linguistic patterns.Implications of Comparative Analysis for Language Education:More Effective Teaching Methods Learning the differences and similarities in numbers between the two languages can help language teachers develop more effective teaching strategies for learners. This understanding can also help prevent common errors in learning numbers.Development of Educational Resources:The results of this study could lead to the creation of new and effective educational resources for learning Arabic and Persian. For instance, textbooks and educational materials that address numerical differences in each language could be beneficial.Cultural Awareness:Teaching language alongside an understanding of numerical differences can help learners become more familiar with the culture and customs associated with each language, facilitating more effective intercultural communication.Types of Numbers:Numbers, as nouns or adjectives that denote quantity or order, can be divided into two main categories: cardinal and ordinal.Cardinal Numbers: These can be singular, compound, and include contractual forms. Each type has its specific grammatical rules.Ordinal Numbers: These also can be singular, compound, and include contractual forms. Ordinal numbers typically follow the nouns they modify and agree with them in grammatical case, definiteness, and indefiniteness.Differences between Persian and Arabic:In Arabic, the noun (معدود) agrees with the number and can be singular or plural, while in Persian, the noun is always singular. This characteristic has varied historically, with instances where the noun would agree with the number.Types of Numbers in Persian:There are five types of numbers:Ordinal (descriptive) numbers, Cardinal numbers,Composite numbers, Distributive numbers, and Fractional numbers, which can be divided into two categories: auditory (سماعی) and analogical (قیاسی).Clarifiers (Modifiers):Clarifiers are words that follow the number and clearly specify the meaning of the noun, such as تن (ton), نفر (person), راس (head), etc. These clarifiers can indicate quantity, unit, time, and type of the noun.Numerical Indicators:Cardinal numbers have both nominal indicators and descriptive indicators. Ordinal descriptive adjectives are formed using specific suffixes (م and مین).Determining Grammatical Class:Determining the grammatical class of cardinal numbers can be challenging due to their nominal and adjectival features. Additionally, ambiguous numbers in cases where the noun is situated between two or more ambiguous numbers begin from the smaller number.In conclusion, the examination of numbers in Arabic and Persian illustrates the complex and diverse structures of these two languages. A precise understanding of these features not only aids in a better comprehension of linguistics but can also lead to improvements in language education.

After conducting a comparative analysis of numbers in Arabic and Persian, we have reached the following conclusions The discussion of numbers in Arabic is a practical topic that exhibits various changes in grammatical and syntactic aspects of the nouns they modify, possessing specific grammatical functions. Moreover, the agreement between numbers and nouns in Arabic is mandatory, a characteristic that is not observed in Persian.In both Persian and Arabic, numbers serve as nouns or adjectives that denote the quantity or order of objects, with the counted entity referred to as "معدود" (ma‘dud). In Arabic, the agreement between the noun and number is obligatory, whereas in Persian, the noun always remains singular.Numbers in Arabic are divided into two types: primary and secondary. The primary numbers are categorized into singular, compound, contractual, and coordinated forms. In contrast, in Persian, numbers are divided into five types: ordinal (descriptive) numbers, cardinal numbers, composite numbers, distributive numbers, and fractional numbers, with fractional numbers further divided into auditory and analogical categories. Therefore, if we consider added numbers as the fifth type in Arabic, there is no significant difference in the classification of numbers between Persian and Arabic.Ordinal or descriptive numbers in Arabic, like primary numbers, are classified into four forms: singular, compound, coordinated, and definite. In Persian, the ordinal numbers are primarily treated as adjectives or simple cardinal numbers, such as those from 1-9 and multiples of ten (20, 30, 40, etc.), or composite forms like eleven and twelve up to twenty, six hundred, and seven hundred, etc.The indicators for primary numbers in Persian sometimes function like adjectives, as in: "approximately ten days." In terms of meaning, they align closely with adjectives such as "very," "few," and "little," for example: "a very good book." Additionally, like any adjective, they can modify the meaning of nouns. In many instances, the indicators for nouns also serve as indicators for certain adjectives, as many adjectives, including demonstrative, interrogative, exclamatory, and some descriptive adjectives, precede their nouns, such as: "this book," "which pen," "a good person," and "a bad man." However, in Arabic, the noun itself holds the grammatical and syntactic roles of both adjective and noun, with the number's grammatical case, definiteness, and indefiniteness conforming to that of the noun preceding it.In Persian, numbers and nouns are articulated under various titles, such as ambiguous numbers, modifiers, primary numerical adjectives, and ordinal numerical adjectives, which are specific to the Persian language and do not have direct counterparts in Arabic.In Arabic, the distinction of numbers is used to eliminate ambiguity, similar to how, in Persian, terms like "روشنگر" (roshangar) and "ممیز" (mumayyiz) are employed to clarify ambiguous nouns.Overall, the examination of numbers in Arabic and Persian reveals the complex and diverse structures of these two languages. Understanding these features not only enhances our comprehension of linguistics but can also contribute to improvements in language education.

Diwan Naser Khosrow is one of the diwans whose parts have been described and published under different titles. One of these works is a book entitled "Dor LaFez Dari" in which Mr. Kazem Dezfulian has described a poem. This book is written in 200 pages and published by Talayah Publishing House. And we will criticize this book and we will express some points about some parts of it. In this article, some of the problems and mistakes of the book have been pointed out. With detailed investigations in this article, we will see that the author has many aspects of the poem. Nasser Khosrow has not paid attention and in some cases he has not explained some verses correctly; Therefore, this description is one of the incomplete descriptions that has not solved any of the difficulties of Nasser Khosrow's poetry, and it is necessary for the author to correct the mentioned items and add unexplained aspects in the next editions.

One of the methods of examining poems and measuring them in the languages of the world is rhyme, which is often studied alongside the science of prosody and sometimes as an independent science. So that some people return the Arab understanding of rhyme to the period before Islam, and attribute the establishment of the science of rhyme to one of the poets of the Age of Ignorance, namely Mohalhal. In this research, analytical-descriptive method based on library tools has been used. Our primary goal in the present research was to show the difference and alignment between the letters and rhyming movements of Arabic and Dari languages. The findings of this research indicate that the comparison of rhyming letters and movements in Arabic and Dari languages is a sign that there are differences in the number and divisions of the rhyming letters of these languages. The comparison of such matters will be a good step in the direction of strengthening the grammar of Arabic and Dari languages. The main question that has been addressed is how to use and the difference in the number of letters and rhyming movements in Dari and Arabic.

Rhyme: It is the last word of the verse that needs to be repeated, or the last moving letter in the verse, after which there is a stationary letter, or the letter on which the ode is based, among poets, they say the last word of the poem.
The founder of Mohlhal science is Ebn Rabi'ah. Rhyme is something that happens at the end.

Rhyme is considered as the basic part of poems, in such a way that neglecting it causes disturbances in the understanding of poetic texts. First, the science of rhyme was established and compiled in Arabic language and for Arabic poetry, the terms of this science are all adapted from Arabic culture and language. The science of rhyme came from the Arabic language to the Persian language and there have been acquisitions in it. In this research, we will seek answers to these questions:
A) What are the similarities and differences between the rhyming letters in Dari and Arabic?
B) Is the definition and use of rhyming movements in Arabic and Dari Persian the same or are there differences?

This research has been done with analytical-descriptive method and library tools. The differences and similarities between letters and rhyming movements in Dari and Arabic have been determined.

Rhyme consists of letters and movements, the lack of repetition of which harms the beauty of the rhyme in Arabic. Its letters are:  rouy, tasis,Redf, khuruj,vasl, dakhil. The rhyming letters of the Persian language are nine letters and they are: Rouy, tasis, dakhil, redf, gheyd, vasl, khuruj, mazid, nayre. A poet has depicted it in two verses. Arabic rhyming movements: mojri, nefaz, hazv, eshba, ras, tojih. Persian rhyming movements: ras, eshba, hazv, tojih, mojri, nefaz.

Rhyme is one of the important elements of Persian and Arabic poetry, and poets have always given importance to it, writing poems with difficult rhymes, mentioning various roles for rhyme, shows their attention to rhyme.
Rhyming letters in Arabic are six letters. But there are nine letters in Persian language.
There are six movements of rhyming letters in Arabic. In the Farsi Dari language, there are six movements. It can be said that there are six differences between Arabic rhyming letters and nine in Persian language. However, the number of rhyming letters in both languages is the same, and all six movements are read.

The beginning of the introduction of the Dari Persian language to India is during Sultan Mahmud's campaign to the Indian subcontinent. Since the Ghaznavid Turks were Persian-speaking and their counterparts in the Ghorian era, the Tajiks, were also Persian-speaking, the Persian language opened its way in India and in the depth of its culture, and became the only language of communication, language of understanding, language of education and university language of India.This descriptive and analytical research sought to explain why the Dari Persian language spread in India and concluded that this language found a special place in the scope of Indian literature after the arrival of Mahmoud Ghaznavi to India and this land became a great center for the publication of Dari Persian language works. The study of Indian literature and philosophy attracted Abu Rihan Al-Biruni, who had entered India with Sultan Mahmud, and authored the research books of Mallahnd, Athar al-Baqiyyah and Al-Tafhim Lawael Sanaaat Tanjim. Sultan Mahmud from the year 416-392 AH. He traveled to India seventeen times, and every time many scientists, poets and writers such as Eleni Balkhi, Farrokhi Sistani, etc. were with him. Because the sultan liked the Dari Persian language, the poets and writers of this language in India gathered at his court. From that date onwards, the Dari Persian language spread in India and the literary and cultural centers were transferred from Khorasan to India.

Comparative research in the field of Iranian languages and dialects data has not been done seriously in Iran due to the nature of its "data base" and related problems. Therefore, it is difficult to follow the comparative studies between the valid varieties of the Persian language. Afghanistan and Iran, as two neighboring Muslim countries (on a border of about 500 km), have considerable linguistic and cultural convergence. The lack of supervisory and support institutions regarding the Dari language, the existence of long wars and extensive migrations have caused little attention to the position of the Persian language in Afghanistan. The results of the present research indicate the similarity of the general typological pattern of the Herati and Kabuli dialects with the border Persian dialects of eastern Iran in areas such as prepositions, the position of prepositions, verb tenses, negation constructions and causative types.

During the history of the Persian language, many words have undergone different changes, among these changes is the appearance of the consonant /d/ after the consonant /r/ in some words. This phenomenon happened due to the close place of articulation of these two consonants. This change has been seen in the Khorāsān, Transoxiana, Sistān, and central cities from the fourth century onwards. Another change that is also the topic of this article’s discussion is the elimination of /d/ after the consonant /r/. The consonant /r/ causes /d/ to be eliminated due to the closeness of its place of articulation to the place of articulation of /d/ and for ease of pronunciation. This change also happened in the Khorāsān, Transoxiana, and central cities from the 4th century onwards. Both changes are seen in words with different grammatical identities.

In this article, using the method of document-textual analysis, we discuss the gradual transformation of the Middle Persian/Pahlavi into Dari written with Arabic alphabet and its impact on Iranian historiography in the Islamic era. Studies show that even before the Arab invasion of Iran, Dari had increasingly replaced Pahlavi as the spoken language (at least in the Sassanid court), and despite the use of Pahlavi in Zoroastrian texts, not everyone was able to wholly comprehend it. After the Arab invasion, presumably by the flight of the King Yazdegerd III and his court to the eastern regions of Iran, Dari made its way to those parts. After some Iranians converted to Islam and became familiar with Arabic, its alphabet became used to write texts in Persian. Furthermore, by the translation of Pahlavi texts into Arabic and then Persian, the tradition of Iranian historiography, in turn, left its mark on Islamic historiography.

The Persian language, which is called “Farsi” in Iran, “Dari” in Afghanistan, and “Tajiki” in Tajikistan, has been the official and court language of the land that is called Afghanistan today. This language has experienced a painful history since the formation of independent government in Afghanistan and changing the name of Khorasan to Afghanistan (1747 AD) until today. During this period, tribal and ethnic rulers have ruled the country with the approach of Pashtunism and each of them has adopted a specific orientation towards the Persian language. Since the beginning of the 20th century, they have tried to remove the Persian language from the official and national domain and replace it with other languages, including Pashto. While other common languages in Afghanistan never have had the background and the extent of Persian language in social, historical and cultural terms. The policy of marginalization of the Persian language, which started during the period of Amir Habibullah Khan (r. 1901-1919), has been followed with ups and downs in the following periods and until today - 18 months have passed since the second period of the Taliban rule. As it was removed from the administrative and educational system for a short period of time during the half-century rule of the Al Yahya dynasty (1308-1357), and then, in 1343, the name “Dari” was imposed on this language and it was included as one of the two official languages, along with Pashto, in the constitution of the Zaher Shah era. This position was also maintained during the communist regimes; but after the civil wars and the domination of the Taliban (1375-1380) it was treated more unkindly. With the establishment of democracy and the formation of the Islamic Republic (1380-1400), and in the constitution that was approved in 1382, Pashto and Persian were recognized as the two official languages in Afghanistan, with the difference that preference was given to Pashto and the national anthem of this country was also made in Pashto language. Also, academic, military and administrative terms were assigned to Pashto language only. Finally, with the fall of the republican system and the Taliban regaining control over Afghanistan, this group has tried to remove the Persian language and terms from government offices and signs.

From the beginning of the fourth century to the early seventh century the Dari Persian language which was the literary, official and spoken language in Iran, has gathered in itself an extensive treasure of the noble and archaic words, many of which have been formed based on various geographical dialects or loan terms that have found their in to the Dari Persian from the languages of the surrounding areas, particularly the East region of Iran.  In the Quranic Encyclopedia, which is provided on the basis of one hundred and forty-two versions of Quran manuscripts for the equivalent Persian of Quranic words, we encounter an abundance of infinitives and verbs which are archaic ,rare, and obsolete, and often related to the specific dialects of types of  Persian dialects  which are called language species. The exploration of these pure and rare words contribute to the study of the historical process of lexical system of Persian language and it is conducive to the enrichment of lexical dictionaries and atlases and also some of these words deserve to return to the Persian language cycle . This study tries, by means of descriptive-analytical approach and library study while introducing the infinitives and ancient, rare and obsolete Persian verbs in Quranic encyclopedia and rendering their frequency, with the selection of a number of these original language species, to explore and analyze their functions.

Nezami Ganjavi, a Persian poet of the sixth century AH, has been introduced as a Turk in some directional studies of the last few decades. In this article, we have tried, firstly, by referring to the works of Nezami Ganjavi, in which there is no doubt about their attribution, and secondly, by referring to sources that have existed in this regard from the distant past to the present. And also published research and analysis on the subject under discussion, to examine the language of the military. In this study, it became clear that the mother tongue of the Iranian military dialect has been one of the various dialects in the history and vast geography of Iran, to which we have received many poems known as Fahlaviyyat in the margins of texts and manuscripts. The language of Nezami poetry was Persian Dari and there is no credible evidence that the verse was written in Turkish.

The background of using prefix and morpheme in the Persian language can be traced to the ancient Persian. As the middle Persian language progressed through centuries, some of these prefixes and morphemes have been left out and some were kept as a dead and unnecessary part of some verbs. Some of these prefixes and morphemes are being used in the Dari Persian. In the Qura’nic Encyclopedia, Dictionary of Persian Equivalent of Koran Based on 142 Ancient Manuscripts, we can see the usage of these prefixes and morphemes. The frequency of Persian verbs in Qura’nic Encyclopedia, especially prefix verbs, indicates high capacity of this language in word making. The study of the current prefixes and morphemes helps us to be familiarized with word-making methods in Persian, to show the capacity of making verbs in this language, and to identify the evolution of simple verbs into combined and conjunctive from the ancient Persian to the current Dari Persian. Using a descriptive analytic method, as well as library research, this study explores the current comparisons of the verbs of the Holy Quran in the Qura’nic Encyclopedia. It first deals with derivation of the current prefixes and morphemes of this period through the development of Persian language. Then, by showing the samples, it tries to categorize their types, and analyzes the structure, application, meaning and statistical population of this type of derivative and inflectional affixes. The aim of this study is to explore the evolution and function of current prefixes and morphemes. It also attempts to present the frequency of obsolete, ancient, rare and dynamic prefix verbs in Persian. The results show the dominance of prefix verbs over other verb constructions in the original text of the Qura’nic Encyclopedia.

Continuous changes taking place in languages have been due to the dynamic nature of language that occurs progressively and slowly over time. In this regard, local languages and dialects change less than the standard languages. Sistani dialect is also among the dialects that has its own specific phonetic, phonological, syntactic and morphological elements and characteristics making it different from the Standard (Modern) Persian. This article while describing some morphological features of Sistani dialect in comparison to Old, Middle, Darri Persian and Avesta Language also is going to show which historical elements and features of this dialect are still being used and have been inherited from which era. The linguistic data has been collected via library and also field methods, through interviewing with old Sistani men above 60 years old and recording their free speech. Then the extracted morphological elements from Sistani dialect were compared to those of Old, Middle, and Dari Persian as well as Avesta Language. The results show that in this dialect, there are some prefixes such as /be-/, /mē-/, /na-/, /ma-/ and suffixes /-ak(a)/, non-past verb inflectional suffixes, demonstrative pronouns, /i/ and /o/, personal pronouns /to/، /o/، /mâ/ ، /šmâ/ and /ošo/, reflexive pronouns /xod/ and /xâ/, lack of bound personal and also the exsistance of the initial consonant clusters such as dr، st، fr which have originated from Old, Middle, and Dari Persian as well as Avesta language.

In this preliminary study, the relation between Behdinan dialect as an instance of Iranian languages- despite limited texts- and the old texts of some Iranian languages has been reviewed. The aim of this study is to shed light on the historical similarities between Behdinan dialect and these languages. According to this preliminary study, the similarity between Behdinan dialect and the old texts on Median language Aδarbāygān's Old Language is more evident than the similarity between Behdinan dialect and Dari Persian.