جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زن » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Attention to the status and literary characteristics of women's literature in contemporary literary criticism is closely linked to the growth and success of women's writing and related topics in this field. This includes women's identity, their style of speech, and language, each of which can be examined in more detail. In this context, one can explore the emotional elements of women and the aesthetics of their speech. Among contemporary female poets who have infused their words with affection and passion, elaborating on the traits of womanhood, is Ms. Susan Alivan, a Lebanese poetess. Through her thoughts and reflections, she aims to change her society's view of women and present woman as a model of sincere emotion and the essence of affection and vitality. She draws attention to women's latent capabilities and talents. This article takes a descriptive-analytical approach to introduce this poetess and analyze the aesthetics of her feminine language on four levels - phonetic, lexical, syntactic, and communicative - within her poems. It also delves into her personality traits, writing style, and the beautiful spirit that shines through her work. Examining the poetic beauty in this poet's work reveals a strong rhetorical power and artistic depiction. Her words present a miracle to the literary community, particularly women, through gentle poetry and heartwarming discourse. She portrays the status and role of women in society while reshaping societal attitudes towards women's capabilities as a means to strengthen social bonds.

Myths, as one of the essential components of popular literature, encompass culture and its dimensions, including the thoughts, beliefs, customary and ethical rules, as well as the perspectives and worldview of society. They convey a significant portion of the culture of nations to future generations through written and oral forms, utilizing simple and comprehensible language and tone. Women, as part of the human community, have always played an active role in the realm of myths, engaging in behaviors that are either performed by them or attributed to them. These actions are referred to in Propp's model as "functions," and the totality of these functions reflects the image of women in the myths of a nation. The present writing aims to descriptively and analytically examine the image of women and their functions in Kurdish myths, drawing on Vladimir Propp's model, and to explore the roots and factors influencing societal attitudes toward women from this perspective using library resources. Based on the research findings, women in Kurdish myths appear in roles such as daughter, wife, mother, maidservant, old woman, stepmother, neighbor, mother-in-law, aunt, and so on, with frequency order according to their presence. In terms of functions and roles, they perform as malevolent, heroines, princesses, false heroes, benefactors, senders, and helpers. The role of "daughter" has the highest frequency among the characters in Kurdish myths, while "malevolence" ranks as the most frequent function, indicating the society's negative perception of women and their behaviors.

The oral literature of each region is considered a type of folk literature, which can be used to understand the different aspects of the culture and literature ruling that region and the way of thinking of its people through its analysis and investigation. Proverb is one of the components of popular literature. Some proverbs have a gender bias. In every culture, gender proverbs indicate the social status of men and women. In these proverbs, the society's expectations and demands of each gender (male and female) have been specified. Examining the place of women in common proverbs in the city of Dahaqan - one of the districts of Isfahan - can show the thinking and mentality of the people of this region about women. The purpose of this research, which was conducted in the field-library method, is to examine these proverbs based on cognitive distortions, which are considered a subset of cognitive errors and part of the topics of psychological science. Examining the proverbs based on the above-mentioned foundation will provide a detailed understanding of the position of women in this city. The results of this research show that some cognitive distortions were involved in the formation of gender proverbs in the city of Dahagan, which include: all or nothing thinking, overgeneralization, hasty conclusions, Emotional reasoning, Should Statements, labeling.

Among the contemporary story writers, Moniro Ravanipour has talked about nature and the direct and indirect relationship of its elements with human life, especially the female sex. Therefore, nature is considered one of the foundations of this author's stories. On the other hand, many feminist movements in the contemporary era emphasize the destructive role of men in the ecosystem. Referring to the historical oppression of men against women, these feminist movements emphasize that gender discrimination has not only harmed the interests of women, but has also threatened nature with complete destruction. In the present research, citing library sources, the method of qualitative data analysis and the method of inductive reasoning of the collection of stories of the devil's stones by Moniro Ravanipour are analyzed with the framework of the theory of eco-feminism in mind. Finally, the role of women in arranging the nature and the relationship with its manifestations should be revealed, and also, the destructive function of men in this field should be discussed. In this research, among the approaches of this theory, the basics of cultural/symbolic interaction have been mentioned, which states that women and nature are conceptually, symbolically and culturally related. The results of the research show that the female characters in the novel The Devil's Stones share the characteristics of fertility, childbirth and nutrition with nature. Also, the symbolic view of these elements can be seen in the lower layers of Moniro Ravanipour’s thoughts. In addition, things such as the vividness of the elements of nature from the perspective of women, the tendency of women to magic, the representation and creation of dualities of man/nature as well as woman/man, women's special interpretations and readings of environmental changes, the effects of distance The taking of man from nature has been reflected in the collection of Satan's Stones, which in all cases is consistent with the principles of eco-feminism.

This research aims to analyze and investigate the two-way relationship between love and morality in the character of women of Khosrow's and Shirin Nizami's systems in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method. By examining the poem of Khosrow and Shirin, we can conclude that this poem is based on the love between people and the topic of ethics and moral virtues has a high position in this story. According to the structure of the story, Nizami has written the story in a suitable format for indirectly projecting ideas and teaching moral issues to the readers.

In Maslow's moral theory of self-actualization, some good and desirable traits are presented as superior moral models for the formation of an ideal and ideal life that potentially exists in all people. It is one of the notable literary topics that has been discussed in several researches and according to Maslow's theory of self-actualization, the superior moral and educational models of two women from the family in the poems of the Shahnameh, which is the document and cultural and historical achievement of the Iranian nation. In the moral pyramid of this theory, it is identified and analyzed. This research, rShahnameh, the instructive actions of some women in the events are among the unique and influential factors, which is one of the main needs in the strength of the family foundation, and with Today's theories, especially Maslow's theory, are consistent; For example, as we can see in the character of Ketaion, the daughter of the Roman emperor, she has a creative and constructive role in various events and is a clear example of forgiveness, sacrifice and love, who is loyal to her husband, not tied to gold and silver. belonging to the world; Also, the moral presence of a woman in the execution of the great cause of justice and generosity can The mentioned characteristics are the main elements of Maslow's pyramid of moral self-actualization, which has caused the emergence of moral and educational meaning-making flows in the field of Persian literature.

Mahmoud Darwish is one of the contemporary poets of Arabic literature whose poems reflect the hopes and pains of the land of Palestine. "Woman" and "homeland" are among the most frequent concepts that have played a role in his poems. This essay has tried to investigate the duality "woman/homeland" based on the emotional system of discourse in a descriptive-analytical approach in some of his poems. Emotional system of discourse is one of the types of discourse in signsemantics that focuses on the relationship between the set of surficial signs (signifiers) and content (signifieds) because it is in the context of the very sign and signified relations that the perceptive presence of the statives takes place and the creation of themes becomes possible. The present research aims to answer this question: How can the creation and overflow of themes be interpreted and explained based on the emotional system of discourse in the poems by Mahmoud Darwish where "woman/homeland" is the main focus of the theme? In other words, how can the creation of themes in the poet's works of this sort be explained and described based on the emotional system of discourse? The ultimate results of the discussion indicate that the emotional system of the discourse in these poems is based on perceptual, corporal, and intensive mechanism which mainly the poet uses the two concepts of "woman" and "homeland" as an artistic tool to convey the suffering and sorrow among Palestinian people through which he would Stimulate the sympathy of the audience about these tragic images i.e. through transcending the concept of woman to the concept of homeland, he seeks to negate this duality in better words.

Mystical stories serve as a means of spreading awareness and promoting spirituality in the realm of mysticism and human progress towards self-transcendence. Numerous authors have focused on transcendence under the guise of mysticism and spiritual experience in their works. Shahrnush Parsipur is one such writer who views the lives of her fictional characters through a mystical lens and portrays immortality in reality. In her renowned novel Women Without Men, Parsipur employs mystical elements to create her female characters. The objective of this research is to investigate the social and mystical perspective of Shahrnush Parsipur towards women and their social status, based on the novel, using an analytical-descriptive approach. The findings of this research suggest that each character in the novel can be considered a representative of a segment of women's society; women who, by attaining self-knowledge and embarking on a spiritual journey, strive to understand the truth of their existence and seek inner purity, immortality, and truth.

One of the main features in the poetry of the poets of the constitutional era is their new and modern view of various social topics and categories. This topic, especially in the parallel years of the constitutional revolution and after, can be seen more and more in the poems of the poets of this era. One of the most important contemporary Iranian poets in this period is Malik al-Shaara Bahar. In this research, the comparison of modernity in the poems of Bahar and Haji Qadir Koui, a Kurdish and Iraqi modernist poet, has been discussed. As it can be seen from their poems, both poets have a new and modernist view in many and different fields, and in this article, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze their views and thoughts about women, religion and science.Scientism, anti-superstition and a new look at women and issues related to her are the common points of both poets, although Haji Qadir paid more attention to ignorance and anti-superstition than Bahar, and Bahar paid more attention to women and her rights than him.

In Persian literature, the life and poetry of female poets has been affected by the history"s memory insurance and has gradually faded away due to cultural conditions and customary merits and demerits. Jaleh (Alamtaj) is one of the poets of the 13th century of the Hijri, who intellectually has considerable references in the field of women. The purpose of this research is to analyze his poems stylistically in three linguistic, intellectual and literary levels.

This research was done with descriptive-analytical method and library study tool.

What emerges from his poems (poems and fragments) is that his language is simple and far from complicated, although in terms of vocabulary and syntax, it is close to the Khorasani style, and there are not a few heavy Arabic and old Persian words in it. On the other hand, modern interpretations and allusions and words such as samovar, Zinger wheel, cigar, telegraph, tube, and flash are also seen in his poems. Baligh simile among expressive arts and pun among innovative arts are at the top of the rhetorical techniques of his poetry. He has used his poetry to express his opinions and his main concern is the problems of women. Also, Jaleh does not have a positive view on issues such as child marriage, polygamy, having children and even marriage, and expresses his progressive opinions in this field with carelessness.

Jaleh, who is considered one of the poets of the constitutional era, is the first woman who boldly spoke about women"s rights. Unfortunately, only 917 verses of his poems are available and he burned them. Therefore, judgment about his words cannot be complete and true. despite this strong and old language that sometimes comes close to colloquialism; medium rhetorical level; And his concern about women"s issues, and the femininity of his poetry, are the four main characteristics of his poetry.

Novel is an achievement of the cultural atmosphere of modernity which, as a documentary text, reflects collective relations and the details of individual behavior. The genesis of the Persian novel is not separate from this rule, and accordingly, it is possible to study issues related to the biosocial field and the performance of the characters. The purpose of this study is to provide a sociological analysis to shed light on gender roles in the novel of "Cheraghha ra man khamoush mikonam" by quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The results show that, without material abilities and job opportunities outside the home, the role of higher education, cultural interests, and personal tastes for the effective presence of women in society fades. For housewives, the house and the kitchen are the only space to express desires and set limits. The most important activities of such women are to be performed at home, kitchen, and family duties. In contrast to the housewife, there is the educated man who, with the help of all kinds of superiorities, and in the role of gender discrimination, has property, position, financial ability, and decision-making power in a wide measure in the society.

Contemporary literature offers a rich source of studies on the subject of women, and the poems composed by women in this field require much more attention. Parvin Etesami is one of the prominent poets who, in her poetry, expresses desires, shortcomings, inadequacies, and the need for society's attention to the valuable and significant position of women and family. This research, conducted through a descriptive-analytical method, focuses on determining the position of women in the poems of Parvin Etesami, demonstrating that, according to her, the only weapon for women's struggle against inadequacies, the restoration of their rights and achieving their proper position in society, as well as the advancement and growth of the family, is the pursuit of knowledge. In other words, by acquiring knowledge and raising awareness, women become capable and empowered to fulfil their roles more effectively. Overall, this article aims to explain and examine the position of women and the family in the poems of Parvin Etesami, a prominent contemporary poet

Women’s issues (implying a living creature, fertile, originally related to life), their personality, position and status in the family and society are among other issues that, similar to  other cultural and social issues, are reflected in the mirror of literature and culture of nations, embodying the personal and social attitudes of the authors and the general public to indicate the way women were treated . Do they think women have the same rights as men? Or that woman is a parasitic and second-hand creature dependent on man, who has no independence in her opinions and personality? Or what is the role of woman from the perspective of Quran and Islam and other holy books and religious leaders and experts? The present research seeks to address the aforementioned questions in various eras particularly in Qajar dynasty period to examine the status of women.

In her Savushun (1969), Simin Daneshvar gives an account of the life and family of an educated Khan in a war that broke out in the early 1940s between the nomads and the central government. She weaves her narrative with the presence of English people and their interference with the relationship between the nomads and the government which problematises the acceptance of the manifestations of modernity. Yousef, who desires the settlement of the nomads and reprimands the renegade Khans, is against foreign intervention. Eventually, he is murdered for not selling his grain to the English. After his death, his wife, Zari, who has internalised Yousef’s problem with the English, becomes a petitioner and a rebel. Her protest is against the English interference and the passivity of the government. In this regard, the significance of national ideals in Savushun contributes to the definition and status of the feminine subject. It is worth mentioning that the novel is the first work of fiction written by an Iranian writer. The problematisation of the female character is usually intertwined with nationalism, settlement, and colonialism. The dichotomy of modernity and nationalism and conflicting views on foreign interference, according to the present article, are among the major concerns in the problematisation of women.

Written by Simin Daneshvar in 1969, Savushun is the first novel in women’s fiction in Iran. It gives an account of the life and family of an educated Khan in a war that broke out in the early 1940s between the nomads and the central government. Yousef, the educated Khan who kindly tends to his subjects, is the protagonist of the novel. His refusal to sell his grain to the English leads to his murder which initiates the transformation of the female character, Zari, who seeks justice for her husband’s death.

The article at hand is a descriptive-analytical study that employs library sources to analyse the female protagonist in light of György Lukács’ problematic character theory.

The novel, for Lukács, is the outcome of the separation of the object from the mind, which shapes the narrative structure in accordance with the internalised experience of time. The epic represents the mind-object unification, but the novel, which is rooted in the epic, marks their differences and unveils the solidarity of the mind (Pouyandeh, 1390 [2011]: 192). In his later works, Lukács investigates the novel in light of the economic transition of the West from feudalism to the bourgeoisie. A realist novelist, for Lukács, is aware of the contradictions caused by the change in the economic structure and has the ability to represent them in his/her novel. Honoré de Balzac's La Comédie Humaine, Lukács argues, is a perfect example of a realist work. For Balzac, the greatest intellectual achievements of the bourgeoisie revolution, which are the imposition of the thoughts of the bourgeois society on humanities and the arts, are abstract ideals in contrast with the real capitalist economy (1380 [2001]: 64). The problematic protagonist seeks the qualitative and ethical values in the world which reflects the dominant exchange value. Similarly, Goldman investigates the protagonist through different stages of capitalism. In this regard, the problematic protagonist belongs to the first stage of capitalism, which glorifies liberal and individualistic values. The conflicts between qualitative and moral values and commodity values in the capitalist world affect the personality of the problematic hero. Canonical novels echo the social, political, and economic structures of their time, and their concrete and existential qualities represent the conflict between different societal forms in light of the change in the economic structure (Pouyandeh, 1381 [2002]: 127). Along the same lines, the political and economic transition of Iran’s constitutional revolution marks the emergence of the novel (Iranian, 1358 [1979]: 77). The formation of the nation-state by Reza Shah marks the transition from the prototypes of the novel to its final form (Sepehran, 1399 [2020]: 19). The new identity and re-defined roles of women gave them the chance to express themselves through novels.

This study investigates the interconnectedness of modernity, sexuality, and the life of the protagonist in Savushun. Modernity aims to change the status of women as reflected in Reza Shah’s emphasis on nationalist tendencies (Papeli Yazdi, 1397 [2018]: 117). In this regard, every citizen had to obey the state, which in turn affected the nomads. The resettlement of the nomads was among Reza Shah’s main objectives, which after the September of 1941, led to an uprising against the state. The English provoked the nomads and, at the same time, cooperated with the state, showing an ambivalent attitude toward modernity (Abrahamian, 1383 [2004]: 176). Defending the resettlement of nomads, the protagonist, Yousef, condemns the interference of the English and eventually gets killed by them. Although Zari studied in an English institution and learned tailoring from Zinger, she begins to resent the English. According to Yousef, as an aftermath of the English interference with modernization, they own the best schools, hospitals, and tailoring houses and markets (Daneshvar, 1399 [2021]: 127). Zari and Yousef encounter useless middlemen who make a living by serving the English. Yousef’s death transforms Zari’s understanding of the socio-political structure and encourages her to shift internal monologue with dialogue. Through her speech at Yousef’s funeral, Zari turns the funeral into a political demonstration which in turn leads to her problematisation.

Savushun exposes the socio-political structure that came to prominence after the September of 1941 and reflects the complexities of nationalism and modernity in light of foreign interference. On the other hand, the same complexity forms the identity of the protagonists. English interference problematises Yousef’s identity, which in turn problematises Zari’s identity, as far as activism and nationalism are concerned.

This article proposes a solution to the text"s hidden ideology in a novel within the layered stylistics framework.Two famous novels of the revolution"s first decade, The Winter 62, written by Esmail Fassih, and the Crystal Garden, written by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, have been studied as case studies. This solution is based on a hypothesis that by extracting repeated words belonging to major ideologies, the word with the highest frequency and is probably the ideological center of the work can be reached. By discovering this word and examining its usage in the text, it is possible to get to the ideological orientation of the work.

In this research, by focusing on The Winter of 62 and the Crystal Garden books, using the library method and within the layered stylistics framework, each of the words that belonged to or were close to the proposed ideologies or their frequency was significant, were extracted and categorized. Subsequently, the usage of the highest frequency word was examined in terms of ascribing adjectives, the halo of words, confronting opposite words, and checking the verb form in the sentences with that word in the books mentioned.

The central word in the novel The Winter 62 is the word "Iran," and in the novel, the Crystal Garden is the word "woman," and how they are used is meaningful.

Considering how the central word of the two books under review is used, it is clear from different perspectives that the authors of both books have been biased toward the central word of their work. In this manner, it is practicable to evaluate the author"s orientation of The Winter 62 apropos to the word "Iran" in the nationalism ideology framework and the author"s orientation of The Crystal Garden apropos to the word "woman" in the feminism ideology framework.

Literature, especially contemporary poetry, is a reflection of images and social concepts of its era. Although these images are brief or scattered; but with consideration and accuracy and by being together, it conveys the various manifestations of social issues and a deep analysis of society and literary works to the reader. This article tries to provide the basis for a better understanding of the reflected image of women in the works of these two contemporary poets, while comparing the image of women in the poems of Ahmad Shamlou and Hushang Ebtehaj, using a descriptive - analytical method and collecting poetic documents. The aim of emphasizing on social concepts is in response to the main issue of what effect social changes and transformations have on poets' mind and consciousness to describe various phenomena, including women. As in the poems of Shamlou and Hushang Ebtehaj, their descriptions of women have emerged and appeared unique due to social concepts such as freedom, anti-oppression and love of humankind. The results of the research show that Shamlou was more comprehensive than Ebtehaj in his descriptions of women under the influence of social concepts.

Al-Sayyab and Shamlou are two of the most prominent contemporary poets who, in spite of their love poems, tried to address the revolutionary function of women in their literary work. By promoting the woman's personality in this respect, they have detached her lover stereotypical face and have highlighted their revolutionary share and their ability to fight for liberation alongside men. Therefore, this research attempts to study the position of women in poetry of the two poets, and depicts their presence along with the changes that have been made in their personality. This is why categories such as struggle for liberation, accompaniment of solving human problems, and the escape of traditions are referred to as the most important constituents of women presence in the literary work provided by these poems. In Badr Shakir Al-ssayab’s poem, except for their traditional role, women are the symbol of the vanished homeland and sometimes represent the symbol of return to oneself. However, this linear trend in presenting women reflects well in the personality of those such as “Hafsa al-omari” and “Jamilah Bouhired” and reaches perfection. Al-Sayyab seeks to depict his revolutionary function in defending human freedom by matching women's personality with “Ishtar” and giving them Christ’s personality. On the other hand, in Shamlou's poems, women play an independent role in the social struggle. “Roxana” and “Aida” are models of revolutionary women in such poems. It seems as if the poet is looking for his soul-mate so as to enter the battle with her. The results show that the occurred metamorphosis, expect for the two poet's intellectual maturity, is influenced by the evolutionary process of Arab and Persian societies, modernization process, and initiation of humanity in contemporary thought and poem.

The Ramayana, India's oldest romance epic, is a Sanskrit-language Valmiki poem from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BC, in addition to a sweet narrative full of moral, social and political implications. This epic was translated into Persian as a poem by Mullah Masih Panipti during the reign of Jahangir Shah. The widespread and active presence of women as an integral part of both epics becomes one of the factors in recognizing the status of women, the way society views this group and their rulings.This article tries to express the extent of the influence of Islam on the system of the Messiah by examining and extracting the mentioned points. The present study, with its library method and descriptive-analytical method, first determines the position of woman and the rulings related to her in Ramayana Valmiki and then compares and identifies the differences and similarities with what Mulla Masih Panipati wrote in the translation of the Ramayana poem. As a Muslim, he has provided a translation of a Ramayana poem based on Islamic concepts, using similarities and finding common ground between Hinduism and Islam. According to the findings of this study, more women in the Ramayana of Mlamasih compared to the Ramayana of Walmiki play a role in this system; But in terms of expressing the rulings and status of women, Valmiki has dealt with it in detail. Women play a more central role in the Ramayana Mlamasih, and three of them, Kiki, Ravan's sister, and Ram's sister, tell the story.