جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فمینیسم » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

This study examines and compares the issues of ideology in the lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical layers of the poems composed by Simin Behbahani (1927-2014), an Iranian poetess, and Golrokhsar Safiava (b. 1947), a Tajik poetess. Both, poems are analyzed with regard to the dominant ideology of their time. In Behbahani's poem, the feminist ideology is more explicit and is characterized by modern words, feminine language and new perspective. Safiava's poem, however, does not express feminine feelings explicitly; indeed, feminine themes find their way into her poetry but are not dominant. Her poetry is mostly identified with nationalism. The ideology of both poets is revealed through all the three layers of language (lexical, syntactic and rhetorical). The symbols in Behbahani's poetry cover the feminist discourse, while the symbols in Safiava's poetry are national-patriotic with the color of war and defense. Ideologies are reflected in the linguistic layers of both, but Safiava is more explicit in this case. Her ideology is more distinguished in the lexical layer. In Behbahani's poem, the ideology is mainly of syntactic and rhetorical significance and gives the poem artistic individuality. From this point of view, Safiava's is claimed to have remained Clichéd.

This article proposes a solution to the text"s hidden ideology in a novel within the layered stylistics framework.Two famous novels of the revolution"s first decade, The Winter 62, written by Esmail Fassih, and the Crystal Garden, written by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, have been studied as case studies. This solution is based on a hypothesis that by extracting repeated words belonging to major ideologies, the word with the highest frequency and is probably the ideological center of the work can be reached. By discovering this word and examining its usage in the text, it is possible to get to the ideological orientation of the work.

In this research, by focusing on The Winter of 62 and the Crystal Garden books, using the library method and within the layered stylistics framework, each of the words that belonged to or were close to the proposed ideologies or their frequency was significant, were extracted and categorized. Subsequently, the usage of the highest frequency word was examined in terms of ascribing adjectives, the halo of words, confronting opposite words, and checking the verb form in the sentences with that word in the books mentioned.

The central word in the novel The Winter 62 is the word "Iran," and in the novel, the Crystal Garden is the word "woman," and how they are used is meaningful.

Considering how the central word of the two books under review is used, it is clear from different perspectives that the authors of both books have been biased toward the central word of their work. In this manner, it is practicable to evaluate the author"s orientation of The Winter 62 apropos to the word "Iran" in the nationalism ideology framework and the author"s orientation of The Crystal Garden apropos to the word "woman" in the feminism ideology framework.

One of the new topics in feminist criticism of literary works is the category of colorism. By examining the works of women poets and writers through the psychology of colors, one can understand their unconscious mental and linguistic structures; Invisible forces that appear in the works beyond the claim of the poet and writer. Therefore, in this research, the book "Baroter ez Behar" is evaluated by examining the components of color science together with the feminist criticism of Elaine Showalter. This book is a collection of poems by contemporary women poets, which the author wrote with the intention of showing the violation of women's individual rights in the form of language.

This essay has been done in a descriptive-analytical way using library studies based on psychological and feminist criticism.

The use of the element of color in the book "More Fertile than Spring" in order to express women's emotions and feelings has a high frequency. The colors that are used as "symbols" and "codes" are indicative of women's biological and physical characteristics. These colors can be divided into psychological, biological, linguistic and cultural conceptual models, and their use in women's works has been far more than men's works in similar analyses.

The results of this research indicate that by relying on the deconstruction of the language form, a kind of feminine language can be achieved in the lower layers of the text; A language that has a masculine color in appearance and was created under the influence of a patriarchal environment in most cases; But in fact, it has a kind of feminist view in the concept of Showalter's Jinocritisism.

The rise of the feminist social movement in the 1960s and 1970s challenged various dimensions of the art world. Feminists' Attention to the Art of Logical Consequence The main commitment of feminism is to address the attitudes that men and women have towards the position of women in the society of their time. Art derived from this movement, by deliberately interpreting and refuting the meaning of all traditional aesthetic values ​​and by challenging the central core concept of art and the old focus of art history on painting, architecture and sculpture, has joined important artistic movements and created movements within it. Has also been. Illustration is no exception as a branch of the visual arts that has played a key role in both storytelling and information sharing, as well as in our understanding of the modern world. This research, which is applied from the perspective of purpose, has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and by studying feminism and some forms of this thought seeks to answer the question of how feminist theories are reflected in contemporary works of art, especially in the field of illustration. In this regard, in the field of children's book illustration, among the works of two Iranian illustrators, the book Do Doost (Two Friends) by Hodā Haddādi and the book The Parrot and the Merchant by Marjān Vafāeiān, in which feminist approaches can be seen, were selected as an example. The results of this study show that the feminist approach in the works of these two illustrators goes beyond gender stereotypes and raises issues such as women's power of choice and activity, woman-woman and woman-nature relationship, women's presence in the public arena and women's job position in relation. Visible with power structure.

”Feminist stylistics" is one of the sociocultural approaches to stylistics that "Sara Mills", a stylist and researcher in this field, proposes a model in this field and this method is the best way to study and analyze the issue of feminism and its effectiveness in literary texts. Knows the use of their linguistic dimensions and aspects. In the following article, using this model, these questions will be answered, what is feminine Writing and what are the components of feminine Writing and how it is manifested in the novel in question. According to Mills, women writers use various linguistic components in the structure and content of their works under the influence of their feminine characteristics, emotions and gender views, and therefore three levels of words, sentences and discourse should be analyzed in their works. Therefore, with this view and using the desired model, the novel "Ahl Gharq" by Moniro Ravanipour was selected and studied.

This research was conducted in the field of practical stylistics with descriptive-analytical method and analysis based on the components of the model of Sara Mills and experts in this field.

Findings of the research with the expression of the characteristics of high-frequency feminism in the novel are: at the level of vocabulary, the use of words belonging to the field of women, the use of color words, the multiplicity of female characters; At the level of sentences, frequent use of news, descriptive, short sentences, use of question sentences in the form of Soliloquy , the use of a three-point metalanguage sign; At the discourse level, the third-person perspective, the narrative text and the author's narrator, one of the main characters of the woman, the polite tone using the native dialect of the place of the story, the theme using feminist ideas, the time of contemporary events in the second side, the place Occurrence of Jafreh settlement story in southern Iran and its surroundings.

The novel discussed in this study has followed the model of Sara Mills and most of the components of feminism were found in its text.

House of Edriss is the story of the wandering women in the circle of human disasters. Women in the two structural power disciplines and in the two seemingly old and new worlds cannot have any role other than a victim. In this novel, women such as Roxana and Rahilla are considered to be desirable merely because of their beautiful appearance and other women have become obsessed with their traditional life style. In the new communist discipline, these women change their identities to ideologically imprisoned workers. In the novel, one revolution can transform each society; the house of the traditional aristocrats is seized. But women do not get free. Even women like Shaukat, who are at high levels of power, have to deny their femininity, and this is the culmination of women's hostile sexism and self-objecting. On the other hand, Margaret Atwood’s Handmaid's Tale is the story of handmaids who live in a fantasy country called Gilead, where women do not have the right to read. Women's worth is only about their fertility. The novel, based on the characteristics of defining the identity of individuals through social foundations, which leads to self-centeredness, is an analytical work based on the loss of women's identity in the capitalist system. The analysis of the two aforementioned stories is not based on the female object-oriented approach that the women in the traditional life have neither rights nor human identities, nor have the political trends of the left and the right of the modern world.

Popular literature began a century ago with the collection of texts and in the following decades was analyzed using different approaches. Research related to women is an important field in popular literature that has a great potential for study due to the reflection of the silent voices of society. Simultaneously with the universityization of popular literature, various factors led to special attention to the issue of women, especially in this field. In this article, with an analytical-critical approach, first by studying and classifying works related to women in popular literature written from 1300 to 1400, we showed the upward trend of this research and their topics, then the impact of dual approaches of tradition and modernity. We explored the development of different attitudes toward women in popular literature texts, and finally critically examined the analytical theories of several dissertations related to women in the field of folk literature. The results of this study show: The dominant view of women in popular literature texts is negative. They have usually tried to institutionalize the traditional patriarchal approach in the minds and languages ​​of the people. Think of women as cunning creatures and the second sex. In a few works, the woman has been positively praised as a mother. Different theoretical approaches have not been well used in women-centered dissertations and new and different results have not been reached.

In the review of literary approaches and the creation of attitudinal and writing systems, we are faced with the four paradigms of reduction-increasing systems, eclectic systems, systems of views, and additive-concrete systems. While presenting this division, Arash Azarpik considers its factor to be the discovery and presentation of horizontal, pragmatic and also problematic by this concept; Therefore, in this article, by stating and examining these four systems, we will state that the approach of ecofeminism is an eclectic approach that always tries to consider women and the earth as oppressed phenomena in patriarchal systems.The critical approach of meta-feminism, with regard to the additive-concrete system, beyond all frameworks of women-oriented and people-oriented frameworks, seeks to present the division of subject types from Azarpik's point of view, and believes that eco-feminism is only trying to change the male subject to a female subject, in a different field and with a different perspective. Feminine-centered to categorize all beings - including the earth - in a hierarchical approach. In the naturalistic literature, according to the two fundamental pillars of "absence of any dualism" and "absence of any attribution", the principle and foundation of geosynthesis in nudism is proposed. Geo-subjectivity is a critical approach to all the ideas in which man is recognized as a subject of knowledge - who is always looking for value.In this article, which is done in a descriptive and analytical manner and using library resources;

Feminist narratology systematically explores gender differences in storytelling and discourse, reflecting on topics including the gender of the writers, the author's hypothetical audience, the real audiences, and the characters and narrator. The aim of this paper is to study feminist narratology in Ghazaleh Alizadeh's most important novel, The House of the Idrisi. This descriptive-analytical paper demonstrates that, aside from the novel's new theme, important literary methods, and solid narrative structure, the analysis of feminist narratology in this novel serves as a forum for the emergence and manifestation of the feminist movement's cultural, conceptual, and metaphysical facets. In fact, Alizadeh reveals her feminist approaches to The House of the Idrisi in two ways: first, by introducing a modern method of replacing masculine narratives with expressive feminine narratives of things, existence, and concepts ( be able to understand gender differences in it), and, second, by emphasizing the female characters of the novel, which, in turn, gives the novel its structure, namely the relationship between explanation, dialogue, and, of course, the story's components and conceptually; complicating female characters in a fictional novel seem to represent the socio-political status of women in the fictional society.

The author analyzed eight short Persian stories written by men writers on the basis of Josephine Donovan's Feminist theory to show the position and role of the women in these stories. Four stories were chosen among the works of Sadiq Hedayat and the other four stories were selected among the works of Al-ahmad. The author wants to illustrate that men as writers show women in cliche roles as objects, tools and dependent creatures not as a complete, independent women, in the world of males also investigates that there was not any humanitarian or supportive stance to display women, In the patriarchal world of these writers. Conclusions showed that both of the writers as influential Iranian writers in their cultural-social and traditional structures of their stories gave stereotypical roles to women and passive human-beings, playing secondary roles to satisfy patriarchal needs and requirements, and finally they passively give up in men’s world. Both of the theory and practice of the author were fully satisfied.

Over the past decades, the feminist movement has been a point of controversy, especially in the fields of literary creation and criticism. One of the most prominent feminist literary critics is Hélène Cixous, who is mostly famous for her postmodern concept of écriture feminine. The present article first elaborates on four main features of Cixousian feminist postmodernism and écriture feminine: deviations from logical norms, poeticality and defamiliarization, anti-representationalism, and other-consciousness. The results of the study show that contrary to common misconceptions, écriture féminine is not exclusive to the works of female writers and that the works of creative male writers. Then, Bijan Najdi’s short story “The Day of Horsepouring” will be analyzed in the light of the similarities between feminism and postmodernism. This story has been chosen because it is unique in terms of form, narrative structure, content, and postmodern themes, which can be interpreted based on postmodern feminism. The results also demonstrate that Najdi’s unconventional and creative writing style can be considered as a prime example of écriture feminine in contemporary Persian literature.

In traditional, modern and postmodern literature, we have always encountered a category called woman. In our classical literature, a woman was a beloved with the same height as a cypress, eyebrows like a bow, etc., who in the best of circumstances met her lover in a pub. In the modern period and to a lesser extent in the postmodern period, women poets took critical approaches to the position of women in literature and society. It is important to note that society and, consequently, literature have long regarded women as a tool for society and poetry and have always written about them; But the approach of post-feminism in society and literature, with a critical approach to all dualisms and instrumentalists about women, presents a critical view of post-humanism in which women are seen as the romantic half of human on earth and in literature, especially in naturalistic literature, women are allowed to without denying, rejecting and humiliating the other half of human, that is the man; appear as an independent and unmediated character in society and poetry without having to deal with presuppositions, criticisms, judgments, etc. This article is a descriptive-analytical method compiled using library resources, aims to enable each of the male and female phenomena in literature to have an independent presence in the text immediately and independently of all ideological and theological views, and to narrate themselves in the world of text.The aim is to enable each of the male and female phenomena in literature to have an independent presence in the text immediately and independently of all ideological and theological views, and to flow in the text and to narrate themselves in the world of text

Every countrychr('39')s literature, in one hand is a mirror to itchr('39')s ideologies and thoughts and on the other hand is a reflection of that countrychr('39')s minoritychr('39')s views. Therefore; in international literature domain, novels, as a form of literature, gives the writer the ability to make a harmony between his own ideas and inner emotions and to transfer them to the reader in the end. Between the worldchr('39')s most famous writers there are some writers with similarities -however small- in the writing method and ideology. In the following essay we tried to compare and analyze the works of two female writers - one Iranian and one Turkish- after pointing out the basics of feministic critique. Zoya Pirzad between Iranian writers and Elif Shafak between Turkish writers are two novelists who seem to value and emphasize on the position of women. By going through this fact, in this essay we find out the attitude and views of the two writers regarding feministic critique barometers. Therefore in the following desk based research, using inductive methods, founded in analysis and characterization, wechr('39')ll analyze the works of these two great writers as well as getting to know the critics opinions on them.

The woman and her individual and social rights entered Literary discussions whit Constitutional Movement And became one of the most important issues in Constitutional Poetry. Hence women were at the center of discussions, So that in this day and age, very few poets who are Attention more or less to freedom and women's rights. Equality, freedom, education, the presence of women in society and to prevent gender discrimination and sexual look to women, including women's issues is reflected in the poetry of Constitutional era. Malek-alshoara Bahar and Nasim-e shomal look more balanced and a more traditional to woman and In contrast, Iraj Mirza, Lahooti, Eshqi and Aref Qazvini are more radical and sometimes even disagreed with some issues such as the veil. This study will analysis the idea of  constitutional poets about women and seeks to answer the fundamental question is it progressive or regressive thought and whether it can be aligned with the ideas Considered in feminism or not? The results show that the poets of that era have positive thoughts about women and in this sense, it corresponded with some feminist ideas about women.

The field of comparative literature is one of the largest and most extensive fields of study in the field of world literature that can open many loopholes for the knowledge of nations, literature, cultures, traditions and thoughts to literary enthusiasts. There are few people in England who have not heard the names of Abbas Marufi and Mrs. Virginia Woolf and are not familiar with their valuable works that have undoubtedly influenced the literature of their country and the world. These novels are valuable and great works of Persian and English literature that have their own unique features and characteristics. Modern, format and structure of the stream of consciousness of the presented mind can facilitate their literary understanding, providing a new window into the study and practical study of modern and postmodern comparative literature. The comparative study of these novel can open a new method for better understanding of the common points of global literature.

Male domination and the patriarchal systems related to it are the major arguments associated with a feminist movement. Man’s hegemony is based on the law of the dominant and the dominated, which has been established by some traditional perceptions of ​​man’s guardianship over women. The female was subordinate to the man until she found a literary device with which to give herself an opportunity to achieve equality with him. Among those who have enjoyed this opportunity is the Lebanese poetess Nariman Alloush, whose poetic experience deserves to be studied. The purpose of this study conducted through the descriptive-analytical method is to  clarify the perception of patriarchal societies that still believe in the stereotyping of women and their secondary role. Also, we try to criticize the cases of predominance and inequality between men and women as a result of depreciation and sex pressures, patriarchy, and inequality in laws and emotions. It is concluded that patriarchy is a combination of all the pressures and forms of dominance. Parental persecution in Nariman’s poetry is a prelude to other persecutions and inequalities. The poet's view of feminism is a negative view that calls for a reform. Therefore, she criticizes the obedient traditional woman and offers some solutions that helps to delineate a new identity for that woman.